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  1. Fulltext Genetic basis of supernumerary tooth
    Suhailiza S, Kannan TP, Sarliza Yasmin S
    Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2019;4(1):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    Odontogenesis is a complex process regulated by both genetic and molecular controls. The development of a tooth in the embryo stage is controlled by a series of signals which occur between tooth-forming epithelium and neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Though many genes are involved in tooth formation involving major signalling molecules, the bone morphogenetic protein and fibroblast growth factor are the most important ones involved in odontogenesis. Supernumerary tooth occurs because of imbalance in the expression of the signalling pathways and their inhibitors. This review highlights the various signalling molecules that play a role in odontogenesis in order to provide a better understanding on of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of supernumerary tooth in humans.
  2. Fulltext Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 17a enhance proliferation and differentiation of murine osteoblast and human foetal osteoblast cell lines
    Shaminea S, Kannan TP, Norazmi MN, Nurul AA
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2014;13(2):35-40.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Cytokines have been gaining great focus due to their role in enhancing osseointegration as well as their potential in bone reconstruction. Osseointegration often faces complications in its compatibility with the implant due to rejection by the recipients own immune system. Therefore, extensive studies are being carried out to enhance osteoblast development to minimize such complication. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 17a (IL-17A) in the proliferation and differentiation of murine and human osteoblasts.

    Methods: Various concentrations (5, 10, 25 and 50 ng/ml) of rIL-6 and rIL-17A were tested on both murine osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) and human feotal osteoblast (hFOB) cell lines using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] (MTS) and alkaline phosphatise (ALP) assays. MTS was carried out at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours while ALP assay was done on day 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14.

    Results: MC3T3-E1 cells showed steadier proliferation and differentiation compared to hFOB. Both cell lines expressed responses in dose-dependent manner. The concentration of 10ng for IL-6 and IL-17A in the case of MC3T3-E1 cell line was found to be the most suitable for further studies.

    Conclusion: IL-6 and IL-17A enhance proliferation and ALP activity of both MC3T3-E1 and hFOB cell lines.
  3. Fulltext Potential applications of horseshoe crab in biomedical research
    Najian I,, Kannan TP,, Ahmad A,, Khairani IM,
    Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2019;4(2):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    Horseshoe crab is one of the oldest existing living fossils comprising four main species today. Of these, Limulus Polyphemus is found in North America and the other three species, Tachypleus tridentatus, Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda are found in Southeast Asia. Horseshoe crabs play important roles in the regulation of the coastal ecology communities whereby the eggs serve as the main diet of shorebird species during the migrating season. Horseshoe crab is also seen as a versatile organism, useful in the biomedicine field particularly, as its blue blood has been widely integrated to be used for endotoxin tester in vaccines, drugs and injectables. Researchers have explored a material called perivitelline fluid (PVF) from the egg of a fertilized horseshoe crab which is rich in important proteins and amino acids that are crucial for embryogenesis. Previous studies have shown that PVF has the ability to enhance cell growth and differentiation as well as in promoting generation of certain organs. Testing of PVF on many types of cells has shown positive results and hence, it is suggested that PVF could be used as a supplement to support cell growth in future. Highlighting the horseshoe crab as a living fossil, this review brings out the relevance of the blue blood and PVF of the horseshoe crab as sources benefitting molecular research.
  4. Fulltext Cytogenetics: past, present and future
    Kannan TP, Zilfalil BA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Apr;16(2):4-9.
    PMID: 22589651 MyJurnal
    Fifty years have elapsed since the discovery of the number of human chromosomes in 1956. Newer techniques have been developed since then, ranging from the initial conventional banding techniques to the currently used molecular array comparative genomic hybridisation. With a combination of these conventional and molecular techniques, cytogenetics has become an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of various genetic disorders, paving the way for possible treatment and management. This paper traces the history and evolution of cytogenetics leading up to the current state of technology.
  5. Clinical manifestations in trisomy 9
    Kannan TP, Hemlatha S, Ankathil R, Zilfalil BA
    Indian J Pediatr, 2009 Jul;76(7):745-6.
    PMID: 19475342 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-009-0158-2
    Complete trisomy 9 is a lethal diagnosis and most fetuses diagnosed thus die prenatally or during the early postnatal period and majority of such cases have been known to end in spontaneous abortion in the first trimester itself. One such rare survival of fetus ending in normal delivery and surviving until 20 days is reported here detailing the clinical manifestations of the child during the period of survival. The salient clinical features observed were small face, wide fontanel, prominent occiput, micrognathia, low set ears, upslanting palpebral fissures, high arched palate, short sternum, overlapping fingers, limited hip abduction, rocker bottom feet, heart murmurs and also webbed neck, characteristic of this trisomy 9 syndrome.
  6. Fulltext Keloid scarring: understanding the genetic basis, advances, and prospects
    Halim AS, Emami A, Salahshourifar I, Kannan TP
    Arch Plast Surg, 2012 May;39(3):184-9.
    PMID: 22783524 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2012.39.3.184
    Keloid disease is a fibroproliferative dermal tumor with an unknown etiology that occurs after a skin injury in genetically susceptible individuals. Increased familial aggregation, a higher prevalence in certain races, parallelism in identical twins, and alteration in gene expression all favor a remarkable genetic contribution to keloid pathology. It seems that the environment triggers the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Several genes have been implicated in the etiology of keloid disease, but no single gene mutation has thus far been found to be responsible. Therefore, a combination of methods such as association, gene-gene interaction, epigenetics, linkage, gene expression, and protein analysis should be applied to determine keloid etiology.
  7. Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in oral squamous cell carcinoma in Malaysian population
    Ashazila MJ, Kannan TP, Venkatesh RN, Hoh BP
    Oral Oncol, 2011 May;47(5):358-64.
    PMID: 21450513 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.03.005
    Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) have been documented as important events in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Five microsatellite markers D3S192, D3S966, D3S647, D3S1228 and D3S659 were selected on chromosome 3p because of high frequency of alterations reported in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and the involvement of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) at 3p25-26 and the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) at 3p14.2 genes proven in many tumour types. A total of 50 archival tissue samples of OSCC and corresponding normal samples were analyzed for LOH and MSI status. The overall LOH for the markers selected on 3p was 56 out of 189 informative cases (29.6%). The most frequent LOH was identified for the marker D3S966 which was 18/42 (42.8%) of informative cases suggesting the presence of putative tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) in this loci. In this study, high frequency of microsatellite instability was found in D3S966 which was 28.6% of informative cases; this reveals the possibility of mutations of MMR genes in this region. Frequent microsatellite alterations (MA) were observed in 3 markers D3S966 (71.4%), D3S1228 (56.7%) and D3S192 (41.0%). There was no significant association between LOH with gender, tumour stages and differentiation grades. However, there was a significant association between tumour stage and differentiation grades with MSI status in OSCC in Malaysian population with p values of 0.002 and 0.035, respectively. There was also a significant association between MA and differentiation grades (p=0.041).
  8. Fulltext Proliferative activity of cells from remaining dental pulp in response to treatment with dental materials
    Lutfi AN, Kannan TP, Fazliah MN, Jamaruddin MA, Saidi J
    Aust Dent J, 2010 Mar;55(1):79-85.
    PMID: 20415916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01185.x
    The biological examination of pulp injury, repair events and response of dental pulp stem cells to dental restorative materials is important to accomplish restorative treatment, especially to commonly used dental materials in paediatric dentistry, such as glass ionomer cement (GIC) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) lining cement.
  9. Genotoxicity evaluation of locally produced dental porcelain--an in vitro study using the Ames and Comet assays
    Noushad M, Kannan TP, Husein A, Abdullah H, Ismail AR
    Toxicol In Vitro, 2009 Sep;23(6):1145-50.
    PMID: 19505568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.05.025
    The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of a locally produced dental porcelain (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia) using the Ames and Comet assays. In the Ames assay, four genotypic variants of the Salmonella strains (TA98, TA100, TA1537 and TA1535) carrying mutations in several genes were used. The dental porcelain was incubated with these four strains in five different doses both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9) and the result was assessed based on the number of revertant colonies. Concurrently, appropriate positive controls were used so as to validate the test. The average number of revertant colonies per plate treated with locally produced dental porcelain was less than double as compared to that of negative control. In the Comet assay, L929 (CCL-1 ATCC, USA) mouse fibroblast cells were treated with the dental porcelain in three different concentrations along with concurrent negative and positive controls. The tail moment which was used as a measurement of DNA damage was almost equal to that of the negative control, suggesting that the locally produced dental porcelain did not induce any DNA damage. The results indicated that the locally produced dental porcelain is non-genotoxic under the present test conditions.
  10. In vitro genotoxicity tests for polyhydroxybutyrate--a synthetic biomaterial
    Ali AQ, Kannan TP, Ahmad A, Samsudin AR
    Toxicol In Vitro, 2008 Feb;22(1):57-67.
    PMID: 17892925
    The aims of this study are to determine the mutagenicity of a locally produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Salmonella mutagenicity test and to find out if PHB altered the expression of p53 and c-myc proto-oncogenes and bcl-xl and bcl-xs anti-apoptotic genes in the human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. Different concentrations of PHB were incubated with special genotypic variants of Salmonella strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100) carrying mutations in several genes both with and without metabolic activation (S9) and the test was assessed based on the number of revertant colonies. The average number of revertant colonies per plate treated with PHB was less than double as compared to that of negative control. For the gene expression analyses, fibroblast cell lines were treated with PHB at different concentrations and incubated for 1, 12, 24 and 48 h separately. The total RNA was isolated and analysed for the expression of p53, c-myc, bcl-xl and bcl-xs genes. The PHB did not show over or under expression of the genes studied. The above tests indicate that the locally produced PHB is non-genotoxic and does not alter the expression of the proto-oncogenes and anti-apoptotic genes considered in this study.
  11. Gene expression analysis of osteoblasts seeded in coral scaffold
    Foo LH, Suzina AH, Azlina A, Kannan TP
    J Biomed Mater Res A, 2008 Oct;87(1):215-21.
    PMID: 18085658
    Coral matrix of Porites sp. has the suitable properties for bone cell growth. This study was aimed to study the gene expression levels of osteoblast specific genetic markers; RUNX2, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin from osteoblasts seeded in coral scaffold, which are important in determining the feasibility of osteoblasts. Human osteoblasts were inoculated onto the processed coral in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium. The cells were trypsinized on day 1, 7, 14, 18, and 21 and added with RNALater for preservation of RNA in cells. The RNA was extracted using commercial RNA extraction kit and the respective genes were amplified using RT-PCR kit and analyzed qualitatively on 1.5% agarose gel. The expressions were evaluated with the Integrated Density Value based on the intensity of band for different periods of cell harvest. Increased expressions of the RUNX2, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin genes in the present study proved that coral is a favorable carrier for osteogenetically competent cells to attach and remain viable.
  12. Fulltext Biological Interaction Between Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Vascular Endothelial Cells for Angiogenesis: A Co-culture Perspective
    Um Min Allah N, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP
    Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017 Oct;14(5):495-505.
    PMID: 30603504 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0065-y
    Advancement in cell culture protocols, multidisciplinary research approach, and the need of clinical implication to reconstruct damaged or diseased tissues has led to the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) test systems for regeneration and repair. Regenerative therapies, including dental tissue engineering, have been pursued as a new prospect to repair and rebuild the diseased/lost oral tissues. Interactions between the different cell types, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components involved in angiogenesis are vital in the mechanisms of new vessel formation for tissue regeneration. In vitro pre-vascularization is one of the leading scopes in the tissue-engineering field. Vascularization strategies that are associated with co-culture systems have proved that there is communication between different cell types with mutual beneficial effects in vascularization and tissue regeneration in two-dimensional or 3D cultures. Endothelial cells with different cell populations, including osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts in a co-culture have shown their ability to advocate pre-vascularization. In this review, a co-culture perspective of human gingival fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells is discussed with the main focus on vascularization and future perspective of this model in regeneration and repair.
  13. Evaluation of Tualang honey as a supplement to fetal bovine serum in cell culture
    Kannan TP, Ali AQ, Abdullah SF, Ahmad A
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2009 Jul;47(7):1696-702.
    PMID: 19394390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.020
    The aim of this study was to evaluate Tualang honey as a supplement to fetal bovine serum in cell cultures using MTT assay, chromosome aberration test and gene expression analyses. The MTT assay showed the highest percentage of cell proliferation (105.3% increment than control) of human osteoblast cell line (CRL 1543) in 0.0195% honey in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. There was enhanced cell proliferation corresponding to the decrease in concentrations of honey as indicated by the mitotic index values when the osteoblast cell line was incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. There were no chromosome aberrations both in the honey treated as well as distilled water treated (negative control) cell lines. In the case of gene expression analyses, fibroblast cell lines (CCL 171) were treated with honey (0.0195%) for 24 and 48 hours separately. Though there was over expression for the bcl-xl gene at both 24 and 48 hours, under expression for bcl-xs gene at 24 hours and over expression at 48 hours and under expression for both c-myc and p53 genes at both 24 and 48 hours, none of them were statistically significant in altering the expression of mRNA.
  14. Identification of Copy Number Variation Among Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and or Without Cleft Palate With Hypodontia: A Genome-Wide Association Study
    Ghazali N, Abd Rahman N, Ahmad A, Sulong S, Kannan TP
    Front Physiol, 2021;12:637306.
    PMID: 33732167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637306
    Nonsyndromic cleft lip and or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) with the hypodontia is a common developmental abnormality in humans and animals. This study identified the genetic aberration involved in both NSCL/P and hypodontia pathogenesis. A cross-sectional study using genome-wide study copy number variation-targeted CytoScan 750K array carried out on salivary samples from 61 NSCL/P and 20 noncleft with and without hypodontia Malay subjects aged 7-13 years old. Copy number variations (CNVs) of SKI and fragile histidine triad (FHIT) were identified in NSCL/P and noncleft children using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as a validation analysis. Copy number calculated (CNC) for each gene determined with Applied Biosystems CopyCaller Software v2.0. The six significant CNVs included gains (12q14.3, 15q26.3, 1p36.32, and 1p36.33) and losses (3p14.2 and 4q13.2) in NSCL/P with hypodontia patients compared with the NSCL/P only. The genes located in these regions encoded LEMD3, IGF1R, TP73, SKI, FHIT, and UGT2β15. There were a significant gain and loss of both SKI and FHIT copy number in NSCL/P with hypodontia compared with the noncleft group (p < 0.05). The results supported that CNVs significantly furnish to the development of NSCL/P with hypodontia.
  15. Screening of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 and Jagged2 Genes in the Malay Population With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate
    Ghazali N, Rahman NA, Kannan TP, Jaafar S
    Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2015 07;52(4):e88-94.
    PMID: 26151095 DOI: 10.1597/14-024
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of mutations in transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) and Jagged2 genes and their association with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) patients.

    DESIGN: Cross-sectional study on nonsyndromic CL±P and noncleft patients.

    SETTING: Reconstructive clinic and outpatient dental clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

    PATIENTS: Blood samples of 96 nonsyndromic CL±P and 96 noncleft subjects.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence and association of mutations in TGFβ3 and Jagged2 genes with nonsyndromic CL±P.

    RESULTS: Most of the nonsyndromic CL±P patients (53.1%) had left unilateral CLP. There were slightly more females (56.6%) compared with males. The prevalence of the mutations in the TGFβ3 gene was 17.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.5, 24.5) and in the Jagged2 gene was 12.5% (95% CI: 5.5, 18.5), which was higher compared with the noncleft group. For the TGFβ3 gene, there was no mutation in the coding region in either of the groups. All variants were single nucleotide polymorphisms located within the intronic flanking region. Two variants were identified (g.15812T>G and g.15966A>G) in both nonsyndromic CL±P and noncleft patients. However, the association was not significant (P > .05). Three variants (g.19779C>T, g.19547G>A, and g.19712C>T) were identified in the Jagged2 gene among nonsyndromic CL±P and noncleft patients. Only g.19712C>T showed a significant association with nonsyndromic CL±P patients (P = .039).

    CONCLUSION: g.19712C>T might play a crucial role in the development of cleft lip and palate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the mutation found within intron 13 of the Jagged2 gene among nonsyndromic CL±P Malay patients.

    Study site:Reconstructive and outpatient dental clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)
  16. Effect of gamma radiation on the expression of mRNA growth factors in glycerol cryopreserved human amniotic membrane
    Yatim RM, Kannan TP, Ab Hamid SS
    Cell Tissue Bank, 2016 Dec;17(4):643-651.
    PMID: 27535136
    Human amniotic membrane (HAM) due to its high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, anti-microbial, anti-viral properties as well as the presence of growth factors has been used in various clinical applications. The growth factors play an important role in wound healing. The current study aimed to explore the effect of 15 kGy gamma radiation dose on selected growth factors and receptors mRNA present in HAM. Eight growth factors, namely, EGF, HGF, KGF, TGF-α, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 and bFGF and two growth factor receptors, HGFR and KGFR were evaluated in this study. The total RNA was extracted and converted to complimentary DNA using commercial kits. Subsequently, the mRNA expressions of these growth factors were evaluated using real-time PCR and the results were statistically analyzed using REST-MCS software. This study confirmed the presence of these mRNA growth factors and receptors in fresh, glycerol cryopreserved and irradiated glycerol cryopreserved HAM. In glycerol cryopreserved HAM, the results showed up-regulation of HGF and bFGF and down-regulation of EGF, HGFR, KGF, KGFR, TGF-α, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 relative to the fresh HAM which acted as the control, whereas in irradiated glycerol cryopreserved HAM, the results showed up-regulation of EGF, HGF, KGF, KGFR, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 and down-regulation of HGFR, TGF-α and bFGF relative to the glycerol cryopreserved HAM which acted as the control. However, these mRNA expressions did not show any statistical significant difference compared to the control groups. This study concluded that a dose of 15 kGy of gamma radiation did not affect the mRNA expression for the growth factors' and receptors' in the glycerol cryopreserved HAM.
  17. Properties of Cell Sources in Tissue-Engineered Three-dimensional Oral Mucosa Model: A Review
    Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP
    Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017;12(1):52-60.
    PMID: 27538403
    Oral mucosa is a mucous membrane lining the oral cavity. Its main function is to protect the deeper structures against the external factors; thermal, chemical, mechanical and biological stimuli. Apart from that, it also plays a significant role during mastication, deglutition and speech. Some oral diseases or injuries to oral mucosa lead to impairment of the oral functions and aesthetics which eventually result in permanent defect of oral mucosa. In order to overcome this defect, different approaches for the development of reconstructed oral mucosa models have been employed including skin/autologous grafts, guided tissue replacement, vestibuloplasty etc. However, the finding of an acceptable source for the transplantations or autologous grafts seems a bit challenging. To overcome this problem, the development of oral mucosa using tissue engineering approach has been widely studied involving various cell lines from different sources. This paper aims to highlight various cell sources used in the development of tissueengineered oral mucosa models based on articles retrieved from PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the search terms "oral mucosa tissue engineering", regardless of time when published.
  18. The synergistic effects of IL-6/IL-17A promote osteogenic differentiation by improving OPG/RANKL ratio and adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells on hydroxyapatite
    Sritharan S, Kannan TP, Norazmi MN, Nurul AA
    J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2018 Aug;46(8):1361-1367.
    PMID: 29805067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.05.002
    OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the potential role of IL-6 and/or IL-17A in regulating the OPG/RANKL (osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa b ligand) system of murine osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) cultured on hydroxyapatite (HA).

    METHODS: MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on HA and treated with recombinant IL-6 or rIL-17A or combination of the two cytokines. Cell proliferation and differentiation activity were measured by MTS and alkaline phosphatase assays respectively. Observation of cell adhesion and proliferation was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Gene and protein expressions were performed on RANKL and OPG using qPCR, Western blot and ELISA.

    RESULTS: We demonstrated that treatment with recombinant IL-17A (rIL-17A) and the combination rIL-6/rIL-17A promoted better adhesion and higher proliferation of cells on HA. Cells treated with rIL-17A and the combination cytokines showed a significant increase in differentiation activity on day 7, 10 and 14 as indicated by ALP activity (p 

  19. Interleukin-17A promotes osteogenic differentiation by increasing OPG/RANKL ratio in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)
    Sebastian AA, Kannan TP, Norazmi MN, Nurul AA
    J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018 08;12(8):1856-1866.
    PMID: 29774992 DOI: 10.1002/term.2706
    Stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) represent a promising cell source for bone tissue regeneration. This study evaluated the effects of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) on the osteogenic differentiation of SHED. SHED were cultured in complete alpha minimum essential medium supplemented with osteoinducing reagents and treated with recombinant IL-17A. The cells were quantitatively analysed for proliferative activity by MTS assay, cell markers expression, and apoptotic activity by flow cytometry. For osteogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified; mineralization assays were carried out using von Kossa and Alizarin red, and expression of osteogenic markers were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The results showed that treatment with IL-17A increased proliferative activity in a dose-dependent manner, but reduced the expression of stem cell markers (c-Myc and Nanog) as the days progressed. IL-17A induced osteogenic differentiation in SHED as evidenced by high ALP activity, increased matrix mineralization, and upregulation of the mRNA expression of the osteogenic markers ALP, alpha 1 type 1 collagen (Col1A1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) but downregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as well as altering the OPG/RANKL ratio. Findings from our study indicate that IL-17A enhances proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of SHED by regulating OPG/RANKL mechanism thus suggests therapeutic potential of IL-17A in bone regeneration.
  20. Identification of novel fibroblast-like cells from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth
    Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Azlina A, Kannan TP
    Clin Oral Investig, 2019 Nov;23(11):3959-3966.
    PMID: 30847574 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02827-x
    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to differentiate and characterize fibroblast-like cells from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The differentiation of fibroblast-like cells from SHED was carried out by using specific human recombinant connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). To characterize fibroblastic differentiation, the induced cells were subjected to morphological changes, proliferation rate, gene expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The commercial primary human gingival fibroblasts served as positive control in this study.

    RESULTS: The results from characterization analysis were compared with that of commercial cells to ensure that the cells differentiated from SHED were fibroblast-like cells. The results showed the inductive effect of CTGF for fibroblastic differentiation in SHED. SHED-derived fibroblasts were successfully characterized despite having similar morphological appearance, i.e., (i) significant proliferation rate between fibroblast-like cells and SHED, (ii) high expression of fibroblast-associated markers in qRT-PCR analysis, and (iii) positive staining against collagen type 1, fibroblast-specific protein 1, and human thymic fibroblasts in flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The same expression patterns were found in primary human gingival fibroblasts, respectively. SHED as negative control showed lower expression or no signal, thus confirming the cells differentiated from SHED were fibroblast-like cells.

    CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the protocol adopted in this study suggests CTGF to be an appropriate inducer in the differentiation of SHED into fibroblast-like cells.

    CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The fibroblast-like cells differentiated from SHED could be used in future in vitro and in vivo dental tissue regeneration studies as well as in clinical applications where these cells are needed.

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