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Fulltext Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: unusual cause of epiphora

Ramlee N, Ramli N, Liza-Sharmini AT

Singapore Med J, 2007 Jun;48(6):e168-70.
PMID: 17538739

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology mainly affecting African-Americans, Scandinavians, and the Irish. However, individuals of other races and ethnicities are still not immune. The clinical presentations vary widely with most patients having some respiratory problems. Though extrapulmonary sarcoidosis is no longer rare, sarcoidosis involving the lacrimal sac is an infrequently-reported problem. We present a case of sarcoidosis involving the lacrimal sac in a 42-year-old Malay woman who presented with epiphora. She was successfully treated with steroids and dacryocystorhinostomy. There was no evidence of systemic involvement. It is suggested that in an unusual presentation of sarcoidosis, a thorough search should be made for localisation of other sites, lungs in particular, even in the absence of respiratory complaints.
rTES-30USM: cloning via assembly PCR, expression, and evaluation of usefulness in the detection of toxocariasis

Norhaida A, Suharni M, Liza Sharmini AT, Tuda J, Rahmah N

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 2008 Mar;102(2):151-60.
PMID: 18318937 DOI: 10.1179/136485908X252250

Currently, the laboratory diagnosis of toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara canis or T. cati, mainly relies on serological tests. Unfortunately, however, the specificities of most of the commercial tests that are available for the serodiagnosis of this disease are not very high and this may cause problems, especially in tropical countries where co-infections with other helminths are common. In an effort to develop a serological assay with improved specificity for the detection of Toxocara infection, an IgG(4)-ELISA based on a recombinant version (rTES-30USM) of the 30-kDa Toxocara excretory-secretory antigen (TES-30) has recently been developed. To produce the antigen, the TES-30 gene was cloned via assembly PCR, subcloned into a His-tagged prokaryotic expression vector, and purified by affinity chromatography using Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic-acid (Ni-NTA) resin. The performance of the ELISA based on the recombinant antigen was then compared with that of commercial kit, based on an IgG-ELISA, for the serodiagnosis of toxocariasis (Toxocara IgG-ELISA; Cypress Diagnostics, Langdorp, Belgium). Both assays were used to test 338 serum samples, including 26 samples from probable cases of toxocariasis. Assuming that all the probable cases were true cases, the assay based on rTES-30USM demonstrated a sensitivity of 92.3% (24/26) and a specificity of 89.6% (103/115) whereas the commercial kit exhibited a sensitivity of 100% (26/26) but a specificity of only 55.7% (64/115). The high sensitivity and specificity exhibited by the new IgG(4)-ELISA should make the assay a good choice for use in tropical countries and any other area where potentially cross-reactive helminthic infections are common.
Fulltext Sequelae of neglected senile cataract

Azhany Y, Hemalatha C, Nani D, Rosediani M, Liza-Sharmini A

Malays Fam Physician, 2013;8(1):33-7.
PMID: 25606266 MyJurnal

Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in the world. An attack of phacolytic and phacomorphic glaucoma as a result of neglected cataract constitutes a medical emergency that must be addressed immediately. Ocular emergencies such as these is challenging for the surgeon with guarded or poor prognosis. We describe the presentation, management and prognosis of three cases of phacomorphic and phacolytic glaucoma. All three patients underwent aggressive management of intraocular pressure. Despite successful cataract operation with implantation of intraocular lens, there was only mild improvement of the vision. Optic nerve and pupil functions were permanently affected following the insult. Phacomorphic and phacolytic glaucoma present a very challenging problem to the surgeon with poor visual outcome. Public health education and awareness are important and health workers should encourage patients with cataract to seek early treatment for better prognosis.
Fulltext Leucocoria in a boy with Kawasaki disease: a diagnostic challenge

Che Mahiran CD, Alagaratnam J, Liza-Sharmini AT

Singapore Med J, 2009 Jul;50(7):e232-4.
PMID: 19644606

Retinoblastoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood, usually presents in the first three years of life. Atypical presentation of retinoblastoma can masquerade as virtually any ocular or orbital pathology, which may lead to diagnostic dilemmas especially in the presence of other systemic diseases. We report a 20-month-old boy who was diagnosed with coronary aneurysm as a complication of Kawasaki disease, and presented with sudden left eye redness. His mother noticed the presence of white pupillary reflex three months earlier. Atypical acute ocular presentation secondary to Kawasaki disease was initially suspected, but the presence of multiple calcification and mild proptosis on imaging suggested characteristics of advanced retinoblastoma. Histopathological examination of the enucleated eye, which revealed a classical rosette pattern appearance, confirmed the diagnosis. Atypical presentations of retinoblastoma are usually associated with advanced disease. The presence of other systemic conditions further complicates the diagnosis. Early diagnosis is important to reduce the mortality and morbidity.
Fulltext Identification of MYOC gene mutation and polymorphism in a large Malay family with juvenile-onset open angle glaucoma

Mimivati Z, Nurliza K, Marini M, Liza-Sharmini A

Mol Vis, 2014;20:714-23.
PMID: 24883016

PURPOSE:
To screen for mutations in the coding region of the myocilin (MYOC) gene in a large Malay family with juvenile-onset open angle glaucoma (JOAG).

METHODS:
A total of 122 family members were thoroughly examined and screened for JOAG. Venipuncture was conducted. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. The presence of a mutation and a polymorphism was ascertained with PCR amplification followed by the direct sequencing technique.

RESULTS:
Thirty-two of the 122 screened family members were identified to have JOAG (11 new cases and 21 known cases). An autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance was observed. A C→A substitution at position 1440 in exon 3 that changes asparagine (AAC) to lysine (AAA) was identified in affected family members except two probands (III:5 and IV:6). Six probands were identified as having the Asn480Lys mutation but have not developed the disease yet. An intronic polymorphism IVS2 730 +35 G>A was also identified. There was a significant association between Asn480Lys (p<0.001) and IVS2 730+35G>A (p<0.001) in the affected and unaffected probands in this family.

CONCLUSIONS:
The Asn480Lys mutation and the IVS2 730+35 G>A polymorphism increased susceptibility to JOAG in this large Malay pedigree. Identifying the MYOC mutations and polymorphisms is important for providing presymptomatic molecular diagnosis.
Fulltext Diplopia in a post-splenectomy Thalassemic patient

Neoh, Pei Fang, Tai, Evelyn L.M., Liza Sharmini A.T.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(2):26-28.
MyJurnal

We report a case of cavernous sinus thrombosis in a post-splenectomy male with underlying Haemoglobin E Thalassemia major. A 35-year-old man presented with a first episode of sudden onset of diplopia on lateral gaze for 1 week. He had no other ocular and systemic symptoms. There was no history of trauma or recent infection. However, he admitted that he was not compliant to his oral penicillin V and aspirin, which was prescribed to all post splenectomy patients. Unaided visual acuity in both eyes was 6/6. On examination, there was limited abduction over the left eye, suggestive of left lateral rectus palsy. Full blood count revealed leucocytosis with thrombocytosis. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography and magnetic resonance venography of the brain showed bulging of the left cavernous sinus, with a persistent focal filling defect, in keeping with left cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST). He was diagnosed with left isolated sixth nerve palsy secondary to aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis with pro-thrombotic state post-splenectomy. He was started on subcutaneous fondaparinux and oral warfarin. His diplopia fully resolved after 1 month of treatment with complete resolution of CST on computed tomography venogram.
Fulltext Choroidal melanoma – a silent killer

Pei, Fang Neoh, Tai, Evelyn L.M., Liza-Sharmini A.T.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(2):29-31.
MyJurnal

A 65-year-old lady complained of occasional flashes of light over her left eye for 2 months. She was referred for ocular assessment after she underwent refractive assessment at the optometrist. On examination, best corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 6/9. Both eyes anterior segments were normal, with normal intraocular pressure. The pupils were equal with no relative afferent pupillary defect. Left eye fundus examination was normal. On the contrary, the "normal" right eye fundus examination revealed a huge, well-circumscribed hypo-pigmented elevated choroidal mass. B scan ultrasonography of the right eye showed a mushroom-shaped intraocular mass. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an intraocular lesion. Comprehensive systemic examination and investigations to rule out distant primary malignancy were unremarkable. A provisional diagnosis of right eye primary choroidal melanoma was made. Despite good vision in the affected eye, she underwent right eye enucleation in view of the large intraocular mass. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination.
Fulltext Lens-induced glaucoma in a tertiary centre in northeast of Malaysia

Azhany Y, Norhayati A, Siti Raihan I, Liza Sharmini AT

Malays Fam Physician, 2014;9(2):48-52.
PMID: 25883765 MyJurnal

To determine the clinical presentations, management and outcome of lens-induced glaucoma (LIG) in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Fulltext Dengue related maculopathy and foveolitis

Juanarita J, Azmi MN, Azhany Y, Liza-Sharmini AT

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2012 Sep;2(9):755-6.
PMID: 23570008 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60223-8

A 24 year-old Malay lady presented with high grade fever, myalgia, generalized rashes, severe headache and was positive for dengue serology test. Her lowest platelet count was 45 × 10(9) cells/L. She complained of sudden onset of painlessness, profound loss of vision bilaterally 7 days after the onset of fever. On examination, her right eye best corrected vision was 6/30 and left eye was 6/120. Her anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Funduscopy revealed there were multiple retinal haemorrhages found at posterior pole of both fundi and elevation at fovea area with subretinal fluid. Systemic examination revealed normal findings except for residual petechial rashes. She was managed conservatively. Her vision improved tremendously after 2 months. The retinal hemorrhages and foveal elevation showed sign of resolving. Ocular manifestations following dengue fever is rare. However, bilateral visual loss can occur if both fovea are involved.
Fulltext Ocular findings in Malaysian children with Down syndrome

Liza-Sharmini AT, Azlan ZN, Zilfalil BA

Singapore Med J, 2006 Jan;47(1):14-9.
PMID: 16397715

Down syndrome was first described as Mongoloid children with European parentage. Although their facial features resemble Orientals or Asians, ocular findings have not been well-documented in Asians, especially Malaysians. Our aim was to identify the ocular findings of Malaysian children with Down syndrome.
Fulltext Anterior Segment Biometry in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma Patients with Visual Field Progression: Comparison between Malays and Chinese

Neoh FP, Y A, Siti AA, Liza-Sharmini AT

J Curr Glaucoma Pract, 2023;17(1):3-8.
PMID: 37228307 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1391

OBJECTIVE: To compare anterior segment biometry parameters in progress and non-progress primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) among Malay and Chinese patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2015 and December 2016 involving 75 patients with PACG (43 Malays and 32 Chinese) who were recruited from a single glaucoma center in Malaysia. Ocular examination included anterior segment biometry measurements on the selected eye. Axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurement was done using a noncontact partial coherence interferometer (IOL Master, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Anterior chamber angle (ACA) was measured by Anterior Segment-OCT (Spectralis Heidelberg, Germany). Humphrey visual field (HVF) 24-2 analysis of the same eye was conducted and compared with the HVF when diagnosis was made. Progression of PACG patients was assessed according to the Hodapp, Parrish and Anderson's (HPA) classification, they were then divided into progress and non-progress groups. Comparison of anterior segment biometry parameters between Malay and Chinese PACG patients with and without progression was analyzed using independent T test. Multivariate ANOVA analysis was used to compare the anterior segment parameters between progress and non-progress PACG patients, with adjustment for age, gender, lens status, family history and presence of diabetes mellitus.
RESULTS: Chinese PACG patients have significant shorter AL (22.18 mm ± 0.76) and narrower ACA (11.96° ± 6.00) compared to Malay PACG patients. Among the progress group, Chinese PACG patients have significant shorter AL, shallower ACD and narrower ACA compared to Malays. However, after controlling for confounding factors, there was significant difference in ACA between Malay and Chinese PACG. There was also no significant difference of ocular biometry measurement between Chinese and Malay patients in progress and non-progress group.
CONCLUSION: There was racial influence in ocular biometry measurement in PACG patients. Chinese have significant narrower ACA compared to Malays. Serial AS-OCT monitoring is important in management of PACG.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Neoh FP, Azhany Y, Siti-Azrin AH, et al. Anterior Segment Biometry in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma Patients with Visual Field Progression: Comparison between Malays and Chinese. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(1):3-8.
Fulltext Kingella kingae Keratitis in a Child with Underlying Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

Nurul-Laila S, Chai KS, Liza-Sharmini AT, Shatriah I

Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2017;2017:1087821.
PMID: 28546880 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1087821

Kingella kingae had rarely been reported as a causative organism for corneal ulcer and had not been described before in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Generally regarded as commensals of respiratory tract particularly in young children, it had however been isolated from the corneal ulcer scraping of both adult and children. We report a case of bacterial ulcer with isolation of Kingella kingae from the corneal scraping in a young child with underlying VKC.
Fulltext Recurrent bilateral occipital infarct with cortical blindness and anton syndrome

Kwong Yew K, Abdul Halim S, Liza-Sharmini AT, Tharakan J

Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2014;2014:795837.
PMID: 24744933 DOI: 10.1155/2014/795837

Bilateral cortical blindness and Anton syndrome, are most commonly caused by ischaemic stroke. In this condition, patients have loss of vision but deny their blindness despite objective evidence of visual loss. We report a case of a patient with multiple cardiovascular risk factors who developed recurrent bilateral occipital lobe infarct with Anton syndrome. A suspicion of this condition should be raised when the patient has denial of blindness in the presence of clinical and radiological evidence of occipital lobe injury. Management of this condition should focus on the underlying cause, in which our patient requires secondary stroke prevention and rehabilitation.
Pleomorphic adenoma in the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland misdiagnosed as chalazion

Ramlee N, Ramli N, Tajudin LS

Orbit, 2007 Jun;26(2):137-9.
PMID: 17613864

We reported a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland involving the palpebral lobe in young teenage girl of Asian origin. The presentation at young age group is rare, which initially misdiagnosed as a large chalazion. The benign tumor with its intact pseudocapsule was removed through lateral orbitotomy together with the suspicious looking orbital lobe.
Fulltext Lockdown: The Impact on Management of Glaucoma in a Suburban Tertiary Centre in Malaysia

Sidhu JK, Yaakub A, Ahmad Tajudin LS

Cureus, 2023 Jan;15(1):e34412.
PMID: 36874736 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34412

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic brought the world to a standstill in 2020. Many countries have imposed lockdowns, known as the movement-control order (MCO) in Malaysia, to prevent transmission of the disease.
AIM: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the MCO on the management of glaucoma patients in a suburban tertiary hospital.
METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 194 glaucoma patients between June 2020 and August 2020 in the glaucoma clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. We evaluated the patients' treatment, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, and potential signs of progression. We compared the results with those of their last clinic visits prior to the MCO.
RESULTS: We studied 94 (48.5%) male and 100 (51.5%) female glaucoma patients with a mean age of 65 ± 13.7. The mean duration between pre-MCO and post-MCO follow-up was 26.4 ± 6.7 weeks. There was a significant increase in the number of patients with deterioration of visual acuity, and one patient lost his vision after the MCO. There was also a significant elevation of the mean IOP of the right eye: pre-MCO, 16.7 ± 7.8 mmHg, compared to post-MCO, 17.7 ± 8.8 mmHg (p = 0.027). The cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) for the right eye increased significantly from pre-MCO, 0.72 ± 0.18, to 0.74 ± 0.19 post-MCO (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant changes in IOP or CDR in the left eye. Twenty-four patients (12.4%) missed medications during the MCO period, and 35 patients (18%) required additional topical medications due to the progression of the disease. Only one patient (0.5%) required admission due to uncontrolled IOP.
CONCLUSION: Lockdown, as a preventive step in the COVID-19 pandemic, indirectly caused the progression of glaucoma and uncontrolled IOP.
Fulltext Optic nerve infiltration in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

Muhamad-Amin, R., Nur Hasnida Gani, Liza-Sharmini, A.T., Zamli, A.H.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(2):22-25.
MyJurnal

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common
childhood leukaemia. It is a malignant neoplasm caused by the proliferation of
poorly differentiated precursors of the lymphoid cells. It is relatively
uncommon in adult. In adult ALL, central nervous system (CNS) involvement
is associated with poor prognosis. The incidence of CNS involvement has
been reported between 7% and 15 %. We report a case of optic nerve
infiltration in ALL in a 49 years old gentleman. He was diagnosed with
precursor-B ALL. He was treated with chemotherapy and CNS prophylactic
regime. He presented with sudden left eye loss of vision for one-day duration
with history of right eye inferior visual field loss for the past three months. His
visual acuity was no perception to light on the left eye and 6/9 on the right
eye. There was marked left relative afferent pupillary defect. The right eye
showed decreased in optic nerve function with inferior visual field defect.
Anterior segment examination was unremarkable in both eyes. Left optic disc
appeared normal but the right optic disc was pale. Blood investigation
showed no sign of infection or haemoconcentration. Cerebral spinal fluids
examination revealed abundant of white cells and blast cells. Magnetic
resonant imaging showed bilateral optic nerve enhancement suggesting of
bilateral optic nerves infiltration. He was started on a new regime of
chemotherapy followed by cranial radiotherapy. Unfortunately, he succumbed
to death due to septicaemia. There are variations in clinical presentation of
optic nerve infiltration in leukaemic patients. Normal appearance of optic disc
may not exclude the possibility of infiltration by malignancy. Assessment of
the optic nerve function and imaging is helpful for the detection of leukaemic
infiltration. Early detection of optic nerve infiltration is important for initiation or
change of therapy to prevent mortality.
Fulltext Retinitis punctata albescens presenting with tunnel vision: diagnostic dilemmas

Norhayaty S., Nurul Dalila M.S., Tai, Evelyn L.M., Liza Sharmini A.T., Zunaina E., Azhany Y.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(1):20-22.
MyJurnal

Tunnel vision is a classic sign among patients with advanced glaucoma. However, other conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa, optic neuritis and rod-cone dystrophy may be characterized by similar visual field defects. A 52-year-old lady with a family history of glaucoma presented with bilateral gradual loss of peripheral vision for two years. She claimed to have poor night vision about 20 years prior to this presentation. Her visual acuity was 6/7.5 in both eyes. The anterior chamber depth was moderate bilaterally, with Schaffer grading on gonioscopy of grade I to II. The intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg in both eyes. The optic discs appeared normal. Fundus examination showed scattered hypopigmented changes sparing the fovea. Humphrey visual field test revealed bilateral constricted visual fields. She was diagnosed with retinitis punctata albescens (RPA) based on her symptom of poor night vision, supported by the diffuse hypopigmented changes in her fundi. The management of this condition involves careful counselling regarding the genetic nature of the disease and its progressive course. We discuss this case to illustrate the importance of a thorough history taking and careful fundus examination in the workup of patients presenting with tunnel vision.
Fulltext Stress and repetitive visual field assessment in glaucoma patients

Tan, Kok-Leong, Fhun, Lai-Chan, Ahmad Tajudin Liza Sharmini, Maizan Yaakub, Chong, Mei-Fong

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(2):35-41.
MyJurnal

Glaucoma is a chronic disease that could affect the quality of life and is a potential stressor for patients. Visual field assessment is important in monitoring disease progression among glaucoma patients. Stress could influence the performance of patients in visual field test that may affect the reliability of the test. Our objective in this study was to determine the association between stress score using Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) questionnaire and reliability indices of Humphrey visual field analysis (HFA). A total of 155 primary and secondary glaucoma patients were recruited in the study. Face to face interview using stress component of DASS questionnaire was conducted after automated HFA test. Reliability indices; i.e. fixation loss, false positive, and false negative error, were used to determine the accuracy of HFA result. Only 12 patients (7.7%) were found to have elevated stress score. No significant correlation was found between DASS stress score and the reliability indices of HFA. There was 0.2 folds (95% confidence interval (CI) [-2.35, -0.06], p = 0.039) reduction of fixation loss for every number of HFA done. For every one year increase in age, there was 0.2 folds (95% CI [-0.38, -0.07], p = 0.006) reduction in false positive error in HFA.
Minimal stress may not affect the reliability of HFA assessment. Minimising stress among glaucoma patients is important not only for assessment of visual field but also for improvement of quality of life.
Fulltext Community eye service program: factors associated with delayed presentation to a tertiary centre post community screening

Nor Hafiza I., Lathalakshmi, T., Ab Hamid Siti-Azrin, Liza-Sharmini A.T.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(2):42-47.
MyJurnal

Early detection and prompt treatment of eye diseases can prevent visual disability. To our knowledge, there is no published data on factors associated with delayed presentation of eye diseases in Malaysia. Our objective is to determine the proportion of patients with eye disease who had a delayed presentation to an ophthalmologist after an initial screening, as well as the factors associated with delay in seeking treatment. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with eye diseases detected during a Community Eye Survey (CES) program from September 2004 to December 2012 who were referred to the ophthalmologist in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Delayed presentation of eye disease was defined as patients who came to the eye clinic more than six months after eye screening. Multiple logistic regression was used for analyses. A total of 434 patients who were referred to Hospital USM, Kubang Kerian were included in the study. Their mean (standard deviation) age was 55.65 (21.62) years. The majority of patients (76%) had delayed presentation of eye disease post screening. Type of ocular diseases was not associated with delayed presentation. The factors associated with delayed presentation were unemployment (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.51, 95% CI (1.36, 4.64), p

Study site: Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)
Fulltext Optic disc topography of normal tension glaucoma patients in Malaysia

Abdul Rahim A, Ismail S, Ahmad Tajudin LS, Ahmad MS

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Aug;68(4):338-42.
PMID: 24145263 MyJurnal

There are limited data in the literature on the optic disc topography in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients in Asian countries, especially in Southeast Asia. This study is aimed at comparing optic disc topography in NTG patients and a control group in Malaysia, and we discuss the literature on NTG studies in other Asian populations. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in two hospitals with glaucoma services in Malaysia from November 2010 to February 2012. A total of 109 eyes of 109 Malay patients were included in this study: 32 NTG patients and 77 subjects in the control group. All participants underwent a thorough ocular examination, including visual acuity, subjective refraction, anterior segment and fundus examinations, Humphrey visual field 24-2, intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy examination and fundus photography. Optic disc topography was assessed using the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III by an identified masked investigator in each hospital. NTG patients had a notably larger disc area (2.65 (0.41) vs 2.19 (0.43) mm(2), respectively), larger cupping (1.54 (0.43) vs 0.63 (0.40) mm(2), respectively), smaller retinal rim areas (1.12 (0.41) vs 1.56 (0.33) mm(2), respectively), higher cup volume (0.47 (0.28) vs 0.11 (0.19) mm(3), respectively), reduced rim volume (0.23 (0.13) vs 0.41 (0.16) mm(3), respectively), higher cup to disc area ratio (0.58 (0.14) vs 0.27 (0.15), respectively), higher linear cup to disc ratio (0.76 (0.09) vs 0.49 (0.17) mm(2), respectively), higher mean cup depth (0.37 (0.09) vs 0.22 (0.09) mm, respectively), higher maximum cup depth (0.77 (0.16) vs 0.59 (0.20) mm, respectively), higher mean of cup shape measure (-0.04 (0.06) vs -0.16 (0.07), respectively), and thinner mean retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (0.15 (0.15) vs 0.24 (0.07) mm, respectively) compared to the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, most of the optic disc parameters were significantly different in NTG patients compared to healthy individuals in Malaysia. Our findings are comparable to those reported in NTG studies in other Asian countries.

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