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Fulltext Use of essential oils for prolonging postharvest life of fresh fruits and vegetables

Ding, P., Lee, Y.L.

International Food Research Journal, 2019;26(2):363-366.
MyJurnal

Fresh fruits and vegetables are perishable commodities which play vital roles in humans’ diet and health. Unfortunately, the losses along the supply chain of fresh fruits and vegetables are high especially due to the decay caused by pathogens during poor postharvest handling. During postharvest, attempts have been made to combat microbial decay in fresh horticultural industry by avoiding the use of fungicides which threaten consumers’ health. Among those attempts, essential oils extracted from plants have been used as antimicrobial in postharvest and proven to be efficient in prolonging shelf life of fruits and vegetables without affecting their sensory properties. The glandular trichomes of plants are the important site for biosynthesis of essential oils and they act as defence system against herbivores and pathogens. Since essential oils are volatile aromatic compounds, the easily vaporised property has been exploited in postharvest application as fumigants. In addition, essential oils have also been incorporated into chitosan and alginate-based materials as edible coatings. Research in the use of essential oils as antimicrobial in Malaysia is however still lacking.
Fulltext Physico-chemical changes in dabai (Canarium odontophyllum Miq.) fruit during modified atmosphere storage

Ding, P., Diana, J.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3033-3040.
MyJurnal

Dabai or Canarium odontophyllum Miq., from the family Burseraceae, is an important indigenous fruit to Borneo Island. However, it is a highly perishable fruit with short shelf life. Postharvest technology such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can be used to maintain highly perishable fresh fruit quality and increase its shelf life. There is not much work has been carried out to study effect of MAP on dabai fruit. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of four different types packaging methods on the postharvest quality of dabai fruits. Total of 240 fruit were used for each replication and the experiment was repeated thrice. Fruit were divided equally into four groups with each group packed in low-density polyethylene plastic bag, low-density polyethylene plastic bags lined with tissue paper, low-density polyethylene plastic bag with vacuumed and control (unwrapped). The fruit were then stored in a cold room of 10°C for 8 days. The fruits were analyzed for peel and flesh colour (L*, C* and hue angle), CO2 and C2H4 production, weight loss, firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH at every two days interval. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and means was separated using Duncan’s multiple range tests. The use of MAP retained peel colour (L*, C* and hue angle values), flesh colour (L*values), SSC and TA of dabai fruit. The CO2 production in MAP fruit was significant lower than control. Although vacuum packed showed lowest weight loss, flesh discolouration, soggy texture and foul sour odour developed during 8 days of storage. Neither packing dabai fruit in low-density polyethylene plastic bag nor bag lined with tissue paper retained better fruit quality. Thus, it is recommended packing dabai fruit in low-density polyethylene plastic bag is sufficient to retain fruit quality during 8 days of storage at 10oC.
Fulltext Physicochemical quality, antioxidant compounds and activity of MD-2 pineapple fruit at five ripening stages

Ding, P., Syazwani, S.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(2):549-555.
MyJurnal

Although Malaysia is one of the important pineapple fruit producing and exporting country, the production of MD-2 pineapple fruit only started in 2009. Pineapple fruit has been harvested at different ripening stages for different markets. The information on Malaysian grown MD-2 pineapple fruit quality is lacking. Therefore this work was carried out with the aim to determine physicochemical quality, antioxidant compounds and activity of MD-2 pineapple fruit at five ripening stages. Ripening stage affected physicochemical quality of MD-2 pineapple fruit. Soluble solids concentration of MD-2 pineapple fruit increased from 15.41 to 18.02% SSC when fruit ripened from stage 1 to 4 and no significant difference was found in fruit between stage 4 and 5. The ascorbic acid content decreased while total carotenoids content increased as ripening stage advanced. The total phenolic content of both 80% methanol and water extraction solvents increased significantly as fruit ripened from stage 1 to 3 and reduced as fruit ripened to stage 5. The antioxidant activity of MD-2 pineapple fruit as assayed using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS showed similar trend as total phenolic content. These results suggest that ripening stage affect MD-2 pineapple fruit quality and nutritional values.
Fulltext Endoscopic pneumatic balloon dilatation for achalasia of the cardia

Ding PH

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Dec;50(4):339-45.
PMID: 8668054

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of endoscopic pneumatic balloon dilatation as the initial treatment for achalasia of the cardia. 15 patients with achalasia underwent a total of 19 dilatations using the new polyethylene dilator (Microvasive Rigiflex Balloon Dilator) over the last 6 years. An overall treatment success rate of 93% was achieved. 11 patients (73.3%) have not required a further dilatation and 3 patients (20%) required between 1 and 2 further dilatations. Elective surgery was necessary in 1 patient. The mean follow-up period was 31.5 months. There was no complication or death attributable to the procedure. Endoscopic pneumatic balloon dilation is a safe and effective treatment for achalasia and should be considered as the initial treatment of choice in most patients with achalasia.
Fulltext Biliary ascariasis

Ding PH

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Mar;50(1):118-9.
PMID: 7752968
Fulltext Functional properties of Phaleria Macrocarpa fruit flesh at different ripeness

Ahmed Asrity, S.M., Tsan, F.Y., Ding, P., Syed Aris, S.R.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(3):1273-1280.
MyJurnal

Functional property changes in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit during ripening on tree were studied. Results showed that juice extracted from fruit flesh had low acidity and soluble solid content. Fruit acidity decreased but soluble solids increased as the fruit ripened. In terms of antioxidant content, ascorbic acid, DPPH free radical scavenging activities and total phenolic content were, however, the lowest in fully ripe fruit flesh while the unripe fruit flesh had the highest. High percentage of these antioxidants was water soluble. This study suggests that the unripe fruits should be harvested for valuable medicinal product development instead of the fully ripe fruits.
Fulltext Storage behaviour and quality responses of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit treated with chitosan and gum arabic coatings during cold storage conditions

Khaliq, G., Mohamed, M.T.M., Ding, P., Ghazali, H.M., Ali, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(101):141-148.
MyJurnal

Natural products are useful for delaying the ripening process, preserving quality and reducing biochemical changes in fruits. Effect of gum arabic (GA) 10% and chitosan (CH) 1% edible coatings on physiological and biochemical properties of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Choke Anan) fruit were investigated. Mango fruit were stored at 13°C and 80% relative humidity for 28 days. Significant (P≤0.05) differences were observed in fruits treated with GA 10% and CH 1% as compared to the control. The results showed that GA 10% and CH 1% treatments significantly reduced weight loss than the control fruits. The application of CH 1% coating effectively inhibited the increase in soluble solid concentration (SSC), respiration rate and ethylene production. But no significant differences were observed in terms of ascorbic acid loss between treated fruits and control during the entire storage period. Furthermore, the combined application of GA 10% + CH 1% alleviated decay incidence and retained high firmness of mango fruit. These results suggested that application of GA 10% coating combined with CH 1% as a bio preservative might be a simple and effective technique for delaying ripening and maintaining quality of mango fruit during cold storage without the use of fungicides.
Fulltext The role of abdominal angiography in difficult gastrointestinal bleeding

Ding PH, Wong TJ

Med J Malaysia, 1994 Sep;49(3):306-9.
PMID: 7845288

Two cases of leiomyomas of the jejunum presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding of uncertain origin are described. Diagnosis was finally established by selective angiography. Laparotomy and resection of the tumour were successfully performed. The approach and management of this rare tumour are outlined.
Trends and advances in edible biopolymer coating for tropical fruit: A review

Md Nor S, Ding P

Food Res Int, 2020 08;134:109208.
PMID: 32517939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109208

Nowadays, many of the tropical fruits have been commercialized worldwide due to increasing demand. In 2018, global tropical fruit has reached an unprecedented peak of 7.1 million tonnes. As such, a lot of large scale farming has been initiated to cultivate the fruit for commercialization. The nature of tropical fruit is perishable make the fruit easily undergo post-harvest losses especially when the fruit travels in a long distance for distribution. Losses of tropical fruit is estimated around 18-28% after harvesting. Then, the losses will continually develop during the trading process. Applying fruit coating on the fruit can minimize substantial privation. This article compendiously reviews the needs of coating and discuss different types of coating materials. The efficiency of different coating materials; polysaccharide, protein, lipid and composite based coating on tropical fruit is highlighted. There are various types of coating available for major fruit such as banana, mango, pineapple and avocado that can effectively extend the post-harvest life, minimize water loss, reduce chilling injuries and fight against post-harvest disease. Coating from minor fruit such as durian, rambutan, passion-fruit and mangosteen are still limited especially made from lipid and protein coating. In choosing the most appropriate coating for tropical, the nature of fruit needs to be understood. In addition, the chemistry of coating components and techniques of application is important in modulating the fruit quality.
Determination of optimum harvest maturity and physico-chemical quality of Rastali banana (Musa AAB Rastali) during fruit ripening

Kheng TY, Ding P, Abdul Rahman NA

J Sci Food Agric, 2012 Jan 15;92(1):171-6.
PMID: 21780132 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4559

A series of physico-chemical quality (peel and pulp colours, pulp firmness, fruit pH, sugars and acids content, respiration rate and ethylene production) were conducted to study the optimum harvest periods (either week 11 or week 12 after emergence of the first hand) of Rastali banana (Musa AAB Rastali) based on the fruit quality during ripening.
Physico-chemical and structural changes of red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) during fruit development

Jamaludin NA, Ding P, Hamid AA

J Sci Food Agric, 2011 Jan 30;91(2):278-85.
PMID: 21031359 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4182

Determination of physico-chemical (weight, length, diameter, stomatal density, respiration rate, colour, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, chlorophyll and betacyanin content) and structural changes of red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton & Rose) was carried out from 5 to 35 days after pollination (DAP) in order to explain their growth, development, maturations and ripening stages.
Fulltext Pegylated interferon alfa-2b (peg-intron) plus ribavirin (rebetol) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a local experience

Seow EL, Robert Ding PH

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Dec;60(5):637-41.
PMID: 16515116

This was an open-label, uncontrolled study with the aim of assessing the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. The study was conducted in Island Hospital, Penang beween January 2002 and December 2003. Thirty-three patients were enrolled in this study with ten defaulters. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) (Intention-To-Treat analysis) in naïve patients was 39.10%. However, when the study was adjusted to only include those who completed treatment and follow-up, overall SVR as 52.9%. Side-effects were tolerable in most patients with anaemia occurring in 22 patients (66.7%), leukopenia 23 patients (69.7%) and thrombocytopenia in 15 patients (45.5%). This study showed that pegylated interferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/kg/week plus ribavirin > 10.6 mg/kg/day is efficacious and safe to be used in the treatment of: chronic hepatitis C.
Fulltext Morphometrics and Structural Changes of "Terung Asam" Sarawak (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal) During Growth and Development

Soon ATK, Ding P, Ramaiya SD

Trop Life Sci Res, 2023 Sep;34(3):23-36.
PMID: 37860092 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.3.2

"Terung asam" Sarawak (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal) is an underutilised fruit vegetable. Information on the fruit growth is very lacking. Thus, this study was conducted to characterise fruit growth pattern based on physical characters and cellular structures. Data were recorded weekly from fruit set until senescence. All the morphological growth of "terung asam" fruit exhibits a single sigmoid growth pattern that fitted well to logistic model. There are three distinct phases of growth, i.e., S1, S2 and S3. At S1, the size of fruit cells was small without intercellular spaces. As fruit grew to S2, cell size increased with distinct vascular tissues. By S3, fruit has achieved its maximum size with green peel turn to yellow and finally golden yellow at late S3. Cuticle and two types of trichomes formed the outer layer of fruit. The thickness of fruit exocarp increased while density of trichomes decreased as fruit developed.
Fulltext Potential of UVC germicidal irradiation in suppressing crown rot disease, retaining postharvest quality and antioxidant capacity of Musa AAA "Berangan" during fruit ripening

S Mohamed NT, Ding P, Kadir J, M Ghazali H

Food Sci Nutr, 2017 Sep;5(5):967-980.
PMID: 28948014 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.482

Crown rot caused by fungal pathogen is the most prevalent postharvest disease in banana fruit that results significant economic losses during transportation, storage, and ripening period. Antifungal effects of ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation at doses varied from 0.01 to 0.30 kJ m-2 were investigated in controlling postharvest crown rot disease, maintenance of fruit quality, and the effects on antioxidant capacity of Berangan banana fruit during ripening days at 25 ± 2°C and 85% RH. Fruits irradiated with 0.30 kJ m-2 exhibited the highest (i.e., 62.51%) reduction in disease severity. However, the application of UVC at all doses caused significant browning damages on fruit peel except the dose of 0.01 kJ m-2. This dose synergistically reduced 46.25% development of postharvest crown and did not give adverse effects on respiration rate, ethylene production, weight loss, firmness, color changes, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH in banana as compared to the other treatments and control. Meanwhile, the dose also enhanced a significant higher level of total phenolic content, FRAP, and DPPH values than in control fruits indicating the beneficial impact of UVC in fruit nutritional quality. The results of scanning electron micrographs confirmed that UVC irradiation retarded the losses of wall compartments, thereby maintained the cell wall integrity in the crown tissue of banana fruit. The results suggest that using 0.01 kJ m-2 UVC irradiation dose as postharvest physical treatment, the crown rot disease has potential to be controlled effectively together with maintaining quality and antioxidant of banana fruit.
Fulltext Nitrate, ascorbic acid, mineral and antioxidant activities of Cosmos caudatus in response to organic and mineral-based fertilizer rates

Hassan SA, Mijin S, Yusoff UK, Ding P, Wahab PE

Molecules, 2012 Jun 28;17(7):7843-53.
PMID: 22743588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077843

The source and quantity of nutrients available to plants can affect the quality of leafy herbs. A study was conducted to compare quality of Cosmos caudatus in response to rates of organic and mineral-based fertilizers. Organic based fertilizer GOBI (8% N:8% P₂O₅:8% K₂O) and inorganic fertilizer (15% N, 15% P₂O₅, 15% K₂O) were evaluated based on N element rates at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg h⁻¹. Application of organic based fertilizer reduced nitrate, improved vitamin C, antioxidant activity as well as nitrogen and calcium nutrients content. Antioxidant activity and chlorophyll content were significantly higher with increased fertilizer application. Fertilization appeared to enhance vitamin C content, however for the maximum ascorbic acid content, regardless of fertilizer sources, plants did not require high amounts of fertilizer.
Determination of optimum harvest maturity and non-destructive evaluation of pod development and maturity in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) using a multiparametric fluorescence sensor

Tee YK, Balasundram SK, Ding P, M Hanif AH, Bariah K

J Sci Food Agric, 2019 Mar 15;99(4):1700-1708.
PMID: 30206959 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9359

BACKGROUND: A series of fluorescence indices (anthocyanin, flavonol, chlorophyll and nitrogen balance) were deployed to detect the pigments and colourless flavonoids in cacao pods of three commercial cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes (QH1003, KKM22 and MCBC1) using a fast and non-destructive multiparametric fluorescence sensor. The aim was to determine optimum harvest periods (either 4 or 5 months after pod emergence) of commercial cacao based on fluorescence indices of cacao development and bean quality.
RESULTS: As pod developed, cacao exhibited a rise with the peak of flavonol occurring at months 4 and 5 after pod maturity was initiated while nitrogen balance showed a decreasing trend during maturity. Cacao pods contained high chlorophyll as they developed but chlorophyll content declined significantly on pods that ripened at month 5.
CONCLUSION: Cacao pods harvested at months 4 and 5 can be considered as commercially-ready as the beans have developed good quality and comply with the Malaysian standard on cacao bean specification. Thus, cacao pods can be harvested earlier when they reach maturity at month 4 after pod emergence to avoid germinated beans and over fermentation in ripe pods harvested at month 5. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Isotope constraints of the strong influence of biomass burning to climate-forcing Black Carbon aerosols over Southeast Asia

Liu J, Andersson A, Zhong G, Geng X, Ding P, Zhu S, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2020 Jul 03;744:140359.
PMID: 32688001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140359

Black Carbon (BC) deteriorates air quality and contributes to climate warming, yet its regionally- and seasonally-varying emission sources are poorly constrained. Here we employ natural abundance radiocarbon (14C) measurements of BC intercepted at a northern Malaysia regional receptor site, Bachok, to quantify the relative biomass vs. fossil source contributions of atmospheric BC, in a first year-round study for SE Asia (December 2015-December 2016). The annual average 14C signature suggests as large contributions from biomass burning as from fossil fuel combustion. This is similar to findings from analogous measurements at S Asian receptors sites (~50% biomass burning), while E Asia sites are dominated by fossil emission (~20% biomass burning). The 14C-based source fingerprinting of BC in the dry spring season in SE Asia signals an even more elevated biomass burning contribution (~70% or even higher), presumably from forest, shrub and agricultural fires. This is consistent with this period showing also elevated ratio of organic carbon to BC (up from ~5 to 30) and estimates of BC emissions from satellite fire data. Hence, the present study emphasizes the importance of mitigating dry season vegetation fires in SE Asia.

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