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Belief in traditional healers amongst Malaysian parents of children with cancer

Ariffin H, Abdullah WA, de Bruyne J, Lee CL, Peng LH

J Trop Pediatr, 1997 12;43(6):375-6.
PMID: 9476465 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/43.6.375
Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Beliefs about schizophrenia and its treatment in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

Swami V, Furnham A, Kannan K, Sinniah D

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 2008 Mar;54(2):164-79.
PMID: 18488409

Lay beliefs about schizophrenia have been extensively studied in cross-cultural settings, but research on ethnic differences are currently lacking.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Bilateral corneal perforation in a sexually active adult male with gonococcal conjunctivitis

Bastion ML, Prakash K, Siow YC, Loh SS

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):366-8.
PMID: 17240593 MyJurnal

A 41 year-old Malay man had been treated by general practitioners for bilateral red eyes with profuse discharge of three weeks' duration with no improvement. He then presented to an ophthalmologist who noted profuse purulent discharge, bilateral corneal perforation, lid swelling and chemosis. Culture of the ocular discharge grew Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Treatment with systemic and topical antibiotics prevented microperforations in the right eye from progressing to overt perforation and was able to control disease in the left eye.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Bilateral stones and renal failure

Suleiman AB, Awang H, Proehoeman F

Med J Malaysia, 1981 Mar;36(1):14-6.
PMID: 7321931

The clinical presentation of patients with bilateral stones is discussed. The majority of patients presenting to the Nephrology Unit were in renal failure. Aggressive medical treatment allowed
diagnostic procedures and definitive surgery to be performed in uraemic patients. Most patients presenting in uraemia benefitted from treatment.
Study Site: Urology Unit, General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Biochemical characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants among the Malays of Singapore with report of a new non-deficient (GdSingapore) and three deficient variants

Saha N, Hong SH, Wong HA, Jeyaseelan K, Tay JS

Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi, 1991 Dec;36(4):307-12.
PMID: 1811096 DOI: 10.1007/BF01883603

Biochemical characteristics of one non-deficient fast G6PD variant (GdSingapore) and six different deficient variants (three new, two Mahidol, one each of Indonesian and Mediterranean) were studied among the Malays of Singapore. The GdSingapore variant had normal enzyme activity (82%) and fast electrophoretic mobilities (140% in TEB buffer, 160% in phosphate and 140% in Tris-HCl buffer systems respectively). This variant is further characterized by normal Km for G6P; utilization of analogues (Gal6P, 2dG6P; dAmNADP), heat stability and pH optimum. The other six deficient G6PD variants had normal electrophoretic mobility in TEB buffer with enzyme activities ranging from 1 to 12% of GdB+. The biochemical characteristics identity them to be 2 Mahidol, 1 Indonesian and 1 Mediterranean variants and three new deficient variants.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Birth defects in Singapore: 1994-2000

Tan KH, Tan TY, Tan J, Tan I, Chew SK, Yeo GS

Singapore Med J, 2005 Oct;46(10):545-52.
PMID: 16172775

To study characteristics of birth defect cases among live births, stillbirths and abortions in Singapore between 1994 and 2000.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Birth weight distribution, mean birth weights, and Low Birth Weights among various ethnic groups in Malaysian newborns

Yadav H

Singapore Med J, 1983 Jun;24(3):145-9.
PMID: 6635677

The birth weight distribution, mean birth weight and incidence of LBW amongst the various ethnic groups in Malaysia is described briefly. The data collected and analysed is hospital data where all deliveries in 1980 were analysed. The mean birth weight showed that the Chinese had the highest Mean Birth Weight amongst the three ethnic groups and the Indians had the lowest mean birth weights. The overall incidence of LBW was 11.8% and the Malay and Indian babies constituted the high
incidence of LBW whereas the Chinese had a low incidence of LBW babies in the study. Amongst the various ethnic groups the Indians had a higher incidence of LBW compared to the Chinese and Malays.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Blood lead levels of a population group not occupationally exposed to lead in Singapore

Neo KS, Goh KT, Sam CT

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):295-300.
PMID: 11127329

A survey was conducted between 1995 and 1997 to assess the impact of introduction of unleaded petrol and other public health measures on the blood lead level of the population. The geometric mean blood lead level of 269 government employees as determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, was 66.0 microg/l, much lower than that recorded before introduction of lead-free petrol. Using multiple regression analysis, factors significantly associated with blood lead levels were: exposure to traffic, age (>50 years) and active smoking. Passive smoking, exposure to recent paint work, consumption of alcohol and traditional medicine were found not to be significantly associated with the blood lead level.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Body fat measurement among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians: a comparative study using a four-compartment model and different two-compartment models

Deurenberg-Yap M, Schmidt G, van Staveren WA, Hautvast JG, Deurenberg P

Br J Nutr, 2001 Apr;85(4):491-8.
PMID: 11348564 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2000276

This cross-sectional study compared body fat percentage (BF%) obtained from a four-compartment (4C) model with BF% from hydrometry (using 2H2O), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and densitometry among the three main ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore, and determined the suitability of two-compartment (2C) models as surrogate methods for assessing BF% among different ethnic groups. A total of 291 subjects (108 Chinese, seventy-six Malays, 107 Indians) were selected to ensure an adequate representation of age range (18-75 years) and BMI range (16-40 kg/m2) of the general adult population, with almost equal numbers from each gender group. Body weight was measured, together with body height, total body water by 2H2O dilution, densitometry with Bodpod and bone mineral content with Hologic QDR-4500. BF% measurements with a 4C model for the subgroups were: Chinese females 33.5 (sd 7.5), Chinese males 24.4 (sd 6.1), Malay females 37.8 (sd 6.3), Malay males 26.0 (sd 7.6), Indian females 38.2 (sd 7.0), Indian males 28.1 (sd 5.5). Differences between BF% measured by the 4C and 2C models (hydrometry, DXA and densitometry) were found, with underestimation of BF% in all the ethnic-gender groups by DXA of 2.1-4.2 BF% and by densitometry of 0.5-3.2 BF%). On a group level, the differences in BF% between the 4C model and 2H2O were the lowest (0.0-1.4 BF% in the different groups), while differences between the 4C model and DXA were the highest. Differences between the 4C model and 2H2O and between the 4C model and DXA were positively correlated with the 4C model, water fraction (f(water)) of fat-free mass (FFM) and the mineral fraction (f(mineral)) of FFM, and negatively correlated with density of the FFM (D(FFM)), while the difference between 4C model and densitometry correlated with these variables negatively and positively respectively (i.e. the correlations were opposite). The largest contributors to the observed differences were f(water) and D(FFM). When validated against the reference 4C model, 2C models were found to be unsuitable for accurate measurements of BF% at the individual level, owing to the high errors and violation of assumptions of constant hydration of FFM and D(FFM) among the ethnic groups. On a group level, the best 2C model for measuring BF% among Singaporeans was found to be 2H2O.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Body image perception, dietary practices and physical activity of overweight and normal weight Malaysian female adolescents

Pon LW, Kandiah M, Mohd Nasir MT

Malays J Nutr, 2004 Sep;10(2):131-47.
PMID: 22691735 MyJurnal

Body image plays an important role in the management of body weight, especially among female adolescents. This study examined the differences in body image perception, weight management knowledge, eating behaviour and physical activity between overweight and normal weight Malaysian female adolescents. Body mass index screening was done on 588 secondary school students to identify overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) subjects. A BMI-for-age of => 85th percentile and between => 5th and <85th percentile were used as cut-offs for identifying suitable subjects of overweight and normal weight, respectively. Fifty girls identified as being OW were matched for age and ethnicity with 50 NW students. Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographics, eating behaviour and physical activity, a weight management knowledge inventory (WMKI) and the Body Silhouette Chart. The study sample comprised Malays (40%), Chinese (30%) and Indians (30%) with a mean age of 14.76 ± 1.15 years. The majority of them were from families with a monthly household income of less than RM1,000. Significantly more NW subjects (χ2=6.112, p=0.013) than OW subjects had incorrect perception of their current body weight status. The WMKI revealed that more OW subjects (64%) than NW subjects (52%) had a low level of weight management knowledge. Eating behaviour patterns were not significantly different between OW and NW subjects, but more OW subjects skipped one or more daily meals as compared to their NW counterparts (χ2=0.174, p=0.010). Physical activity patterns were similar in both groups. Healthy eating and physical activity promotion programmes in schools should include sound weight management practices.
Questionnaire: Figure Rating Scale of Stunkard; Weight Management Knowledge Inventory (WMKI)

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Body mass index (BMI) of adults: Findings of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)

Azmi MY, Junidah R, Siti Mariam A, Safiah MY, Fatimah S, Norimah AK, et al.

Malays J Nutr, 2009 Sep;15(2):97-119.
PMID: 22691810 MyJurnal

The Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) was carried out between October 2002 and July 2003, involving 6,775 men and 3,441 women aged 18 - 59 years. Anthropometric assessment showed that the overall mean body weight and BMI were 62.65 kg (CI: 62.20, 63.09) and 24.37 kg/m2 (CI: 24.21, 24.53) respectively. Based on the WHO (1998) classification of BMI, 12.15% (CI: 11.26, 13.10) were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), and 26.71% (CI: 25.50, 27.96) overweight (BMI > 25 - 29.9 kg/m2). Significantly, more women were obese [14.66% (CI: 13.37, 16.04)] while significantly more men were overweight [28.55% (CI: 26.77, 30.40)]. Ethnicitywise, prevalence of obesity was highest among the Malays [15.28% (CI: 13.91, 16.77)] while overweight was highest for the Indians [31.01% (CI: 26.64, 35.76)]. Both obesity and overweight were highest among those aged 40 - 49 years. Obesity was highest for those whose household income was between RM1,500 - 3,500 while overweight was more prevalent for those whose household income exceeded RM3,500. The prevalence of overweight was highest for those with primary education [31.90% (CI: 29.21, 34.72)]. There was no significant urban rural differential in both obesity and overweight. The study found 9.02% (CI:8.82, 10.61) with chronic energy deficiency (CED) (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). The prevalence of CED was relatively higher in the indigenous population (Orang Asli) [14.53% (CI: 5.14, 34.77)], subjects aged 18-19 years [26.24% (CI: 21.12, 32.09)], and with monthly household income of < RM1,500 [10.85% (CI: 9.63, 12.20)]. The prevalence of CED was not significantly different among the geographical zones and educational levels, and between urban/rural areas and sexes. The results call for priority action to address the serious problem of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adults as it poses a grave burden to the country's resources and development.
Study name: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS-2003)

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Bone health in urban midlife Malaysian women: risk factors and prevention

Lim PS, Ong FB, Adeeb N, Seri SS, Noor-Aini MY, Shamsuddin K, et al.

Osteoporos Int, 2005 Dec;16(12):2069-79.
PMID: 16234999 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-2003-4

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with osteoporosis in urban midlife Malaysian women and to assess the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention in bone loss prevention with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a positive control. A total of 514 disease-free, uterus-intact, non-HRT-using women aged 45 years and older were recruited into the study. After initial bone mineral density (BMD) assessments, they were randomized into three groups: GI (control), G2 (lifestyle intervention), and G3 (lifestyle intervention with HRT). The study group was composed of 67.5% Chinese, 27.8% Malay, and 4.2% Indians with a mean age of 51.07+/-5.28 years. Two-fifths were postmenopausal, and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 24.1%, seen predominantly at the hip. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower mean BMD and a higher incidence of osteoporosis compared with the premenopausal women, 42.1% vs. 11.1% (p<0.0005). A lower incidence of osteoporosis was found in women who took calcium supplementation regularly as opposed to those who do not, 18.7% vs. 29.3% (p=0.036). Age and a greater postmenopausal duration showed a significant negative association with BMD, whereas higher family income, weight, body mass index, and waist and hip circumference were positively correlated. After 18-20 months, the effect of intervention was assessed based on BMD values of 279 women at baseline and after intervention. Lifestyle intervention alone was effective in premenopausal women, preventing over 90% of spinal bone loss compared with the controls, who lost 11.6% (0.046 g/cm2) bone mass with similar losses of hip bone, 2.0% (0.026 g/cm2) vs. 1.5% (0.020 g/cm2). Premenopausal women on HRT also showed a substantial decrease in spine and hip BMD, 18.6% (0.081 g/cm2) and 9.0% (0.122 g/cm2), respectively. The lifestyle intervention program retarded postmenopausal bone loss by 21% and 37% compared with controls, who lost 9.6% (0.141 g/cm2) and 6.0% (0.138 g/cm2) bone mass at the spine and hip. In comparison, lifestyle intervention with HRT increased postmenopausal BMD by 12.7% (0.216 g/cm2) at the spine and 1.9% (0.042 g/cm2) at the hip. The changes in hip BMD were influenced by current age, ethnicity, and income, while intervention had the strongest effect on spine BMD changes. In conclusion, lifestyle intervention prevented spinal bone loss in premenopausal women and retarded postmenopausal spine and hip bone loss compared with controls. The benefits of physical activity on spine and hip BMD highlight its potential as a safe and cost-effective alternative to HRT, which is not advocated because of its potential adverse effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Bone mineral density and hip axis length in Singapore's multiracial population

Goh JC, Low SL, Das De S, DasDe S

J Clin Densitom, 2004;7(4):406-12.
PMID: 15618601

Ethnic differences in bone density and hip geometry are known to exist, even within the same population. A recent study in Singapore showed that there were significant racial differences in hip fracture rates, with Chinese having the highest incidence of hip fractures. The aim of this study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) and hip axis length in Chinese, Malay, and Indian women. A total of 1575 women aged 20-59 yr were recruited, of which 77.6% (1222) were Chinese, 7.7% (122) Malays, and 14.7% (231) Indians. There was no significant difference in peak BMD of both lumbar spine and femoral neck among the three ethnic groups. However, in the older age group (50-59 yr), both Chinese and Malay women had significantly lower femoral neck BMD compared to Indian women. There was no significant loss in BMD of the lumbar spine between the second and fifth decades in all the three races. Between the second and fifth decade, Chinese and Malay women had significant bone loss in the femoral neck of 6.6% and 8.2%, respectively, whereas Indian women did not show any significant bone loss. Chinese women had significantly longer hip axis length compared to either Malay or Indian women (9.87 +/- 0.52 cm vs 9.67 +/- 0.49 cm; p < 0.005; and 9.69 +/- 0.55 cm, p < 0.05, respectively). The initial findings suggest racial differences in bone density and hip geometry exist in the local community. Future research should include prospective, longitudinal studies to determine the age-related bone loss in these three racial groups. It is also important to investigate the differences of spine and hip fracture rates and their relationship with bone density and hip axis length.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Breaking open a closed system

Cyranoski D

Nature, 2005 Aug 11;436(7052):884-5.
PMID: 16136648
Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Breast cancer in Singapore: trends in incidence 1968-1992

Seow A, Duffy SW, McGee MA, Lee J, Lee HP

Int J Epidemiol, 1996 Feb;25(1):40-5.
PMID: 8666502

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women in Singapore, a country which has experienced significant changes in lifestyle over the past three decades. The increase in incidence of the disease is a matter of some concern.
METHODS: Data from the population-based Singapore Cancer Registry for 1968-1992 were used to determine time trends, inter-ethnic differences and the contributions of age, period and cohort effects to the incidence of the disease.
RESULTS: Our results revealed an average annual increase of 3.6% over the 25-year period for all women, form 20.2 per 100,000 women in the period 1968-1972 to 38.8 per 100,000 in 1988-1992. There was a statistically significant difference between the three major ethnic groups, the rate of increase being highest in Malays (4.4%) and lowest in Indians (1.4%). The overall increase was attributable to a strong cohort effect that remained significant when adjusted for time period for Chinese women and for all ethnic groups combined. The risk was observed to increase in successive birth cohorts from the 1890s to 1960s.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that breast cancer incidence rates are likely to continue to increase more sharply in the future as women born after the mid-20th century reach the high-risk age groups. They also suggest the pattern by which important aetiological factors for the disease in our population have exerted their effects, and provide support for the role of demographic and lifestyle changes as possible risk factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Breast carcinoma in women 35 years and younger: a pathological study

Fernandopulle SM, Cher-Siangang P, Tan PH

Pathology, 2006 Jun;38(3):219-22.
PMID: 16753742

To document the pathological features of breast carcinoma diagnosed in women aged 35 years or less.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Breastfeeding at 6 months and effects on infections

Chye JK, Lim CT

Singapore Med J, 1998 Dec;39(12):551-6.
PMID: 10067400

AIMS: To examine the pattern of and the influence of some socio-demographic factors on infant milk feedings, and the protective role of breastfeeding against infections.
METHODS: Mothers who breastfed their infants (exclusively or partially) at 6 weeks postpartum, and who had singleton pregnancies and healthy infants at birth, were interviewed when their infants had reached 6 months of age.
RESULTS: Of the 234 mothers studied, only 31 (13%) mothers were practising exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and 133 (57%) mothers were using exclusive infant formula feeding (EIF). Solid and semi-solid foods were introduced between 4 to 6 months of life in 89% of the infants. On logistic regression analysis, mothers who were in paid employment [OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.15, 0.42] and not breast feeding at 6 weeks [OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.19, 0.54] had decreased odds of EBF. Antenatal plans to breastfeed, breast-feeding difficulties, ethnicity, level of parental education, parental ages, fathers' income, primigravida status and infants' gender were not significant co-variates. In comparison, EIF was more likely in mothers who worked, practised mixed feedings at 6 weeks and of Chinese descent. There were no significant differences in the rates of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) or diarrhoeal illnesses between the infants who were or were not being breast-fed.
CONCLUSIONS: Most mothers were unable to breastfeed their infants exclusively in the recommended first 4 to 6 months of life. Complementary changes outside the hospital and maternity services are essential in improving breastfeeding rates. Breastfeeding does not appear to confer significant protection to either URTI or gastrointestinal tract infections.
Study site: Postnatal clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Bridging exhibitionism and internet pornography: is there a link?

Lee SC, Sidi H, Zakaria H, Loo JL, Yahaya R

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;14(3):51-53.
MyJurnal

Exhibitionism is a distressing condition which may have a link with the increasing availability and usage of online sexual activities (OSA). We highlight a 42-year-old man who presented with a constant craving for OSA to achieve his sexual satisfaction which included exposing his genitalia to virtual partners, unsuspected strangers, and colleagues in public areas. His sexual behaviours were further reinforced by an online video chatting with genitalia exposure, which ended commonly with an exchange of masturbatory acts. He denied any problem with his erection and able to achieve orgasm via common sexual acts. There was no past psychiatric history nor family history of mental disorder. He volunteered to seek psychiatric help and subsequently given a psycho education on his illness and how to cope with the distress associated with his sexual acts. He was scheduled for an intensive psychotherapy to instil insight and hope to deal with his sexual difficulties.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Fulltext Brief acute psychosis following hysterectomy in ethnopsychiatric context

Tsoh JM, Leung HC, Ungvari GS, Lee DT

Singapore Med J, 2000 Jul;41(7):359-62.
PMID: 11026805

The psychiatric morbidity following hysterectomy has received increasing attention. One of the sequelae of hysterectomy has been a brief, acute psychosis with excellent outcome, the etiology and pathomechanism of which is still unclear. Two Chinese patients born of Southeast Asian origin who manifested brief, acute psychosis following hysterectomy are presented. Therapy comprised drug treatment with low dose antipsychotics and benzodiazepines coupled with hypnosis and marital therapy to explore and treat the underlying pathology. Both psychotic states resolved. Follow-up at 12 months revealed stable mental condition in one subject; however, the second patient was lost to follow up. The impact of the womb's removal is explored in the context of the ethnicity of the patients and their sociocultural background.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology
Bulimia nervosa in the Chinese

Schmidt U

Int J Eat Disord, 1993 Dec;14(4):505-9.
PMID: 8293034

Typical DSM-III-R bulimia nervosa with self-induced vomiting was found in 2 women of Hong Kong Chinese origin and a Chinese man from Malaysia. All 3 cases had a family history of obesity. In 2 of the cases a period of weight gain and in the third case frank obesity preceded the onset of the eating disorder. Cultural transition seemed to play an important part in the onset and maintenance of the eating disorder.

Matched MeSH terms: Malaysia/ethnology

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