Chhana jalebi is a popular product in middle and northern parts of India and is prepared by frying of batter made from chhana, maida and water and finally soaking in sugar syrup. This chhana based fried sweet product is being prepared and sold by halwais in Indian sweet market. It has a coiled structure with syrupy interiors and chewy body. It has close resemblance to maida jalebi and khoa jalebi, but has firmer coils. The manufacturing procedure varies widely from manufacturer to manufacturer. There was no proper (standard) manufacturing method available for the preparation of chhana jalebi. Hence, a study was conducted to standardize a method for its manufacture consequently it will be helpful to produce the jalebi on a commercial scale. The chhana jalebi was standardized by various process parameters such as fat level in milk 3%, ratio of maida - chhana combination 1:1, water level in batter 45%, frying time and temperature 160-170°C, sugar syrup concentration 68°Brix and soaking time 2 min. Standardized product was analyzed by various physical, chemical, microbial, sensory and textural characteristics. The product had a light brown coloured coiled appearance, crispy body and texture. The nutritional composition percentage of chhana jalebi was protein 5.71±0.20, carbohydrate 67.11±0.19, fat 12.53±0.17 and moisture 20.23±0.25. The shelf life of the jalebi was found to be 5 days at 28°C. This was enhanced to 18 days by using potassium sorbate as preservative at the permitted levels. The optimized process and enhanced shelf life will pave way for commercialization and mechanization of chhana jalebi by food industry.
Red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel is a rich source of fibre, antioxidant and betacyanin; however, it is discarded during processing, so it is able to cause environmental problems. In order to convert the fruit waste to potential by-product ingredients, drum drying is used as pre-treatment to create an ingredient which is shelf-stable. In this study, the effects of rotation speed and steam pressure of drums on the physico-chemical properties of pitaya peel that had undergone drum drying are investigated. Pitaya peel was dried in a laboratory scale double drum dryer at rotation speed of 1, 2, and 3 rpm at steam pressure of 1, 2, and 3 bar. The drum dried pitaya peel was then further analyzed based on percentage yield, moisture content, water activity, betacyanin retention and color change. Interaction of steam pressure and rotation speed gives significant effect (p < 0.05) on percentage yield, moisture content, water activity, betacyanin retention and Hunter L value, whereas it has no significant on Hunter a and b values. The best combination parameters (1 rpm and 2 bar) yield the highest betacyanin retention (80.21 mg/g of dry solid), acceptable moisture content (10.66% wet basis), water activity (aw = 0.42) and with 7.61% of yield.
The effects of different types of low-sweetness sugar (lactitol, maltodexrin, palatinit, polydextrose,
trehalose) on the physicochemical properties of threadfin bream (Nemipterus spp.) surimi during six months of frozen storage were investigated. The characteristics analyzed were moisture content, pH, water-holding capacity, whiteness, folding test, gel strength, expressible moisture, and texture profile analyses. Generally, the cryoprotective effectiveness decreased as the storage time increased. Polydextrose was able to maintain a water-holding capacity of 77.0%, 98.6% whiteness, a folding test value of 100%, and a gel strength of 53.6% compared with its initial value during six months of frozen storage. Meanwhile, sucrose was able to maintain a water-holding capacity of 80.3%, 98.6% whiteness, a folding test value of 75%, and a gel strength of 56.8%
compared with its initial value. Raw surimi was able to maintain water holding capacity of 62.2%, 98.7% whiteness, a folding test value of 75%, and a gel strength of 36.0% compared with its initial value. It is suggested that, polydextrose as a potential alternative cryoprotectant to replace other low-sweetness sugars.
Cross-linked chitosan/sepiolite composite was prepared from sepiolite clay and chitosan, and was cross-linked using epichlorohydrin. Among the various weight ratio percentage of chitosan and sepiolite clay composites, CS50SP50 was selected as the best adsorbent for both methylene blue (MB) and reactive orange 16 (RO 16). At an optimum adsorbent dosage of 0.2g/100mL, the effects of initial dye concentration (25-400mg/L) and pH (3-11) on MB and RO 16 adsorption onto CS50SP50 composite were studied. Monolayer adsorption capacities of CS50SP50 composite for MB and RO 16 were 40.986mg/g and 190.965mg/g, respectively at 30°C. Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms applied on the adsorption data for both the dyes reveal that data fitted best for Freundlich model. For both the dyes pseudo-second-order kinetics were found to describe the adsorption process better than pseudo-first-order kinetics. The adsorption capacity of CS50SP50 composite for both the dyes was found better compared to previous studies thus making it potentially low-cost adsorbent for removal of both cationic and reactive dyes.
Matched MeSH terms: Water Pollutants/isolation & purification; Water Pollutants/chemistry*; Water Purification
It is known that carbon nanotubes show desirable physical and chemical properties with a wide array of potential applications. Nonetheless, their potential has been hampered by the difficulties in acquiring high purity, chiral-specific tubes. Considerable advancement has been made in terms of the purification of carbon nanotubes, for instance chemical oxidation, physical separation, and myriad combinations of physical and chemical methods. The aqueous two-phase separation technique has recently been demonstrated to be able to sort carbon nanotubes based on their chirality. The technique requires low cost polymers and salt, and is able to sort the tubes based on their diameter as well as metallicity. In this review, we aim to provide a review that could stimulate innovative thought on the progress of a carbon nanotubes sorting method using the aqueous two-phase separation method, and present possible future work and an outlook that could enhance the methodology.
Leech is an uncommon nasal foreign body, which can cause epistaxis. It is an aquatic segmental
worm living in fresh water most commonly in tropical areas. Once it is attached in the nose, it will
secrete an anticoagulant enzyme named hirudin, and that will result in continuous bleeding more
than from a normal wound even after it is removed. We present a case of a live leech in the nose
that caused unilateral epistaxis in a patient with a recent history of jungle trekking.
Herein we propose an alternative way to distinguish ionic liquids from Coulombic-dominated salts, based not on their upper limit melting temperature (100 °C), but on the trend of their phase-forming abilities to create aqueous biphasic systems as a function of temperature, in which a wider plethora of interactions can be appraised.
Leech is an uncommon nasal foreign body, which can cause epistaxis. It is an aquatic segmental worm living in fresh water most commonly in tropical areas. Once it is attached in the nose, it will secrete an anticoagulant enzyme named hirudin, and that will result in continuous bleeding more than from a normal wound even after it is removed. We present a case of a live leech in the nose that caused unilateral epistaxis in a patient with a recent history of jungle trekking.
A systematic study to assess the concentration of radionuclides in primary coolant and associated water samples from the operation of a TRIGA Mark II reactor has been carried out. The samples were transferred into appropriate counting container and were counted by efficiency-calibrated gamma spectrometer systems for several hours to obtain statistically adequate data for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the radioactive materials presence. The primary coolant was found to contain various gamma emitting radionuclides including 24Na, 41Ar, 42K, 51Cr, , 54Mn, 56Mn, 60Co, 99mTc, 122Sb, 124Sb and 187W. Most of the detected radionuclides were inferred to be originated from activation products of (n,) nuclear reactions of elements of reactor components such as stainless steel and aluminium alloy used in the reactor system. The study confirms the integrity of the reactor system with no apparent release of any fission products radionuclide into the coolant water system.
Paper recycling plants usually buy their raw material from suppliers. More than often, bulk used paper supplied to the plant contains some significant quantity of water in its internal voids. It may be included intentionally or unintentionally. The price of used paper depends on its weight, thus adding water will help to increase weight and consequently increase the price. In this way, plant owner who purchase the used paper suffers a significant of financial lost. The objectives of our experiment are to establish a calibration curve that correlate between the amount of neutron backscattered and water content, and finally to develop a correction factor that need to be introduced to the measured values of water content. A fast neutron source (Am-Be 241) and a portable backscattering neutron detector were used for water measurement. The experiments were carried out by measuring neutron backscattering from used paper that has been added with different amount of water. As a result, a neutron calibration curve that provides a correlation between neutron backscattering and water content was established.
The paper looks into the possibility of using standard addition method to analyse uranium and thorium in tin slag. Tin slag samples obtained from Butterworth was grind to 180 ȝm and injected with different concentrations of uranium and thorium. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for both these samples with R 2 values for uranium and thorium as 0.9989 and 0.9915 respectively. Based on this graphs, the initial uranium and thorium in the tin slag sample was established as 60 ppm for uranium and 160 ppm for thorium.
A GIS-based user-interface programme was developed to compute the geospatial Water ProductivityIndex (WPI) of a river-fed rice irrigation scheme in Northwest Selangor, Malaysia. The spatial analysisincludes irrigation blocks with sizes ranging from 20 to 300 ha. The amount of daily water use for eachirrigation block was determined using irrigation delivery model and stored in the database for both mainseason (August to December) and off season (February to May). After cut-off of the irrigation supply,a sub-module was used to compute the total water use including rainfall for each irrigation block. Therice yield data for both seasons were obtained from DOA (Department of Agriculture, Malaysia) of thescheme. Then, the Water Productivity Index (WPI) was computed for each irrigation block and spatialthematic map was also generated. ArcObjects and Visual Basic Application (VBA) programminglanguages were used to structure user-interface in the ArcGIS software. The WPI, expressed in termsof crop yield per unit amount of water used (irrigation and effective rainfall), ranged from 0.02 to 0.57kg/m3 in the main season and 0.02 to 0.40 in off season among irrigation blocks, respectively. Thedevelopment of the overall system and the procedure are illustrated using the data obtained from thestudy area. The approach could be used to depict the gaps between the existing and appropriate watermanagement practices. Suitable interventions could be made to fill the gaps and enhance water useefficiency at the field level and also help in saving irrigation water through remedial measures in theseason. The approach could be useful for irrigation managers to rectify and enhance decision-makingin both the management and operation of the next irrigation season.
Biocellulose (BC), produced by Acetobacter xylinum (0416), was carried out using three types of medium
composition under static surface culture. The media used in this experiment included CWHSM (Coconut
water in Hestrin-Schramm medium), CM (Complex medium) and HSM (Hestrin-Schramm medium).
CWHSM and CM used coconut water from agro-waste as the main source of sugar. The fermentation
was conducted for 12 days and the results of BC dry weight, cell entrapped, pH medium and productivity
were evaluated and compared. The results show that CWHSM is the most suitable medium for BC
production with a productivity of up to 0.044 g l
-1
day
-1
.
The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial of Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus urinaria. P. niruri was found to possess the highest antioxidant activity, the activity decreased in the order P. niruri > P. amarus > P. urinaria for water extract. However, the activity decreased in the order P. niruri > P. urinaria > P. amarus for methanol extract. The result correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content revealed a positive correlation of 0.954 < r 2 < 1.000 for both water and methanol extract. Methanol extract showed higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity as compared with water extract. Lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value for water extract against the selected microorganism was >2.5 mg/mL meanwhile, for methanol extract was 2.5 mg/mL and >0.625 mg/mL were the value for water and methanol extract. Methanol extract showed better inhibition potential than water extract
Awareness and sensitivity on the subject of green technology are currently commanding the attention of the world in the light of rising energy costs and the threat of global warming. Many countries are now recognizing the benefits of researching into and using green technology to reduce their carbon and water footprints and to minimize waste. (Copied from article).
Studies conducted on the various geometric properties of skeletons of water bodies have shown highly promising results. However, these studies were made under the assumption that water bodies were static objects and that they remained constant over time. Water bodies are actually dynamic objects; they go through significant spatio-temporal changes due to drought and flood. In this study, the characterization of skeletons of simulated drought and flood of water bodies was performed. It was observed that as the drought level increased from 1 to 9, the average length of the skeletons decreased due to reduction in the size of the water bodies and increase in the number of water bodies. As the drought level increased from 9 to 15, the average length of the skeletons increased further due to vanishing of small water bodies. Flood caused an increase in the average length of the skeletons due to merging of adjacent water bodies. Power law relationships were observed between the average length of the skeletons of the simulated drought/flood and the level of drought/flood. The scaling exponent of these power laws which was named as a fractal dimension, indicated the rate of change of the average length of the skeletons of simulated drought/flood of water bodies over varying levels of drought/flood. However, errors observed in the goodness of fit of the plots indicated that monofractals were not sufficient to characterise the skeletons of simulated drought and flood of water bodies. Multifractals and lacunarity analysis were required for more accurate characterisation.
A trial study had been conducted to determine the particulate form of 137 Cs in seawater surrounding East Malaysia. Large volume of seawater was filtered at a flow rate of 15 liters/min through the copper hexacyanoferrates (II) impregnated filters. These filters were ashed and counted using the gamma spectrometry system to determine the dissolved 137 Cs activity. It was found that the particulate form of 137 Cs consists of 20 to 49 % of the total 137 Cs activity concentrations. Some reasonable explanations for higher particulate percentage such as sampling locations, high water flow-rate, and large volume of seawaters were further discussed. It is hope that the result of this study will help to build a better understanding about the usage of impregnated filters to study dissolved 137 Cs activity concentrations.
Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) velocimetry technique was utilized in this study to quantify the flow structure of gas-liquid based on the ECT images. A new 8 electrodes sensor ECT has been successfully developed to provide 2D images in a cross section of pipeline. The ECT has been attentively applied in the test section of the flow rig for imaging the gas-liquid distribution. The inside diameter of ECT pipeline sensor is 100mm. Meanwhile, the flow rig consists of close loop of “CPVC” pipes that includes a pipe test section, two tanks of oil and water respectively and allows the working pressure up to 5 bars. Transparent pipe is used for visual monitoring. A portable Doppler flow meter that utilizes the ultrasonic signal has also been placed at the test section to measure the velocity. The images obtained by ECT show that the different flow patterns have been observed in the horizontal pipe during the experiment. The technique enables realization of the time and position at which particle density fluctuations with respect to dominant time-space levels pass through the pipeline.
The studies of ¹³⁷Cs content in the seawater surrounding Peninsular Malaysia had been carried out as part of the Malaysia Marine Radioactivity Database Project. The results of the measurement will serve as the baseline data and reference level to Malaysia. A numbers of sampling locations, including coastal and offshore at the East Coast (South China Sea) and West Coast (Straits of Malacca) of Peninsular Malaysia had been selected for the study. From each location at the coastal area, water samples were collected from the surface of the seawater. Meanwhile, for the offshore area, water samples have been collected at three different depths. Due to usual low concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in the marine environment, large volumes of seawater were collected and the co precipitation technique was employed to concentrate the ¹³⁷Cs. The activity of ¹³⁷Cs was determined by measuring the peak area under photo peak of the gamma spectrum at 661 keV, which is equivalent to the gamma intensity corrected to the HpGe detection efficiency and percentage of gamma ray abundance of the ¹³⁴Cs. At each study location, there were no significant differences for ¹³⁷Cs activities at 95% confidence interval. The activities of ¹³⁷Cs found to be quite uniformly distributed in the range of 2.33 to 5.00 Bq/m3and 1.76 to 4.76 Bq/m3for the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca, respectively.
Oil pollution remains a serious concern especially in Malaysia. Many strategies have been employed to overcome oil pollution. In this research, sago waste material abundantly found in Sarawak was used and chemically modified into an oil adsorbent . Sago waste cellulosic residues were modified using fatty acid derivatives. The capability of the chemically modified sago waste to absorb oil from aqueous solution was studied and compared with the untreated sago waste. The modified sago waste showed higher hydrophobicity than the untreated sago waste, implying that it is less affinity for water and also an excellent affinity for oil. This chemically modified sago waste would be the most suitable for applications where engine oil (i.e., Shell Helix HX5) is to be removed from an aqueous environment. The modified sago waste selectively absorbs the oil and remains on the surface and is to be removed when the application is complete.