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  1. Fulltext Emotional intelligence of USM medical students
    Khraisat, Adam Mahmoud Salameh, Ahmad Fuad Abdul Rahim, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff
    Education in Medicine Journal, 2015;7(4):26-38.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control and evaluates emotion. Research results found that EI is relevant to organizational development and manpower development. It is also important to academic success, emotional adaptability, stress management and other lifestyle issues. EI principles help one to understand and assess people's behaviors, interpersonal skills, attitudes and potentials. It also plays an important role in human resource planning, job placement and recruitment interviews and selection, business development, customer care services, and more. The study focused on exploring students’ EI, subscales of EI (i.e., personal competencies and social competencies) and its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 571 medical students from year 1, 3 and 5. Years of study, gender, and ethnic groups were included as factor variables. USM Emotional Quotient Inventory (USMEQ-i) was used to measure EI, personal competence and social competence. Results: Years of study significantly associated with EI (F = 18.41, p < 0.001), personal competency (F = 16.93, p < 0.001) and social competency levels (F = 12.92, p < 0.001). There was a decreasing pattern of EI, personal competency and social competency level as medical training progresses. Male significantly had a higher EI (t = -1.99, p < 0.05) and personal competence (t = -1.99, p < 0.05) levels than female medical students. Nevertheless, male and female students had equal levels of social competence (t = -1.39, p = 0.730). Ethnic groups demonstrated no significant association with EI, personal competency and social competency level. Conclusion: This study found that years of study were the main associated factor, followed by gender. In addition, there is a cause of concern regarding the decreasing pattern of EI throughout medical training. Further research is required to investigate this concern, so that appropriate intervention can be taken to alleviate the concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  2. Fulltext Perception and readiness of community pharmacists on the use of mobile smart phone as a health monitoring tool
    Pei, Lin Lua, Umar Idris Ibrahim
    Education in Medicine Journal, 2015;7(3):35-43.
    MyJurnal
    Recently, the integration of mobile phone apps into healthcare system is increasing as a result of the availability of medical applications. This study determined the perception of readiness of community pharmacists on the use of mobile smartphone as a health monitoring tool and the relationships between perception and readiness with selected demographic variables of the respondents. Methods: A crosssectional survey was conducted by distributing a modified 15-item instrument to a convenience sample of pharmacists (n = 245) across Malaysia by post. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20. Results: Response rate was 31.4% (n= 77). The mean age of the respondents was 35.5 ± 6. 52 years. The sample consisted of mostly women (71.4%). Overall, there were moderate “positive responses” across the two domains. Positive perception ranged from 54.5% to 66.2% and positive readiness ranged from 55.8% to 64.9%. No significant associations between perception and readiness with the selected demographic variables were detected (age, gender, location and outlet type). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that there was generally positive perception of mobile phone use for pharmaceutical care among community pharmacists in Malaysia. They were also ready to adapt it to improve pharmaceutical care delivery to patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  3. Fulltext Extracranial carotid stenosis after radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a Malaysian study
    Ng, Chong-Guan, Govindasamy, Krishnan Gopala, Tai, Sharon Mei-Ling, Tan, Chong-Tin, Mariyam Niyaz
    Neurology Asia, 2013;18(2):143-151.
    MyJurnal
    Background and objectives: Radiation treatment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is known to be associated with increased prevalence of carotid stenosis. The objectives of the study was to determine the prevalence of radiation-induced extracranial carotid stenosis, plaque, carotid intima thickness (CIMT) in NPC patients; to explore whether the stenosis is due to direct effect of radiation rather than general tendency to atherosclerosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the University Malaya Medical Centre from July 2011 to February 2012. The study subjects consisted of 47 NPC patients who were treated with radiation, and 47 healthy control. The patients and control had carotid duplex ultrasound and transcranial Doppler (TCD). Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.1 years, the time lapse from radiation was 76.7 ± 95.3 months. Internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA) stenosis of ≥50% was seen in 17.0% of patients vs 2.1 % of controls (p = 0.031), with 61.7% of patients and 19.1% of controls having plaque in ICA and CCA (p=0.004). CIMT was increased in 70.2% of patients and 44.7% of controls (p =0.022). Both the patient group and control had similar rate of intracranial stenosis of 12.8% in TCD.
    Conclusion: Extracranial internal carotid artery is the most common site of stenosis following radiotherapy in NPC. This suggests that local trauma from irradiation is the most important factor in predisposition to atherosclerosis following radiation therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  4. Fulltext Clients satisfactions in ISO certified health clinic in Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor and its associated factors
    Aniza I, Suhaila A
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2011;17(1):18-25.
    MyJurnal
    Background: All healthcare services are moving towards quality management system including ISO 9000 due to pressure from various stakeholders involves and also to improve healthcare quality. The objective of this study was to measure the satisfaction level among the outpatients in ISO Certified Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. Also to identify the relations of patient’s satisfaction with the sociodemographic factors and service dimensions such as general satisfactions, technical quality of clinic staffs, interpersonal aspect of clinic staffs, time with doctors, communications with clinic staffs and availability/accessibility of clinic.
    Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out from February 2008 to Jun 2008 and a total of 240 respondents in the clinic were selected using universal sampling. Only those who are Malaysians aged 18 and above and complied with the inclusions criteria’s were selected as the respondents to fill up the Patient’s Satisfaction Questionnaire III.
    Results: The study found that the satisfaction level of the respondents in Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor were remarkable with 78.8%.It has been shown that the predictor factors of total patient’s satisfaction were general satisfaction (AOR=5.06, CI= 1.51-16.96), technical quality of clinic staff (AOR = 3.09, CI= 1.13-8.43), interpersonal aspect of clinic staff (AOR = 2.96,CI= 1.04-8.42), availability/accessibility of clinic (AOR = 9.38, CI= 9.37-87.95) and communication of clinic staff ( AOR=17.90, CI=3.74-85.73) with the R2 = 67.7%.
    Conclusion: The satisfaction level among the respondents in Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor were remarkable with percentages of 78.8%. The study has shown that service dimensions factor influenced the patient’s satisfaction such as general satisfaction, interpersonal aspect of staff, communication of staff, technical quality of clinic staff and availability/accessibility of clinic. It could have also been contributed by the implementation of ISO and it can only be confirmed by carrying out a comparison study of patient’s satisfaction in clinics with and without ISO certification.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  5. Fulltext Patients’ satisfaction in antenatal clinic Hospital University Kebangsaan Malaysia
    Dyah Pitaloka, S., Rizal, A.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2006;12(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Background: A cross sectional study was carried out to identify the level and factors associated with patients’ satisfaction in antenatal clinic at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
    Methods: A total of 150 respondents were selected by using convenience sampling method. Data was collected via structured questionnaire with face to face interview. The obtained data was analyzed by using SPSS version 11.5.
    Results: Majority of the respondents were Malay (72%), while Chinese (18%) and Indian (10%).
    Age of the respondents around 19 to 40 years old with tertiary education level (50.7%) and most of them are working (76.4%). More than half of the respondents were satisfied with the service that they received (56.7%), while the others (43.3%) not satisfied. Generally, most of the respondents were satisfied with interpersonal aspects from the staff (62%), technical quality of the doctors (79.3%), efficacy (78%), availability (50.7%), and the financial aspect (70%). Meanwhile, the respondents were not satisfied with the several aspects i.e. accessibility (61.3%), convenience (51.3%), and continuity of care (81.3%). In bivariate analysis, the result of this study showed that there were only two factors significantly related with level of satisfaction (p

    Study site: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  6. Fulltext The prevalence of microbiological contamination in ready- to- eat food and factors affecting it in Melaka
    Zaid, K., Jamal, H.H.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2011;17(1):64-73.
    MyJurnal
    Background: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of microbiological contamination in ready- to-eat food and factors affecting it in Melaka from February 2008 till May 2008 in collaboration with the Food Safety and Quality Unit and District Health Offices in Melaka Tengah, Alor Gajah and Jasin.

    Methods: A purposive sampling of 101 food premises was carried out and 202 ready- to-eat food samples were collected and analysed microbiologically using standard methods. A total of 202 food handlers were randomly selected for questionnaire interview while rectal and nasal swabs were taken from them to determine their healthy carrier status of pathogenic food bacteria.

    Results: Results showed that the overall prevalence of microbiological contamination in ready- to-eat food was 35.1%, while prevalence by type of food was 42.0% for main dishes and 9.8% for staple food. The majority of the contaminations were due to coliforms (14.9%), total plate counts (12.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.5%). The mean score for food premise inspection was 77.21 ± 10.32 and the prevalence of healthy carrier status of pathogenic food bacteria among the food handlers was 15.8%. The level of food handling practices among food handlers was influenced by sex (p=0.012) and formal training on food handling courses (p=0.009). There was a significant negative correlation between age and level of food handling practices among the food handlers (r = -0.163; p = 0.02). Poor food handling practices (p=0.02) and poor hygiene status among the food handlers (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  7. Fulltext Stroke patient care: is it a burden? What the caregivers perceived? [Penjagaan pesakit strok: adakah ia satu bebanan? apa yang penjaga persepsikan?]
    Fatimang, L., Rahmah, M.A.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2011;17(1):32-41.
    MyJurnal
    Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the caregiving burden among women who are caregivers to elderly with stroke and factors influencing it. Respondents identified through purposive sampling at the Universiti Malaya Medical Centre from October to December 2007.
    Methods: Direct methods of data collection (clinical and housing) and indirect (postal) used a structured questionnaire distributed to the guards. Measurements taken include sociodemographic variables of patients and caregivers, the patient, the care, relationships with caregivers and patients with information about stroke. Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) short version was used to measure the burden of care. Carers' Assessment of Managing Index (Cami) was used to assess coping strategies. A total of 96 respondents took part in this study.
    Results: The study showed that prevalence of caregiving burden was 35.4%. Burden of care was found to have significant relationships with factors such as marital status, caregivers (p = 0.017), family income (p = 0040) and the patients (p = 0.000). Significant correlation obtained for the coping strategies with the burden (r =- 0228, p 0026).
    Conclusion: The conclusion shows that policy makers and program managers should appreciate and assist caregivers in performing the role of care. Intervention programs should be designed to suit the needs of the heterogeneous guardian.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  8. Fulltext Ability and willingness to pay for health care and contribute to national healthcare financing scheme among farmers in Selangor
    Aizuddin, A.N., Hoda, R., Rizal, A.M., Yon, R., Al Junid, S.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2011;17(1):56-63.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: In view of high healthcare expenditure, Malaysia also faces problems in healthcare financing. The policy option is to establish a national health financing scheme. However, it is a problem to develop mechanisms to cover social insurance package to more than one third of the population working in informal sector such as farmers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the ability and willingness of the farming community. The main objective was to study the ability and willingness in the farming community to contribute to national healthcare financing scheme.

    Methodology: This a cross sectional study involved 400 farmers in Selangor. A total of 92.3% farmers were able to pay for the healthcare.

    Results: Willingness to contribute to The national healthcare financing scheme were RM2.00 per month.

    Conclusion: The education level influenced the ability to pay while the educational level and per capita income influenced willingness to pay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  9. Fulltext Implementation of the benchmarking guidelines on community pharmacies in Malaysia
    Chua, Siew Siang, Wong, Wai Kee, Lee, Hong Gee, Richard, Yvonne, Jennifer, Tan See Hui
    Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2008;6(1):13-31.
    MyJurnal
    The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) adopted a set of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) guidelines in 1993 and recommended that the regulatory bodies of individual countries should adapt the guidelines in accordance with their resources. The Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society (MPS) introduced its benchmarking guidelines (BMG) in 2003 as a means to raise the professional standards of the community pharmacy practice in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the extent to which community pharmacies have adopted the BMG. A cross-sectional study was conducted using mail questionnaires, which were posted to all community pharmacies in Malaysia. A total of 371 questionnaires (29.2%) were returned. Only 51.0% of the respondents were aware of the BMG. The extent of compliance with the guidelines was 62.6+21.1% (mean + standard deviation), with a median of 65%. The type and ownership of the community pharmacies were significantly associated with compliance with certain aspects of the guidelines. The main problem in complying with the BMG was financial constraint, and this problem was more likely to occur with independent than with chain pharmacies. However, the respondents generally agreed that most aspects of the BMG could be achieved in less than five years. Since the level of awareness among community pharmacists regarding the BMG is low, the MPS should promote or publicise the BMG further. The BMG should be reviewed before being used as part of the criteria for the accreditation of community pharmacies, as proposed by the MPS to further improve the quality and standards of community pharmacies in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  10. Fulltext Red cell antibody screening in pregnancy: a preliminary insight?
    Suria, A.A., Nurdiayana, M.N., Huik, May L., Alex, Y.C.S, Noornabillah, R., Hud, M.A., et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2012;7(1):41-46.
    MyJurnal
    Red cell alloimmunisation is defined as the development of antibodies in response to foreign red cell antigens through transfusion or pregnancy. In pregnant women even without the history of previous blood transfusion, this is possible through previous or current pregnancy with the presence of paternal red cell antigen inherited by the fetus. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of red cell alloimmunisation among pregnant women without previous history of blood transfusion and the association with number of pregnancy and history of obstetric complications. This was a cross-sectional study in which 150 pregnant women were randomly selected from the antenatal clinic. Ten mls of peripheral blood was obtained for antibody screening using indirect antiglobulin test besides the routine antenatal screening. In this study, the majority (37.3%) of the women were primigravidae. Red cell alloantibodies were detected in two out of 150 (1.3%) patients which were subsequently identified as anti-C and anti-D. However none of the primigravida was alloimmunised. One woman of gravida 2 (2.9%) and gravida 3 (3.6%) each were positive for alloimmunisation. One of them also had a bad obstetric history. This study showed that the prevalence of red cell alloimmunisation among pregnant women was low in this centre. Nevertheless, red cell alloantibody screening test should be made available to reduce possible complications of alloimmunisation in mothers and fetuses.
    Study site: Antenatal clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  11. Fulltext Sport-related oral injuries and mouthguard use among athletes in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Mon Mon, Tin-Oo, Razliza Razali
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2012;7(1):21-27.
    MyJurnal
    To assess their awareness and usage of mouthguard and occurrence of sports-related oral injuries in athletes who involve in various sports activities in Kota Bharu. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 180 athletes aged 12 to 27 years. A structured interviewer-guided questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of oral injuries sustained during sport activities, the use of mouthguard as well as the athletes' awareness of mouthguard use. The respondents consisted of 107 males (59.5%) and 73 females (40.5%) with a mean age of 16.7 years (SD 5.53). There were 60 (22.2%) athletes who had one or more types of sports-related oral injuries sustained. Laceration of lips, tongue and gums were the most frequent injuries (57.5%) while loosening of teeth and fracture of teeth sustained in 12.5% and 10.0% of athletes respectively. Malay traditional martial arts silat athletes, 17(68.0%) experienced the highest oral injuries among athletes. The prevalence of oral injuries was significantly different between ball sports, martial arts and other non-contact sports (p=0.002). Sixty-one athletes (33.9%) reported that they were aware of mouthguard; however none of the athletes used the mouthguards during their sports activities. Malay traditional martial arts silat was the most common susceptible to sustain oral injuries. None of the athletes were wearing mouthguard. Education on prevention of orofacial trauma should be given to the coaches and athletes. Wearing of mouthguard during sport activities should be compulsory during practice and competition events.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  12. Fulltext Protective factors related to violence among adolescents: a cross sectional study in Terengganu
    Nordiyanah, H., Khatijah, A.R., Mohd Aris, K., Mohd Jusoh, Anwa, S.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(1):36-41.
    MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was done to determine the prevalence of violence among 15-year-old adolescents and to identify associated protective or risk factors. The study involved 758 adolescents, 384 males and 3 74 females in the District of Kuala Terengganu and Besut, Terengganu. About 39.0% of adolescents under study were ever involved in violence. Percentage of girls were slightly higher 19.8% as compared to boys 19.2%. About 30% of the violent adolescents were from Kuala Terengganu and 9.1% from Besut. There was no significant relationship between violence and ethnic groups. Family total income above poverty line was significant protective towards violent behaviour < 0.01, OR 0.61, CI 0.45 - 0.82). Using univariate analysis, selected parental factors were protective against violence, such as good parental connection (p < 0.01), presence of parental regulation (p < 0.001), religious parents (p < 0.05) and parents who had dinner everyday with adolescents (p < 0.01, OR 0.59, CI 0.43 - 0.80). Adolescent who perceived to have interest in learning (p < 0.001, OR 0.32, CI 0.17 - 0.59) were less likely to involve in violence. Adolescent who felt well connected to their school (p < 0.01), and perceived themselves religious (P < 0.001) were more likely to be non-violent. Those who felt satisfied with day to day life were less likely to be involved in violence (p < 0.001, OR 0.52, CI 0.37 - 0.71). On the contrary, adolescents who ever had the feeling to run away from home (p < 0.001), had 3 times risk of violence, ever smoked cigarette had 2.4 times risk (p < 0.001, CI 1.55 - 3.69) ever been bullied by peers were 2.3 times risk (p < 0.001, CI 1.46 - 3.60) to violence. Same factors remained significant in multivariate analysis. Such factors were total family income below poverty line (p < 0.001, OR 1.82,CI 1.28 - 2.59), parental regulation (p < 0.05, OR 0.34, CI 0.13 - 0.89), had dinner every night and frequently (p < 0.01, OR 0. 62, CI 0.43 - 0.89), and adolescents' religiosity (p < 0.05, OR 0.81, CI 0.66 - 0.98) were protective, whereas ever· smoke cigarettes (12 < 0.01, OR 2.24,Cl 1.38 - 3.62), being bullied by peers (o < 0.01, OR 2. 09, C1 1.26 - 3.45), and frequently felt depressed previous one year (p < 0.001, OR 3.01,CI 1.79 - 5.07) were risk factors. The findings of the study will serve as baseline in planning adolescent health programme specifically to prevent violence behaviour from developing right from young, in the home and in the school environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  13. Fulltext Association between drinking water sources and diarrhea with malnutrition among kindergarten's children in Baghdad city, Iraq
    Hasanain, F.G., Jamsiah, M., Zaleha, M.I., Azmi M. Tamil, Mohammed, A.A.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2012;12(1):45-48.
    MyJurnal
    Malnutrition is associated with childhood diseases such as diarrhea or other severe illness. Children who suffer from
    repeated episodes of diarrhea are more likely to suffer from malnutrition. In addition, the source of drinking water is
    a very important factor affecting the nutritional status. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of
    malnutrition condition among children aged 3 to 5 years old and the factors associated with it. A cross sectional study
    using simple random sampling was conducted among 220 children aged 3 to 5 years old from four kindergartens in
    Baghdad city, Iraq. Nutritional assessment was carried out using the indicator weight-for-age z-score based on World
    Health Organization cut off points. Acute malnutrition was found in 18.2 % of the respondents. In this study 65 % of
    the respondents used tap water to drink as compared to 35 % who used sterilized bottles as source of drinking water.
    The environmental factors mainly the source of drinking water was significantly associated with child nutritional
    status (p=0.034). The prevalence of diarrhea and admissions to the hospital due to diarrhea were also significantly
    associated with malnutrition (p < 0.01, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  14. Fulltext Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function among male quarry workers in Kelantan, Malaysia.
    Razlan Musa, Lin Naing, Zulkifli Ahmad, Rusli Nordin
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(1):54-57.
    MyJurnal
    The relationship between dust exposure and lung function were investigated in a cross-sectional study of 70 male quarry workers. The investigation included spirometric testing and detailed personal interviews using a structured questionnaire adapted from British Medical Research Council questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms commonly reported by the male workers were shortness of breath (42.9%), chest tightness (37.1 %}, morning phlegm (20.0%) and morning cough (0.8%}. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was greater in current smokers. Age and duration of employment also had significant relationship with chest tightness. Both FEV, and FVC of these workers were significantly reduced when compared to healthy population. Smoking status, age, and duration of employment were also associated with reduced pulmonary function (p<0.01).
    Key words: respiratory symptoms, lung function and quarry workers
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  15. Fulltext Validation of Noise Induced Hearing Loss Questionnaire Among Malay Sawmill Workers in Kelantan Malaysia
    Razman, M.R., Naing, L., Kamarul, I.M.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2010;9(2):51-56.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Exposure to excessive noise is the major avoidable cause of permanent hearing impairment. Sawmill is one of the workplaces where workers are exposed to hazardous noise level. This study was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of noise-induced hearing loss questionnaire among sawmill workers. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in March 2007 among 35 consented sawmill workers. A total of 40 items; 10 items for knowledge (8 areas), 20 items for attitude (7 areas) and 10 items for practice (2 areas) were assessed. Statistical analysis for reliability analysis was test by internal consistency and construct validity by exploratory factor analysis using principal components and Varimax rotation method. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coeffi cients were acceptable for attitude (0.90) and practice
    (0.75). However, it was low for knowledge (0.67). Exploratory factor analysis showed three meaningful exploratory factors that could explain the three dimensions in the questionnaire. Conclusion: The results of the validation study suggested that the noise-induced hearing loss questionnaire is reliable and valid tool for assessing knowledge, attitude and practice among sawmill workers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  16. Clinical Measurement of the Tibio-femoral Angle in Malay Children
    Mohd-Karim MI, Sulaiman AR, Munajat I, Syurahbil AH
    Malays Orthop J, 2015 Jul;9(2):9-12.
    PMID: 28435602 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1507.005
    BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to find out the age when tibiofemoral angle starts to be in valgus and reaches maximum angle. The differences of the angles between genders were also studied.

    METHODOLOGY: This cross sectional study on tibiofemoral angle was conducted among 160 normal healthy children using clinical measurement method. The children between 2 18 months to 6 years old were assigned to 5 specific age groups of 32 children with equal sex distribution.

    RESULT: This study had shown a good inter-observer reliability of tibiofemoral angle measurement with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87 with narrow margin of 95% confident interval (95% CI: 0.73, 0.94). The mean tibiofemoral angle for children at 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 years old were 2.25° (SD=0.53), 8.73° (SD=0.95), 7.53° (SD=1.40), 7.27° (SD=1.14) and 6.72° (SD=0.98) respectively. The age when they achieved maximum valgus tibiofemoral angle was 3 years old. The maximum mean (SD) tibiofemoral angle for boys, girls and all children were 8.91° (SD=1.17), 8.56° (SD=0.62) and 8.73° (SD=0.95)respectively. The mean tibiofemoral angle showed no statistically significant difference between girls and boys except for the 5-year-old group, in which the mean TF angle for girls was 7.560 (SD=0.95) and for the boys was 6.970 (SD=1.26) with p-value of 0.037.

    CONCLUSION: Measurement of tibiofemoral angle using the clinical method had a very good inter-observer reliability. The tibiofemoral angle in Malay population was valgus since the age of 2 years with maximum angle of 8.730 (SD=0.95) achieved at the age of 3 years.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  17. Fulltext Relationship of Depressive Symptoms to Hypertension in a Household Survey
    Lam, H.H., Ng, E.K., Ooi, A.L., Ooi, P.Y., Sellymiah, A., Siti Fareeda, A., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;20(1):1-12.
    MyJurnal
    Objectives: To study relationship of depressive symptoms to hypertension. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on respondents from Kampung Awal. Hypertension was defined as self-reported or by measurement using a mercury sphymomanometer and depressive symptoms were evaluated by CES-D scale. Results: A total 103 respondents were studied. The male:female ratio was 1:1.5 with mean age of 41.8 years. Majority had formal education up to secondary school. 45% were government servant and over 95% subjects had income of RM1000 or less per each family member per month. 21.4% (n=22) self-reported to have hypertension and 7.8%(n=91) met the criteria for incident hypertension. 7.8% met the criteria for both. Mean score based on CES-D was 13.08. 32.0% subjects had depression. 54 subjects reported never experienced any strain for past 6 months and 24 reported to have 2 or more .61 subjects were overweight with mean value of BMI=26.19 kg/m2. Self-reported hypertension and incident hypertension were strongly associated with age but only selfreported hypertension was strongly associated with overweight. However, there was no significant association between hypertension with chronic strains and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Depressive symptomatology was not associated with hypertension in this survey. Women had a significant risk in having depressive symptoms. Age =45 years & overweight were significant risks for hypertension. A prospective study will be more useful in the future to find out the association between depression and hypertension.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  18. Fulltext Sociodemographic profiles of caregivers and their association with burden of care in dementia
    Rosdinom, R., Norzarina, M.Z., Ruzanna, Z., Zanariah, M.S.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;20(1):1-10.
    MyJurnal
    Caring for a family member with dementia is associated with distress and several caregiver factors are known to be determinants of burden of care.
    Objective: To determine the relationship between the caregivers’ sociodemographic variables and their perceived burden of care. 
    Methods: Patients diagnosed as having dementia with their caregivers were selected through a non-randomised sampling method from the psychogeriatric and memory clinics in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre and Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Burden of care was assessed using the Zarit Burden Interview.
    Results: Age, gender, educational achievement, ethnicity and kinship of the 65 caregivers did not show any significant statistical difference in relation to their perceived burden. Conclusion: Burden in caring after patients with dementia was not significantly determined by the sociodemographic characteristics of their caregivers
    Study site: Psychogeriartic clinics and memory clinics of Pusat Perubatan University Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM) and Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  19. Fulltext Attitudes towards persons with mental illness among university students
    Redhwan Ahmed, Al-Naggar
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2013;14(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Globally, there is growing evidence of stigmatization of people with mental illnesses and mental illness is more stigmatizing than physical illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the attitudes of university students towards persons with mental illness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Management and Science University students during the academic year 2012. Prior ethical approval was taken for conducting the study. A total of 300 medical and health science students was recruited in this study and the response rate was 93%. The survey questionnaire was adopted from a previous study with 15 statements about attitude towards mental health illness and sociodemographic characteristics. Classes were chosen randomly and students also randomly selected. The inclusion criterion for this research was medical and health science students while the exclusion criterion was students from other faculties, staff and lecturers. Data was analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13.0. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of the basic demographics and survey items of the questionnaire. T-test and multiple linear regression were used to explore the relationship between the socio-demographic and the attitude. Results: A total number of 279 students participated in this study. The majority of them were female, age 20 years and above, single, Malay, from International Medical School (IMS) and from urban areas (68.5%, 88.2%, 96.4%, 58.1%, 60.2%, 77.8% respectively). In this study, the majority of the participants showed a moderate to good attitude towards people with mental illness. Univariate analysis showed that marital status influenced the attitudes of university students towards people with mental illness (p=0.015). In multivariate analysis, multiple linear regression showed that gender, marital status, smoking and drinking alcohol significantly influenced the attitude of university students towards people with mental illness (p=0.014, p=0.012; p=0.009, p=0.013; respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that the undergraduate university students had a moderate to good attitude towards people with mental illness. Gender, marital status, smoking and drinking alcohol significantly influenced the attitude of undergraduate university students towards people with mental illness. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 14 (1): January - June 2013: XX XX.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  20. Fulltext Stress and psychological wellbeing among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
    Nikmat AW, Ahmad M, Ng LO, Razali S
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;9(2):65-72.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: To investigate the prevalence of parental stress and psychological wellbeing among parents with autistic children and their associations with dimensions of support system.
    Methods: This is a preliminary cross sectional study which randomly selected parents with clinically diagnosed autistic children. Those parents who attended psycho-education session on management of autistic children at Health Psychology Unit were randomly selected to enroll in the study. Psychological wellbeing, parental stress and dimensions of support system were assessed by using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Provision Social Relation (PSR), respectively.
    Results: Of 52 parents with autistic children (34 female and 18 male), about 90.4% of parents had significant parenting stress, and 53.8% of parents showed clinical disturbance in psychological wellbeing. Gender (t=1.67, p=0.02) and occupation (F=4.78, p=0.01) showed statistically significant association with psychological wellbeing. No association found between other socio-demographic factors, parental stress and psychological wellbeing with dimensions of support system among parents with autistic children.
    Conclusion: Parents with autistic children have high prevalence of stress and psychological disturbances. Interactions of various factors need to be acknowledged and considered in order to reduce the burden of parents with autistic children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
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