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Fulltext Expression of a key gene involved in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin E in red pericarp and white rice grains

Fasahat, P., Abdullah, A., Muhammad, K., Wickneswari, R.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3395-3401.
MyJurnal

Tocochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) unitedly known as vitamin E, are the necessary antioxidant components of both human and animal diets. There is a considerable interest in plants with increased or customized vitamin E content, due to their potential health benefits. To quantify the tocochromanol content and determine the expression of a key tocotrienol biosynthesis gene among a set of contrasting red pericarp and light brown rice genotypes of advanced breeding lines together with their parents; expression pattern of homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT), the key gene was studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in milky and matured grain stages. Vitamin E analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chloroform-methanolic extracts prepared from red pericarp and light brown rice advanced breeding lines showed significant differences for vitamin E content. Averaged across all samples, the content of γ-tocotrienol > α-tocopherol > α-tocotrienol > γ-tocopherol > δ-tocotrienol, and total E vitamin content ranged from 10.30 to 31.65 µg/g. Genotype G37 (red pericarp) was found to have higher expression than G7 (light brown) and G33 (red pericarp) at both grain development stages but lower than both parents whereas their transcript levels were comparatively lower in mature grain, which indicates their possible regulation by plant growth stage. HPLC results of γ-tocotrienol content supported gene expression results with the exception of the recurrent parent MR219.
Fulltext New red rice transgressive variants with high antioxidant capacity

Fasahat, P., Wickneswari, R., Abdullah, A., Musa, K.H., Muhammad, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(3):1497-1501.
MyJurnal

Red coloured rice, has been shown to contain high levels of bioactive properties. The aim of this study was to quantify the major antioxidant compounds in the whole grain of two new red rice transgressive variants together with their parents which was determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method, measured in methanol extract. A Thailand commercial red rice was used as a control. Although, the ORAC values for some red rice samples were similar, they were higher than light brown rice control, MR219. The antioxidant capacity was also evaluated by ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay. FRAP result was well correlated with ORAC (r = 0.94).
Fulltext Mental health difficulties in children: a University Hospital experience

Norhaniza, I., Abdullah, A., Aili, H.H., Manveen, K.S., Pillai, S.K.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;19(2):1-8.
MyJurnal

Mental health difficulties in children are often missed or dismissed. Adults too are often wary of bringing their children to such a facility. This paper is a descriptive study of a child mental health service utilization in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: The cases consisted of new cases from the month of January to December 2007 who attended the Psychiatry Adolescent and Child (PAC) Unit, University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC). Results: The children presented with a range of development, academic, behavior and emotional difficulties. There were 373 new cases of which the highest number of children were in the primary school-going age group (54.7%) and males (65.4%). Sixty percent of the cases had one single diagnosis. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) were the highest disorder seen in the single diagnosis group (27.3%) as well as in those with more than one diagnosis (61.5%). Primary support group difficulties were the most common co-morbid condition noted. Conclusion: It is essential that extensive screening of children and their families be done to detect family difficulties and co- morbid conditions, which would be necessary for favorable outcomes to be met.
Fulltext Optimization studies on microwave assisted extraction of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel pectin using response surface methodology

Rahmati, S., Abdullah, A., Momeny, E., Kang, O.L.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(1):233-239.
MyJurnal

Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of dragon fruit peel pectin was conducted using respond surface methodology. Effect of extraction conditions, i.e. pH value (X1), extraction time (X2) and solid-liquid ratio (X3) on the extraction yield was investigated using a central composite experimental design. Optimization of microwave assisted extraction was performed and three-dimensional (3D) response surface plots were derived from the mathematical models. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted and indicated a significant interaction between extraction conditions (pH value and extraction time) and extraction yield. The optimum conditions of microwave assisted extraction were as follows: X1 = 2.07; X2 = 65 s and X3 = 66.57. The verification test on pectin extraction was performed and revealed a perfect agreement between experimental and predicted values. The maximum predicted yield of pectin extraction was 18.53%. Overall, application of microwave assisted extraction can give rise to high quality dragon fruit peel pectin.
Fulltext Parapharyngeal Abscess in Immunocompromised Patients

Gani, A.N., Abdullah, A., Hazim, M.Y.S., Rozman, Z.

Medicine & Health, 2007;2(2):158-163.
MyJurnal

Parapharyngeal abscess is a serious medical condition that may lead to life-threatening complications. Its incidence has dramatically decreased since the advent of antibiotics. We report two cases of parapharyngeal abscesses in immunocompromised patients. We believe that early diagnosis, broad-spectrum antibiotics, surgery and pus drainage can prevent serious complications.
Fulltext Revocable and non-invertible multibiometric template protection based on matrix transformation

Jegede, A., Udzir, N.I., Abdullah, A., Mahmod, R.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(1):133-160.
MyJurnal

Biometric authentication refers to the use of measurable characteristics (or features) of the human body to provide secure, reliable and convenient access to a computer system or physical environment. These features (physiological or behavioural) are unique to individual subjects because they are usually obtained directly from their owner’s body. Multibiometric authentication systems use a combination of two or more biometric modalities to provide improved performance accuracy without offering adequate protection against security and privacy attacks. This paper proposes a multibiometric matrix transformation based technique, which protects users of multibiometric systems from security and privacy attacks. The results of security and privacy analyses show that the approach provides high-level template security and user privacy compared to previous one-way transformation techniques.
Fulltext Measurement and determinants of rural food poverty in Nigeria: recent evidence from general household survey panel

Jabo, M.S.M., Ismail, M., Abdullah, A. M., Shamsudin, M. N.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(3):1011-1018.
MyJurnal

This paper examines food security determinants among rural farming households in Nigeria. A
total of 3380 households from General Household Survey-panel data that adopt the World Bank
Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) technique was used for this study. The impacts
of household characteristics, household endowments and activity related characteristics were
explored using logistic regression analysis. Based on the Food and Agriculture Organization
FAO recommended minimum 2120 kcal daily per adult equivalent was valued at (N138)
equivalent and USD 0.87 food poverty threshold of per annum was derived for rural Nigeria.
This threshold is the cost for purchasing recommended daily food allowances (RDA) of an
adult equivalent for healthy life in rural Nigeria. The results of the study revealed that age of the
household head, tertiary education, farm size, household size, value of livestock holdings, total
remittances received by the household, participation in nonfarm enterprise and access to formal
credit have significant impact on food security. We conjecture that, the higher incidence of food
security during post harvesting season might likely be due to inability of smallholder farmers
to utilize their extra time into non-farm income generating activities due to high demand for
labour for farm operations.
Fulltext A medication-estimated health status measure for predicting primary care visits: the Long-Term Therapeutic Groups Index

Dhabali AA, Awang R

Health Policy Plan, 2010 Mar;25(2):162-9.
PMID: 19923207 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czp051

BACKGROUND: Managed care is one of the means advocated for health care reforms. The Malaysian government has proposed managed care for its citizens. In the Malaysian private health care sector, managed care is practised on a small scale with crude risk adjustment. The main determinant of an individual's health service utilization is their health status (HS). HS is used as a risk adjuster for capitation payment. Prescribed medications represent a useful source for HS estimation. We aimed to develop and validate a medication-based HS estimate and to incorporate it in the Andersen model of health service utilization. This is a preparatory step in studying the feasibility of developing a model for risk assessment in the Malaysian context.
METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from an academic year from computerized databases in University Sains Malaysia (USM) about users of USM primary care services. A user is a USM health scheme beneficiary who made at least one visit in the academic year to USM-assigned primary care providers. Socio-demographic variables, enrolment period, medications prescribed and number of visits were also collected. Chronic illness medications and some non-chronic illness medications were used to calculate the Long-Term Therapeutic Groups Index (LTTGI) which is an estimate of the HS of users. Using a random 50% of users, weighted least square methods were used to develop a model that predicts a user's number of visits. The other 50% were used for validation.
RESULTS: Socio-demographic variables explained 15% of variability in number of primary care visits among users. Adding the LTTGI improved the explanatory power of the model to 36% (P < 0.001). A similar contribution of the LTTGI was noted in the validation.
CONCLUSIONS: The Long-Term Therapeutic Groups Index was successfully developed. Variability in number of primary care visits can be predicted by LTTGI-based models.
Fulltext Frequency of gallbladder stones among patients underwent abdominal ultrasound in a tertiary hospital in Sana’a City, Yemen

Hameed M. Aklan, Abdullah A. S. A. Esmail, Abdulrahman A. Al-Sadeq, Gebreel A. Eissa, Osamah A. Hassan, Abdullah A. Al-Mikhlafy, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(107):36-39.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The Gallbladder stone (GBS) disease is most commonly asymptomatic that may lead to several complications such as ascending cholangitis and obstructive jaundice. In this study the frequency of gallblad- der stones among patients referred for abdominal ultrasound at the University of Science and Technology hospital (USTH), Sana’a – Yemen, have been estimated during the period between January and June 2013. Methods: This study is a record-based and conducted at the radiology department in USTH, on cases underwent abdominal ultrasound during the period from January – June 2013. Information were collected from abdominal ultrasonography reports. Results: In this study 4935 patients’ records are included. Of them, 2541 were males and 2394 were females. The frequency of patients with GBS was 5.53%. Multiple stones were observed in 3.57% of patients and 4.34% patients had large stones with size  5 mm. Females had significantly higher frequency of GBS (8.0%: 191/2394) than males (3.2%: 82/2541) (P < 0.001). It was found that, no significant difference between males and females in harboring small stones (< 5mm) (P = 0.251). However, significantly higher frequency of large GBS ( 5 mm) was found among females compared to males (P < 0.001). The frequencies of GBS, small size of GBS and large size of GBS have significantly increased with increasing age (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study it was found that females had significantly higher frequency of GBS than males. No significant difference between males and females in harboring small stones. There was a significantly higher frequency of large GBS was found among females compared to males. The frequencies of GBS, small size of GBS and large size of GBS have significantly increased with increasing age.
Fulltext Identification of introgressed alien chromosome segments associated with grain quality in Oryza rufipogon x MR219 advanced breeding lines using SSR markers

Fasahat P, Muhammad K, Abdullah A, Wickneswari R

Genet. Mol. Res., 2012;11(3):3534-46.
PMID: 23079848 DOI: 10.4238/2012.September.26.10

A limited backcross procedure was utilized to introgress genes associated with grain quality traits from Oryza rufipogon (Accession No. IRGC 105491), a wild rice from Malaysia, to the cultivated rice O. sativa cv. MR219, a popular high yielding Malaysian rice cultivar. A set of 10 BC(2)F(7) progenies were selected based on the field performance and phenotypic appearance in BC(2)F(5) and BC(2)F(6) generations, which initially started with 266 progenies in the BC(2)F(2) generation. These 10 advanced breeding lines are similar to each other but differ in several important grain quality traits, which can be traced to O. rufipogon introgressions. Phenotyping and genotyping of BC(2)F(7) variants were considered for QTL analysis. The introgressed lines did not show any significant changes compared to the recurrent parent MR219 for the traits grain density and milled rice percentage. All 10 progenies showed significantly higher head rice percentages (70-88%) than the recurrent parent MR219. Variants G13 and G15 had higher amylose contents than MR219. All variants were analyzed using polymorphic SSR markers. Of the 34 SSR markers, only 18 showed introgression from O. rufipogon for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11. Graphical genotypes were prepared for each variant, and association between the introgression regions and the traits that increased grain quality was visualized. Based on marker trait association, some of the QTLs are stable across environments and genetic backgrounds and could be used universally.
Duplicate internal auditory canals with facial and vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction

Kew TY, Abdullah A

J Laryngol Otol, 2012 Jan;126(1):66-71.
PMID: 21867589 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215111002258

We report an extremely rare case of duplication of the internal auditory canal associated with dysfunction of both the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. We also review the literature regarding the integrity of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in such cases.
Fulltext The influence of self-owned home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) on primary care patients with hypertension: a qualitative study

Abdullah A, Othman S

BMC Fam Pract, 2011;12:143.
PMID: 22208768 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-143

BACKGROUND:
Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is gaining popularity among hypertensive patients. This study aimed to explore the influence of self-initiated HBPM on primary care patients with hypertension.
METHODS:
Six in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted, taking into consideration the experiences of 24 primary care patients with hypertension. These patients had been using HBPM as part of their hypertension management. The overriding influences were grouped under themes which emerged from analyzing the data using the grounded theory approach.
RESULTS:
There are both positive and negative influences of self-initiated HBPM. Patients used the readings of their HBPM to decide on many aspects of their hypertension management. The HBPM readings both influenced their adherence to diet and exercise and provided certain reassurance when they experienced symptoms. In addition, the act of discussing their HBPM readings with their health care providers resulted in an enhanced doctor-patient therapeutic relationship. Nevertheless, HBPM created confusion at times in some patients, particularly with regard to the target blood pressure level and the need for medication. This led to some patients making their own medical decisions based on their own standards.
CONCLUSIONS:
HBPM is becoming an integral part of hypertension management. Primary care patients who self-initiated HBPM reported being more self-efficacious, but lack of participation and guidance from their doctors created confusion, and hindered the true benefit of HBPM.

Study site: urban primary care clinic, located within the University Malaya Medical Centre
Community Palliative Care Nurses' Challenges and Coping Strategies on Delivering Home-Based Pediatric Palliative Care

Chong L, Abdullah A

Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 2017 Mar;34(2):125-131.
PMID: 26424764 DOI: 10.1177/1049909115607296

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the experience of community palliative care nurses providing home care to children.
METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted at the 3 community palliative care provider organizations in greater Kuala Lumpur from August to October 2014. Data were collected with semistructured interviews with 16 nurses who have provided care to children and was analyzed using thematic analysis. Two categories were identified: (1) challenges nurses faced and (2) coping strategies. The themes identified from the categories are (1) communication challenges, (2) inadequate training and knowledge, (3) personal suffering, (4) challenges of the system, (5) intrapersonal coping skills, (6) interpersonal coping strategies, and (7) systemic supports.
CONCLUSIONS: These results reinforces the need for integration of pediatric palliative care teaching and communication skills training into all undergraduate health care programs. Provider organizational support to meet the specific needs of the nurses in the community can help retain them in their role. It will also be important to develop standards for current and new palliative care services to ensure delivery of quality pediatric palliative care.
Job-related motivational factors among Malaysian employees

Manshor AT, Abdullah A

Psychol Rep, 2002 Dec;91(3 Pt 2):1187-93.
PMID: 12585535

This study identified job-related motivational factors among Malaysian employees in several telecommunication companies. Responses were obtained from 1,179 employees at all levels up to senior managers and six different functional divisions, sales and marketing, human resources, finance, technical, information, technology, and support division. All employees were asked to rate the importance of Kovach's 10 job-motivational factors. These factors were good wages, job security, opportunity for career growth in the organization, good working conditions, interesting work, company loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, full appreciation of work done, sympathetic help with personal problems, and feeling of being involved in the organization. The top five factors employees identified as motivating them in their jobs were good wages, job security, company loyalty to employees, good working conditions, and full appreciation for work done. Findings were in accordance with Kovach for U.S. employees, in which the top motivational factors were good wages and job security.
Fulltext Eclampsia in Kelantan

Nalliah S, Abdullah AR

Med J Malaysia, 1990 Mar;45(1):49-56.
PMID: 2152069

A review of eclampsia in Kelantan was undertaken from 1983-1988. There were 146 documented cases in the state (66 per 100,000 deliveries). Eight maternal deaths occurred. Sixty seven (45.9%) were primigravida. Six of the 79 multiparous women developed eclampsia for the first time following remarriages to new partners. The multisystem dysfunction resulting from eclampsia resulted in varied maternal complications. Fatal cerebral haemorrhage (3 cases), acute pulmonary oedema (8 cases), acute renal failure (6 cases), HELLP Syndrome (8 cases) and acute abruptio placentae were the commoner complications. The average number of convulsions per patient was 1.3. The mean gestation of mothers who delivered prematurely (28.2%) was 34.6 weeks and that for those at term (71.8%) was 39.1 weeks. The caesarean section rate was 42.5%. The perinatal mortality rate was 185.9 per 1000. The implications of this high maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity are discussed in the light of the health delivery system and patient education. A team approach to medical management of eclampsia with the need for intensive care monitoring is suggested.
Fulltext Modeling purchase intention towards edible bird’s nest products among Malaysians

Mohamad Shukri, N. N. H., Nolila Mohd Nawi, Abdullah, A. M., Man, N.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(102):165-171.
MyJurnal

Interests in the nutraceutical or food supplement are growing around Asia in response to health and beauty concerns. Nutraceutical supplements seem to dominate the Malaysian market as the awareness of health conscious arise. The consumptions of these nutraceutical products are to cover insufficient nutrient in their diet intakes. Edible bird nest (EBN) is made from saliva produced by the male’s swiftlet and been consumed as a health supplement due to their high nutritional value. Despite an ever-growing number of EBN products and options available in the market, there are still fewer purchasers among Malaysian consumers as compared to other countries. This study aims to determine factors that influence consumers’ intention in purchasing EBN products. The number of complete response from the survey were 1310 samples. The questionnaire includes nine variables that are determined from the theory of planned behavior and marketing mix. Exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation is conducted to remove items with factor loading less than 0.5 and confirmatory factor analysis is constructed to measure the fitness of the model so that it can be used in predictive models. The three popular classification algorithms from predictive models which are decision tree, logistic regression, and artificial neural network will be used to analyze the dataset and determined the best model building. These comparisons are highly evaluated based on the prediction performance and it does not conclude that one method will be superior to other predictive methods. Results showed logistic regression outer perform other classifiers to develop the purchase intention model. There are five variables identified which consist of age, gender, price, accessibility and halal authorize. This study provides an input of consumers’ concern and interest that can be used as a strategic tool and give special attention to those elements to promote the EBN products.
Fulltext Antioxidant activity of red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum

Farah Diyana, A., Abdullah, A., Shahrul Hisham, Z.A., Chan, K. M.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(5):1977-1984.
MyJurnal

Antioxidants in seaweeds have attracted increasing interest for its role in protecting human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the Total phenolic content (TPC) values and antioxidant activities in red seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum of different solvent extracts. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities (DPPH scavenging assay and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, TEAC) for both K. alvarezii and K. striatum extracts were determined using different solvents at different concentrations (ethanol: 50%, 70%, 100%; acetone: 50%, 70%, 100%; methanol: 50%, 70%, 100%). The TPC value was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s method. The antioxidant activities were measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay. The highest TPC value of K. alvarezii antioxidant extract was obtained by 50% ethanol extracts while for K. striatum obtained by 50% methanol extract. The highest percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition for K. alvarezii was shown by 50% acetone extract while K. striatum was shown using 50% methanol extract. The highest TEAC value for K. alvarezii was shown by 50% acetone while K. striatum extract was shown by 50% ethanol extract. The TPC values and antioxidant activities of all solvent extracts of K. striatum were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than K. alvarezii antioxidant extracts. The TPC values showed strong correlation (r = 0.797) with TEAC values for K. alvarezii antioxidant extract (p< 0.01). The TEAC values also showed strong correlation (r = 0.735) with percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition for K. alvarezii (p< 0.01). The TPC value, DPPH free radical scavenging assay and TEAC assay for K. striatum extracts showed strong correlation (r> 0.8) with each other (p< 0.01). In summary, K. striatum showed better antioxidant activity and higher TPC value than K. alvarezii.
Fulltext Cochlear implantation in children with labyrinthitis ossificans

Abdullah, A., Shaharudin, M.H., Amin, M., Marhaban, J.A., Awang, M.A., Zulfiqar, M.A., et al.

Medicine & Health, 2006;1(1):61-66.
MyJurnal

Evidence of ossification was previously considered a relative contraindication to cochlear implantation. It was considered difficult or impossible to achieve safe electrode insertion because of bony obstruction. Either the electrodes or the inner ear structures could be damaged. Moreover, obstructed scala tympani could limit the number of electrodes that can be inserted. The efficacy of the electrical stimulation was also questioned, as a higher current would be needed on an ossified cochlea. Finally, the neural survival in ossified cochlea is unknown. This may complicate the surgical procedure and affect the long-term outcome. However, depending on the experience of the surgeon, cochlear implantation has been attempted even in grossly ossified cochlea. Here we illustrate that cochlear implantation is safe in labyrinthitis ossificans.
Fulltext The effects of background noise on brain activation during a verbal working memory task

Mohamad, M., Yusoff, A.N., Mukari, S.Z.M., Abdullah, A., Abd Hamid, A.I.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2014;10(1):29-38.
MyJurnal

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of noisy background on brain activation during a working memory task. Fourteen healthy male subjects underwent silent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans while listening to words presented verbally against quiet (WIS) and noisy (WIN) backgrounds. The stimuli were binaurally presented to the subjects at 70 dB sound pressure level (SPL) in both conditions. Group results indicated significant (p < 0.001) bilateral widespread of brain activations in the primary auditory cortex, superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and inferior parietal lobes during WIS. Additional significant activation was observed in the middle cingulate cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during WIN, suggesting the involvement of cingulate cortex in working memory processing against a noisy background. The mean percentage of signal change in all regions was higher during WIN as compared to WIS. Right hemispheric predominance was observed for both conditions in primary auditory cortex and middle frontal gyrus and this could be attributed to the increased difficulty of the tasks. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that background noise increased task demand and difficulty. Task demand was found to play an important role in determining the activation magnitude in the brain areas during working memory task.
Fulltext Impact of different lifting height and load mass on muscle performance using periodogram

Shair, E. F., Ahmad, S. A., Marhaban, M. H., Abdullah, A. R., Mohd Tamrin, S. B.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(101):1-8.
MyJurnal

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by muscle fatigue have been a major problem for industry
which needs to be resolved to save costs related to human resource development (extra training and
compensation). Detailed fatigue monitoring researches aimed at finding the best fatigue indices is not
new although studies on the causes of fatigue can be explored further. Identification analysis is required
to monitor the factors that influence muscle performance characteristic of surface electromyography
(sEMG) signal. Periodogram monitoring technique applies a frequency domain signal and represents the
distribution of the signal power over the frequency. It is a technique that allows the tracing of small
changes in the behaviour of sEMG signal when external parameters are varied. This technique is used
in this paper to monitor the sEMG signal changes in muscle performance when the lifting height and
load mass are varied. The periodogram amplitude, which represents the power, increases with the rise in
lifting height and load mass. From the frequency representation of the periodogram, the root mean square
voltage (Vrms) is calculated where the muscle performance characteristic could be further identified. The
Vrms also shows a similar trend when the lifting height and load mass are varied proving the periodogram
technique is useful to monitor changes in the muscle performance during manual lifting.

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