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Fulltext Impact of Graphene Derivatives as Artificial Extracellular Matrices on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Ikram R, Shamsuddin SAA, Mohamed Jan B, Abdul Qadir M, Kenanakis G, Stylianakis MM, et al.

Molecules, 2022 Jan 07;27(2).
PMID: 35056690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020379

Thanks to stem cells' capability to differentiate into multiple cell types, damaged human tissues and organs can be rapidly well-repaired. Therefore, their applicability in the emerging field of regenerative medicine can be further expanded, serving as a promising multifunctional tool for tissue engineering, treatments for various diseases, and other biomedical applications as well. However, the differentiation and survival of the stem cells into specific lineages is crucial to be exclusively controlled. In this frame, growth factors and chemical agents are utilized to stimulate and adjust proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells, although challenges related with degradation, side effects, and high cost should be overcome. Owing to their unique physicochemical and biological properties, graphene-based nanomaterials have been widely used as scaffolds to manipulate stem cell growth and differentiation potential. Herein, we provide the most recent research progress in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) growth, differentiation and function utilizing graphene derivatives as extracellular scaffolds. The interaction of graphene derivatives in human and rat MSCs has been also evaluated. Graphene-based nanomaterials are biocompatible, exhibiting a great potential applicability in stem-cell-mediated regenerative medicine as they may promote the behaviour control of the stem cells. Finally, the challenges, prospects and future trends in the field are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
Fulltext The biological seal of the implant-soft tissue interface evaluated in a tissue-engineered oral mucosal model

Chai WL, Brook IM, Palmquist A, van Noort R, Moharamzadeh K

J R Soc Interface, 2012 Dec 7;9(77):3528-38.
PMID: 22915635 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0507

For dental implants, it is vital that an initial soft tissue seal is achieved as this helps to stabilize and preserve the peri-implant tissues during the restorative stages following placement. The study of the implant-soft tissue interface is usually undertaken in animal models. We have developed an in vitro three-dimensional tissue-engineered oral mucosal model (3D OMM), which lends itself to the study of the implant-soft tissue interface as it has been shown that cells from the three-dimensional OMM attach onto titanium (Ti) surfaces forming a biological seal (BS). This study compares the quality of the BS achieved using the three-dimensional OMM for four types of Ti surfaces: polished, machined, sandblasted and anodized (TiUnite). The BS was evaluated quantitatively by permeability and cell attachment tests. Tritiated water (HTO) was used as the tracing agent for the permeability test. At the end of the permeability test, the Ti discs were removed from the three-dimensional OMM and an Alamar Blue assay was used for the measurement of residual cells attached to the Ti discs. The penetration of the HTO through the BS for the four types of Ti surfaces was not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in the viability of residual cells that attached to the Ti surfaces. The BS of the tissue-engineered oral mucosa around the four types of Ti surface topographies was not significantly different.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Treatment viability of stem cells in ophthalmology

Jeganathan VS, Palanisamy M

Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2010 May;21(3):213-7.
PMID: 20393292 DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833867ad

Adult ocular stem cells have the potential to restore vision in patients previously deemed incurable. This review summarizes strides in stem cell research and stumbling blocks that must be overcome to enable treatment viability in ophthalmology.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Incorporation of Fucoidan in β-Tricalcium phosphate-Chitosan scaffold prompts the differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into osteogenic lineage

Puvaneswary S, Raghavendran HB, Talebian S, Murali MR, A Mahmod S, Singh S, et al.

Sci Rep, 2016;6:24202.
PMID: 27068453 DOI: 10.1038/srep24202

In our previous study, we reported the fabrication and characterization of a novel tricalcium phosphate-fucoidan-chitosan (TCP-Fu-Ch) biocomposite scaffold. However, the previous report did not show whether the biocomposite scaffold can exhibit osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in osteogenic media and normal media supplemented with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). On day 15, the release of osteocalcin, was significant in the TCP-Fu-Ch scaffold, when compared with that in the TCP-Ch scaffold, and the level of release was approximately 8 and 6 ng/ml in osteogenic and normal media supplemented with PDGF-BB, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of the TCP-Fu-Ch scaffold demonstrated mineralization and apatite layer formation on day 14, while the addition of PDGF-BB also improved the osteogenic differentiation of the scaffold. An array of gene expression analysis demonstrated that TCP-Fu-Ch scaffold cultured in osteogenic and normal media supplemented with PDGF-BB showed significant improvement in the expression of collagen 1, Runt-related transcription factor 2, osteonectin, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein, alkaline phosphatase, and PPA2, but a decline in the expression of integrin. Altogether, the present study demonstrated that fucoidan-incorporated TCP-Ch scaffold could be used in the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and can be a potential candidate for the treatment of bone-related ailments through tissue engineering technology.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Biomedical applications of chitosan electrospun nanofibers as a green polymer - Review

Kalantari K, Afifi AM, Jahangirian H, Webster TJ

Carbohydr Polym, 2019 Mar 01;207:588-600.
PMID: 30600043 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.011

This review outlines new developments in the biomedical applications of environmentally friendly ('green') chitosan and chitosan-blend electrospun nanofibers. In recent years, research in functionalized nanofibers has contributed to the development of new drug delivery systems and improved scaffolds for regenerative medicine, which is currently one of the most rapidly growing fields in all of the life sciences. Chitosan is a biopolymer with non-toxic, antibacterial, biodegradable and biocompatible properties. Due to these properties, they are widely applied for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, wound dressings, and antibacterial coatings. Electrospinning is a novel technique for chitosan nanofiber fabrication. These nanofibers can be used in unique applications in biomedical fields due to their high surface area and porosity. The present work reviews recent reports on the biomedical applications of chitosan-based nanofibers in detail.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Biological Interaction Between Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Vascular Endothelial Cells for Angiogenesis: A Co-culture Perspective

Um Min Allah N, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP

Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017 Oct;14(5):495-505.
PMID: 30603504 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0065-y

Advancement in cell culture protocols, multidisciplinary research approach, and the need of clinical implication to reconstruct damaged or diseased tissues has led to the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) test systems for regeneration and repair. Regenerative therapies, including dental tissue engineering, have been pursued as a new prospect to repair and rebuild the diseased/lost oral tissues. Interactions between the different cell types, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components involved in angiogenesis are vital in the mechanisms of new vessel formation for tissue regeneration. In vitro pre-vascularization is one of the leading scopes in the tissue-engineering field. Vascularization strategies that are associated with co-culture systems have proved that there is communication between different cell types with mutual beneficial effects in vascularization and tissue regeneration in two-dimensional or 3D cultures. Endothelial cells with different cell populations, including osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts in a co-culture have shown their ability to advocate pre-vascularization. In this review, a co-culture perspective of human gingival fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells is discussed with the main focus on vascularization and future perspective of this model in regeneration and repair.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext EphrinB2 signalling modulates the neural differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells

Heng BC, Gong T, Xu J, Lim LW, Zhang C

Biomed Rep, 2018 Aug;9(2):161-168.
PMID: 29963307 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1108

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) originate from the embryonic neural crest and have neurogenic potential. The present study investigated the roles of the forward and reverse EphrinB2 signalling pathways during DPSC neurogenesis. Treatment of DPSCs with recombinant EphrinB2-Fc protein over 7 days in a neural induction culture resulted in significant downregulation of the following neural markers: βIII-Tubulin, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), nestin, neurogenin 2 (NGN2), neurofilament medium polypeptide and Musashi1. Immunocytochemistry revealed that EphrinB2-Fc-treated DPSCs exhibited more rounded morphologies with fewer neurite outgrowths as well as reduced protein expression of βIII-tubulin and NGN2. Treatment of DPSCs with a peptide inhibitor specific to the EphB4 receptor significantly upregulated expression of the neural markers microtubule-associated protein 2, Musashi1, NGN2 and neuron-specific enolase, whereas treatment with a peptide inhibitor specific to the EphB2 receptor exerted negligible effects on neurogenesis. Transgenic expression of EphrinB2 in DPSCs resulted in significant upregulation of Musashi1 and NCAM gene expression, while treatment of DPSCs with recombinant EphB4-Fc protein led to significant upregulation of only Musashi1. Thus, it may be concluded that stimulation of forward EphrinB2-EphB4 signalling markedly inhibited neurogenesis in DPSCs, whereas suppression of this forward signalling pathway with peptide inhibitor specific to EphB4 promoted neurogenesis. Meanwhile, stimulation of reverse EphB4-EphrinB2 signalling only marginally enhanced the neural differentiation of DPSCs. The present findings indicate the potential application of peptide or small molecule inhibitors of EphrinB2 forward signalling in neural tissue engineering with DPSCs.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies

Sulaiman SB, Idrus RBH, Hwei NM

Polymers (Basel), 2020 Oct 19;12(10).
PMID: 33086577 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102404

The gelatin microsphere (GM) provides an attractive option for tissue engineering due to its versatility, as reported by various studies. This review presents the history, characteristics of, and the multiple approaches to, the production of GM, and in particular, the water in oil emulsification technique. Thereafter, the application of GM as a drug delivery system for cartilage diseases is introduced. The review then focusses on the emerging application of GM as a carrier for cells and biologics, and biologics delivery within a cartilage construct. The influence of GM on chondrocytes in terms of promoting chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation is highlighted. Furthermore, GM seeded with cells has been shown to have a high tendency to form aggregates; hence the concept of using GM seeded with cells as the building block for the formation of a complex tissue construct. Despite the advancement in GM research, some issues must still be addressed, particularly the improvement of GM's ability to home to defect sites. As such, the strategy of intraarticular injection of GM seeded with antibody-coated cells is proposed. By addressing this in future studies, a better-targeted delivery system, that would result in more effective intervention, can be achieved.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Construction of a full-thickness of tissue-engineered oral mucosa (TEOM) based on immortalised keratinocytes

Zulfahmi Said, Hellen Colley, Craig Murdoch

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(107):49-49.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Tissue-engineered oral mucosa (TEOM) is increasingly being used to model oral mucosal diseases and to assess drug toxicity. Current TEOM models are constructed using normal oral fibroblasts (NOF) contained within a hydrogel matrix with normal oral keratinocytes (NOK) cultured on top. NOK are not commercially available and suffer from donor-to-donor variability. Therefore, oral mucosal models based on immortalised keratinocytes may offer advantages over NOK-based models. The objective of this study was to construct and characterise the TEOM developed using TERT2-immortalised oral keratinocyte (FNB6) cells and validate its similarity to normal oral muco-sal tissue. Methods: TEOM were constructed by culturing FNB6 cells on top of a NOF-populated collagen type-1 hydrogel in tissue culture transwell inserts cultured at an air-to-liquid interface and collected at 14 day. TEOM were subjected to morphological (H&E and PAS), ultrastructural (TEM) and immunohistological (Ki-67, cytokeratin 14 and E-cadherin) analysis. Results: Histologically TEOM mimicked native oral mucosa displaying a stratified epithelium, fibroblast-containing connective tissue and basement membrane. Furthermore, TEM confirmed the presence of des-mosomes and hemi-desmosomes in the epithelium. IHC revealed expression of differentiation markers (cytokeratin 14), proliferation (Ki-67), cell adhesion (E-cadherin). Conclusion: FNB6 mucosal models able to mimic native oral mucosa structure. It has potential for drug delivery and toxicity evaluation, and replacing models based on NOK where access to primary cells is limited.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext 3D Biofabrication of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Poly-l-lactic Acid (PLLA) Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) for Tissue Engineering Aortic Heart Valve

Fallahiarezoudar E, Ahmadipourroudposht M, Yusof NM, Idris A, Ngadiman NHA

Polymers (Basel), 2017 Nov 06;9(11).
PMID: 30965883 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110584

Valvular dysfunction as the prominent reason of heart failure may causes morbidity and mortality around the world. The inability of human body to regenerate the defected heart valves necessitates the development of the artificial prosthesis to be replaced. Besides, the lack of capacity to grow, repair or remodel of an artificial valves and biological difficulty such as infection or inflammation make the development of tissue engineering heart valve (TEHV) concept. This research presented the use of compound of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and maghemite nanoparticle (γ-Fe₂O₃) as the potential biomaterials to develop three-dimensional (3D) aortic heart valve scaffold. Electrospinning was used for fabricating the 3D scaffold. The steepest ascent followed by the response surface methodology was used to optimize the electrospinning parameters involved in terms of elastic modulus. The structural and porosity properties of fabricated scaffold were characterized using FE-SEM and liquid displacement technique, respectively. The 3D scaffold was then seeded with aortic smooth muscle cells (AOSMCs) and biological behavior in terms of cell attachment and proliferation during 34 days of incubation was characterized using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and confocal laser microscopy. Furthermore, the mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus and stiffness were investigated after cell seeding through macro-indentation test. The analysis indicated the formation of ultrafine quality of nanofibers with diameter distribution of 178 ± 45 nm and 90.72% porosity. In terms of cell proliferation, the results exhibited desirable proliferation (109.32 ± 3.22% compared to the control) of cells over the 3D scaffold in 34 days of incubation. The elastic modulus and stiffness index after cell seeding were founded to be 22.78 ± 2.12 MPa and 1490.9 ± 12 Nmm², respectively. Overall, the fabricated 3D scaffold exhibits desirable structural, biological and mechanical properties and has the potential to be used in vivo.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Production of Biodegradable Palm Oil-Based Polyurethane as Potential Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications

Yeoh FH, Lee CS, Kang YB, Wong SF, Cheng SF, Ng WS

Polymers (Basel), 2020 Aug 17;12(8).
PMID: 32824514 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081842

Being biodegradable and biocompatible are crucial characteristics for biomaterial used for medical and biomedical applications. Vegetable oil-based polyols are known to contribute both the biodegradability and biocompatibility of polyurethanes; however, petrochemical-based polyols were often incorporated to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethane. In this work, palm oil-based polyester polyol (PPP) derived from epoxidized palm olein and glutaric acid was reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to produce an aliphatic polyurethane, without the incorporation of any commercial petrochemical-based polyol. The effects of water content and isocyanate index were investigated. The polyurethanes produced consisted of > 90% porosity with interconnected micropores and macropores (37-1700 µm) and PU 1.0 possessed tensile strength and compression stress of 111 kPa and 64 kPa. The polyurethanes with comparable thermal stability, yet susceptible to enzymatic degradation with 7-59% of mass loss after 4 weeks of treatment. The polyurethanes demonstrated superior water uptake (up to 450%) and did not induce significant changes in pH of the medium. The chemical changes of the polyurethanes after enzymatic degradation were evaluated by FTIR and TGA analyses. The polyurethanes showed cell viability of 53.43% and 80.37% after 1 and 10 day(s) of cytotoxicity test; and cell adhesion and proliferation in cell adhesion test. The polyurethanes produced demonstrated its potential as biomaterial for soft tissue engineering applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Legal aspects of articular cartilage tissue engineering experimentation: a review on malaysian acts, regulations and guidelines

Muhammad Aa’zamuddin Ahmad Radzi, Majdah Zawawi, Munirah Sha’ban, Nur Syamimi Mohd. Azharuddin, Azran Azhim, Abdurezak Abdulahi Hashi

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(3):272-284.
MyJurnal

Presently, there is no specific federal legislation governing articular cartilage tissue engineering (ACTE) experimenta- tion practices in Malaysia. However, there are related regulations and guidelines provided by government agencies to oversee and guide such practices. The rules and regulations provided in the documents have the essential aim of safeguarding public health through ensuring that non-clinical studies reach a certain quality, efficient and safe for hu- man use. There are themes identified when scrutinising relevant documents which includes, the need for authorised personnel and the establishment of facilities in conducting such experiments, the aspect of cell-scaffold construct development, the use of human materials, the aspect of biosafety, animal care and use during the experiments, and considerations on the impact on the environment. The individual laboratory or facility shall adopt and adapt these standards as deemed appropriate by the ACTE researchers to ensure that non-clinical studies are conducted in a proper and ethical manner.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Recent advances of gold nanoparticles as biomaterial in dentistry

Bapat RA, Chaubal TV, Dharmadhikari S, Abdulla AM, Bapat P, Alexander A, et al.

Int J Pharm, 2020 Aug 30;586:119596.
PMID: 32622805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119596

Major goal of dental treatment is to eradicate the existing diseases of the oral cavity and implement preventive measures to control the spread of the diseases. Various interventions are being used to cure the dental diseases. Due to the nanostructures, high surface volume and biocompatibility, Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been experimented in the treatment of gum diseases, dental caries, tissue engineering, dental implantology and diagnosis of cancers. GNPs possess antifungal and antibacterial activity, hence are incorporated in various biomaterials to potentiate the effect. They also enhance the mechanical properties of materials leading to improved outcomes. They are available in different sizes and concentrations to exhibits its beneficial outcomes. These properties of GNPs make these materials as choice of fillers in biomaterials. This review aims to discuss the effect of incorporation of GNPs in several biomaterials used for dental and medical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Synthesis and characterization of β-tricalcium phosphate ceramic via sol-gel method

Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor, Maryam Mohd Ridzuan, Zainal Arifin Ahmad

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2009;2009(1):199-205.
MyJurnal

Ceramic materials play key role in several biomedical applications. One of them is bone graft which is use in treating bone defect which caused by injury or osteoporosis. Calcium phosphates based ceramic are preferred as bone grafts in hard tissue engineering because of their chemical compositions are similar to the composition of human bone, superior bioresorbable and bioactivity. In this study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramic was synthesized by using sol-gel method. Phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2.4H2O) were used as calcium and phosphate precursors. The effects of calcination temperature on the synthesis powder were studied using the XRD, SEM-EDS and FTIR techniques. It was found that calcination temperature greatly influence the purity of the synthesized powders. The β-TCP was the dominant phase with the formation of α-TCP at calcination temperature from 600 to 800°C. Pure β-TCP was obtained at calcination of 900°C. As the temperature increased to 1000°C, the β-TCP was decomposed to for calcium phosphate oxide (CPO). The sol-gel method has some advantages over other methods, mainly its simplicity and ability to produce pure β-TCP at lower calcination temperature.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Osteoblasts infill irregular pores under curvature and porosity controls: a hypothesis-testing analysis of cell behaviours

Alias MA, Buenzli PR

Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 2018 Oct;17(5):1357-1371.
PMID: 29846824 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1031-x

The geometric control of bone tissue growth plays a significant role in bone remodelling, age-related bone loss, and tissue engineering. However, how exactly geometry influences the behaviour of bone-forming cells remains elusive. Geometry modulates cell populations collectively through the evolving space available to the cells, but it may also modulate the individual behaviours of cells. To factor out the collective influence of geometry and gain access to the geometric regulation of individual cell behaviours, we develop a mathematical model of the infilling of cortical bone pores and use it with available experimental data on cortical infilling rates. Testing different possible modes of geometric controls of individual cell behaviours consistent with the experimental data, we find that efficient smoothing of irregular pores only occurs when cell secretory rate is controlled by porosity rather than curvature. This porosity control suggests the convergence of a large scale of intercellular signalling to single bone-forming cells, consistent with that provided by the osteocyte network in response to mechanical stimulus. After validating the mathematical model with the histological record of a real cortical pore infilling, we explore the infilling of a population of randomly generated initial pore shapes. We find that amongst all the geometric regulations considered, the collective influence of curvature on cell crowding is a dominant factor for how fast cortical bone pores infill, and we suggest that the irregularity of cement lines thereby explains some of the variability in double labelling data as well as the overall speed of osteon infilling.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Local application of osteoprotegerin-chitosan gel in critical-sized defects in a rabbit model

Jayash SN, Hashim NM, Misran M, Baharuddin NA

PeerJ, 2017;5:e3513.
PMID: 28674665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3513

BACKGROUND: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is used for the systemic treatment of bone diseases, although it has many side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate a newly formulated OPG-chitosan gel for local application to repair bone defects. Recent studies have reported that immunodetection of osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC) can be used to characterise osteogenesis and new bone formation.
METHODS: The osteogenic potential of the OPG-chitosan gel was evaluated in rabbits. Critical-sized defects were created in the calvarial bone, which were either left unfilled (control; group I), or filled with chitosan gel (group II) or OPG-chitosan gel (group III), with rabbits sacrificed at 6 and 12 weeks. Bone samples from the surgical area were decalcified and treated with routine histological and immunohistochemical protocols using OC, OPN, and cathepsin K (osteoclast marker) antibodies. The toxicity of the OPG-chitosan gel was evaluated by biochemical assays (liver and kidney function tests).
RESULTS: The mean bone growth in defects filled with the OPG-chitosan gel was significantly higher than those filled with the chitosan gel or the unfilled group (p

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Morphological change of human exfoliated deciduous teeth and the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on human amniotic membrane scaffold

Md Hashim, S.N., Yusof, M.F.H., Alshehadat, S.A., Kannan, T.P., Azlina, A., Suzina, S.A.H., et al.

Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2015;11(1):22-27.
MyJurnal

Angiogenicity is one of the essential components to enable tissue function. It is important to develop a construct that would help in catering oxygen and nutrient to the engineered tissue area. Thus, this study aims to investigate the attachment, spreading and growth of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) on human AM (HAM) with or without vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and indirectly see the potential of the HAM as a scaffold to promote angiogenic micro-environment. Since day 1, there were continuous changes of the cell morphology until day 28, SHED treated with VEGF seemed to change its shape from fibroblast-like into a round-shape cell, similar structure as an endotheliallike cell. The structures of filopodia-like were also observed on the treated SHED. SHED without VEGF treatment showed only normal morphological growth on HAM. VEGF is a protein produced to stimulate angiogenesis, and is believed to contribute to the morphological changes of SHED seeded on HAM. This indicates that HAM could be used as a scaffold to allow SHED differentiation into endothelial-like cells with the induction of VEGF.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext Microstructure of hydroxyapatite scaffolds: effect of infiltration method and polyurethane template pore size

Muhammad Awaludin, M.S., Mariattia, M.

Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2015;11(1):94-99.
MyJurnal

Porous ceramic scaffolds are widely studied in the tissue engineering field due to their potential in medical applications as bone substitutes or as bone-filling materials. In this study, porous hydroxyapatite (HA) was produced via polymer replication method. Polyurethane (PU) sponge was selected as the template and synthetic binder, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used in this study. Fixed formulation of HA powder, distilled water and PVA (40:60:3) were prepared and stirred at a constant 4 hours time. PU sponges with 30 ppi and 60 ppi size were cut and impregnated in slurry using vacuum and roller infiltration methods. The microstructures were observed by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The results obtained indicate that vacuum infiltration method and 60 ppi template pore size exhibited the highest compressive strength with moderate average strut thickness and lowest average pore size compared to samples produced by roller infiltration method at different template pore size.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Fulltext In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of silver-coated electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatine nanofibrous scaffolds

Lim MM, Sultana N

3 Biotech, 2016 Dec;6(2):211.
PMID: 28330282 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0531-6

The development of nano-sized scaffolds with antibacterial properties that mimic the architecture of tissue is one of the challenges in tissue engineering. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL/gelatine (Ge) (70:30) nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated using a less toxic and common solvent, formic acid and an electrospinning technique. Nanofibrous scaffolds were coated with silver (Ag) in different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) aqueous solution (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 %) by using dipping method, drying and followed by ultraviolet (UV) photoreduction. The PCL/Ge (70:30) nanofibrous scaffold had an average fibre diameter of 155.60 ± 41.13 nm. Characterization showed that Ag was physically entrapped in both the PCL and PCL/Ge (70:30) nanofibrous scaffolds. Ag(+) ions release study was performed and showed much lesser release amount than the maximum toxic concentration of Ag(+) ions in human cells. Both scaffolds were non-toxic to cells and demonstrated antibacterial effects towards Gram-positive Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The Ag/PCL/Ge (70:30) nanofibrous scaffold has potential for tissue engineering as it can protect wounds from bacterial infection and promote tissue regeneration.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering
Incorporation of Human-Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Encapsulated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres into 3D CORAGRAF Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Mohan S, Raghavendran HB, Karunanithi P, Murali MR, Naveen SV, Talebian S, et al.

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017 Mar 22;9(11):9291-9303.
PMID: 28266827 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13422

Tissue engineering aims to generate or facilitate regrowth or healing of damaged tissues by applying a combination of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive signaling molecules. In this regard, growth factors clearly play important roles in regulating cellular fate. However, uncontrolled release of growth factors has been demonstrated to produce severe side effects on the surrounding tissues. In this study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) incorporated three-dimensional (3D) CORAGRAF scaffolds were engineered to achieve controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) for the differentiation of stem cells within the 3D polymer network. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and microtomography were applied to characterize the fabricated scaffolds. In vitro study revealed that the CORAGRAF-PLGA-PDGF-BB scaffold system enhanced the release of PDGF-BB for the regulation of cell behavior. Stromal cell attachment, viability, release of osteogenic differentiation markers such as osteocalcin, and upregulation of osteogenic gene expression exhibited positive response. Overall, the developed scaffold system was noted to support rapid cell expansion and differentiation of stromal cells into osteogenic cells in vitro for bone tissue engineering applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering

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