Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 75 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Fulltext The Effects Of Alcohol-free 0.12% W/N Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthrinse On Oral Health
    Uma, S., Swaminathan, D.
    Ann Dent, 2001;8(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    CWorhexidine gluconate, a dicationic bisbiguanide agent, contains anti-plaque properties. Most chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinses presently available contain alcohol in varying concentrations. The role of alcohol in these mouth rinses is to act as a preservative and solvent although it may have deleterious effects on the oral epithelium on long term usage. Recently, an alcohol-free 0.12 % w/v chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse (Oradex®) has become available in Malaysia. This clinical study is aimed at determining the effects of this alcohol-free product compared to a placebo. A group of 60 meticulously screened subjects were assigned into two groups of 30 each. The first group started using the test product for 2 weeks followed by a washout period of 4 weeks. After this duration, this group used the placebo for a further 2 weeks. The 2nd group underwent similar protocol as the 1st except that this group started with the placebo. Measurements consisting of the following scores were recorded at baseline and after 2 weeks for each group: Plaque, Gingivitis: Papillary Bleeding, Stain and Calculus. Full mouth prophylaxis was carried out for all subjects after measurements at baseline as well as after the 2-week period. They were told to rinse with 15 ml of the designated mouth rinse twice daily for thirty seconds each after tooth brushing. The results of this study indicated that there was significant improvement in the plaque, gingival and papilla bleeding scores compared to the placebo. Stain and calculus scores were significantly increased for the test product when compared to the placebo. In conclusion, this study showed that alcohol-free 0.12 % w/v chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse is effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis but causes staining and calculus formation.
  2. An in vitro study to evaluate the genotoxicity of value added hydroxyapatite as a bone replacement material
    Akram Hassan, Swaminathan D
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40.
    Hydroxyapatite (HA) used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It has been used clinically for the last 20 years due to its excellent biocompatibility, osseoconduction and osseointegration. Many modifications have been done to develop a stronger, tougher and biocompatible ceramic biomaterial because pure HA is brittle. Researchers in Universiti Sains Malaysia had developed this value added HA that is stronger and less brittle compared to pure HA. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the genotoxic characteristic of the value added HA based material by using Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay (Ames test). The Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay of HA was performed on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA using the preincubation method in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. All the bacterial tester strains treated with and without S9 Mix showed no increase of revertant colonies with increase in concentration of test substance for both the dose finding test and the main test. The number of revertant colonies was less than twice that of the solvent control for all the five bacterial strains and this was reproducible for both the dose finding test and the main test. The numbers of revertant colonies in the negative and positive controls were within the background data of our laboratory. In conclusion the results of the tests showed that the value added HA was considered to have no reverse mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.
  3. Fulltext Nurse's perceptions of physiotherapists in critical care team: Report of a qualitative study
    Gupte P, Swaminathan N
    Indian J Crit Care Med, 2016 Mar;20(3):141-5.
    PMID: 27076724 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.178176
    Interprofessional relationship plays a major role in effective patient care. Specialized units such as critical care require multidisciplinary care where perception about every members role may affect the delivery of patient care. The objective of this study was to find out nurses' perceptions of the role of physiotherapists in the critical care team.
  4. Fulltext Knowledge, attitudes, and barriers towards evidence-based practice among physiotherapists in Malaysia
    Yahui HC, Swaminathan N
    Hong Kong physiotherapy journal : official publication of the Hong Kong Physiotherapy Association Limited = Wu li chih liao, 2017 Dec;37:10-18.
    PMID: 30931041 DOI: 10.1016/j.hkpj.2016.12.002
    Background: Recently, there has been an increased need for all healthcare disciplines to provide interventions that are effective and evidence based. This has led to more implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical settings. Following this, research regarding EBP gained attention to determine its uptake into the physiotherapy profession. Although there are numerous studies to determine the attitudes and barriers of physiotherapists towards EBP, most of them were done in developed nations. As for Malaysia, little research has been carried out, much less among physiotherapists.

    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge, attitude, and barriers towards the implementation of EBP among physiotherapists in Malaysia.

    Methods: A survey was conducted among the members of the Malaysian Physiotherapy Association and other practicing therapists in Malaysia. One hundred and two responses were collected throughout a span of 2 months.

    Results: Respondents agreed that EBP is necessary to practice and that it helps in decision making as well as improving patient care. Eighty-one percent of the respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that they had received formal training in EBP. However, 61% of the respondents reported that strong evidence is lacking to support their interventions. Thirty percent of the respondents reported reading <2 articles per month, with 57% stating that they read two to five articles in a typical month. This study also found time constraints, limited access to search engines, and lack of generalizability of research evidence as the top three barriers to implementing EBP.

    Conclusion: Physiotherapists in Malaysia had a positive attitude towards EBP and are inclined towards implementing evidence into their clinical practice. They are interested in attending courses to improve their knowledge and skills in EBP.

  5. Fulltext Inhibition Of Stain By Some Commercially Available Oral Hygiene Products
    Swaminathan, D., Moran, John, Addy, Martin
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Side effects such as abrasion of the dental hard tissue have been frequently observed following the extensive use of mechanical cleansing. As promising antiseptics like chlorhexidine produces extrinsic dental staining on long term usage, there has been increasing interest and research generated towards chemically based stain removing agents. This invitro studyexamined whether some commercial oral hygiene products could inhibit chlorhexidine derived stain independent of any mechanical cleansing action. Perspex blocks were soaked in triplicate in chlorhexidine solution for 2 minutesand stain inhibition by these products was determined by further soaking the blocks in productl water slurries for 2 minutes and finally in tea solution for I hourly periods. The optical density (OD) of each specimen was determined at each hourly interval by spectrophotometry at 395 nm and the mean values obtained. At the end of the study, most of the products inhibited stain compared to water control and there was a variation in the stain inhibitingefficacyof the products. It is thus concluded that oral hygiene products like dentifricesand mouthrinses can inhibit chlorhexidine derived extrinsic dental stain to a variable degree through a chemical action by contained ingredients.
  6. Legal implications in routine clinical practice
    Nadesan K, Nambiar P, Swaminathan D
    JUMMEC, 1999;4:119-123.
  7. Purification and properties of the L-amino acid oxidase from monocellate cobra (Naja naja kaouthia) venom
    Tan NH, Swaminathan S
    Int. J. Biochem., 1992 Jun;24(6):967-73.
    PMID: 1612186
    1. The L-amino acid oxidase of the monocellate cobra (Naja naja kaouthia) venom was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 112,200 as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography, and 57,400 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 8.12 and a pH optimum of 8.5. It showed remarkable thermal stability, and, unlike many venom L-amino acid oxidase, was also stable in alkaline medium. The enzyme was partially inactivated by freezing. 3. The enzyme was very active against L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, moderately active against L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-leucine, L-norleucine, L-arginine and L-norvaline. Other L-amino acids were oxidized slowly or not oxidized. 4. Kinetic studies suggest the presence of a side-chain binding site in the enzyme, and that the binding site comprises of at least four hydrophobic subsites.
  8. Fulltext Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria
    Segasothy M, Swaminathan M, Kong NC
    Med J Malaysia, 1994 Dec;49(4):412-5.
    PMID: 7674979
    We report two patients who had cerebral malaria, heavy parasitemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypercatabolism with rapid rises of blood urea and serum creatinine and acute renal failure. There was no evidence of intravascular hemolysis. Renal biopsy was consistent with acute tubular necrosis. Both patients responded to treatment with intravenous quinine and dialysis.
  9. Fulltext Therapeutic efficacy of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol in collagen-induced rat model of arthritis
    Haleagrahara N, Swaminathan M, Chakravarthi S, Radhakrishnan A
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:539540.
    PMID: 25114906 DOI: 10.1155/2014/539540
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease primarily involving inflammation of the joints. Although the management of the disease has advanced significantly in the past three decades, there is still no cure for RA. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of δ-tocotrienol, in the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of collagen type II emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. CIA rats were orally treated with δ-tocotrienol (10 mg/kg) or glucosamine hydrochloride (300 mg/kg) from day 25 to 50. Efficacy was assessed based on the ability to reduce paw edema, histopathological changes, suppression of collagen-specific T-cells, and a reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. It was established that δ-tocotrienol had the most significant impact in lowering paw edema when compared to glucosamine treatment. Paw edema changes correlated well with histopathological analysis where there was a significant reversal of changes in groups treated with δ-tocotrienol. The results suggest that δ-tocotrienol is efficient in amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis. Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol may be of therapeutic value against rheumatoid arthritis.
  10. C-Reactive Protein Levels and Periodontal Diseases During Pregnancy in Malaysian Women
    Ahmad A, Nazar Z, Swaminathan D
    Oral Health Prev Dent, 2018 7 22;16(3):281-289.
    PMID: 30027167 DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a40759
    PURPOSE: To investigate the association between plasma CRP levels and periodontal disease during pregnancy.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic, UMMC for their first antenatal check-up consented and were recruited for this study: 28 subjects with diseased periodontium (test group) and 28 subjects with healthy periodontium (control). The test group underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy and the control group was given oral hygiene education. Periodontal parameters and CRP levels were evaluated at baseline and 6 weeks. Pregnancy outcome data were recorded from the Antenatal Clinic, UMMC.

    RESULTS: Plasma CRP levels in the test group were statistically significantly elevated compared to the control group (8.55 ± 5.28 mg/l vs 5.66 ± 2.91 mg/l). After nonsurgical periodontal therapy, a statistically significant reduction in the CRP level in the test group (2.06 mg/l) along with statistically significant improvement in periodontal status in both groups was observed. The mean birth weight for infants of both groups showed no statistically significant difference.

    CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CRP levels in pregnant women with diseased periodontium were statistically significantly reduced after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. However, no association between CRP levels and adverse pregnancy outcome was observed.

  11. Fulltext Tissue response of type 2 diabetics towards non-surgical periodontal therapy: a retrospective, comparative study with non-diabetics - a preliminary investigation
    Goh, Y.C., Lau, S.L., Ramanathan, A., Swaminathan, D.
    Ann Dent, 2013;20(2):24-28.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to assess the tissue
    response of Type 2 diabetic subjects towards non surgical
    periodontal therapy as compared with matched, nondiabetic
    subjects. This was a retrospective, comparative
    study using periodontal case notes of 40 subjects attending
    undergraduates’ periodontal clinics (20 diabetics, 20 nondiabetics),
    who were selected based on the inclusion
    and exclusion criteria. Response towards non surgical
    periodontal therapy was assessed through three clinical
    periodontal parameters, namely plaque score, gingivitis
    score and number of periodontal pocket ≥5mm at the
    baseline and after initial non surgical periodontal therapy.
    Data obtained was then analyzed by SPSS Version 12.
    Both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects showed significant
    improvements (p-value = 0.021; 0.000; 0.001 and 0.010;
    0.014; 0.001) in all three parameters after the therapy.
    However, when comparison was made between the two
    groups, there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.913;
    0.892 and 0.903) in any of the parameters. Periodontal
    conditions improved clinically in both diabetic and nondiabetic
    subjects after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
    Therefore, both groups responded similarly towards the
    therapy and thus it can be postulated that well-controlled
    diabetic status does not have a significant effect on the
    outcome of periodontal therapy.
  12. Severe mental retardation following asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in an infant with nesidioblastosis
    Rahmah, R., Wu, L.L., Roziana, A., Swaminathan, M., Kuhnle, U.
    Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1997;9(1):93-96.
    MyJurnal
    Nesidioblastosis is a rare metabolic disease characterised by inappropriate insulin secretion often associated with life-threatening hypoglycaemia. While severe cases present in the newborn period, patients have been described later in infancy. Familial cases suggest an autosomal recessive trait, and recently mutations in the sulphonlurea receptor gene, possibly a regulator of insulin secretion, have been identified and associated with disease expression. We report a twin boy who developed normally until the age of six months when he was noted to regress. The boy is the older twin born to non-consanguinous parents. He presented to a hospital first at the age of 13 months with fever and generalised seizures. Low blood glucose was noted, but he recovered easily and was able to maintain euglycaemia during a 48-hour period of observation. Microcephaly and developmental delay were documented and anticonvulsant therapy was started. At 18 months, low blood glucose with high C-peptide was documented during reevaluation. Follow-ing a short trial of subcutaneous long-acting somatostatin analogue, the child was subjected to near-total pancreatectomy. The histology revealed findings consistent with nesidioblastosis. The child's condition improved but he remained significantly delayed This case emphasises the importance of recognising and treating hypoglycaemia early to avoid irreversible brain damage. It is interesting to note that the twin brother has always been well and is developmentally normal. Further studies to identify the inheritance pattern in the family would be of great interest.
  13. Fulltext Medico-legal implications of dental prenatal age estimation with reference to a case report
    Nambiar, P., Paul, G., Swaminathan, D., Nadesan, K.
    Ann Dent, 2000;7(1):46-50.
    MyJurnal
    The estimation of age of human foetal remains is of great medico-legal importance. When the remains are intact and fresh, various morphological features such as crown-heel length, weight, appearance of ossification centres particularly around the ankles and knees and other parameters could be used to make a reasonable estimation of the period of gestation. In cases of criminal abortion, infanticide and child murder the question of age of the foetus, viability, live birth and a separate existence become very important. In practice, often at the time of detection, the remains are decomposed or skeletonised. In such a situation the examination of developing teeth will provide a reliable answer pertaining to the foetal age, the possibility of a separate existence and even the period of survival after birth. The.age determination from dental examination is possible from approximately 10 weeks intrauterine up to old age. The presence of neonatal line (birth line) in both dentine and enamel indicates live birth and a separate existence. It is possible that the time period of survival can be estimated by measuring postnatal deposition of these hard tissues. An intact human foetus that has undergone mild to moderate putrefaction was studied. The study of the morphological features and the ossification centres suggested that its approximate age was around nine months intrauterine. It was not possible to decide whether it was a live birth and had a separate existence. The examination of the developing first deciduous molar of the mandible suggested the approximate age was around 30-32 weeks intrauterine. The importance of examination of developing teeth in foetal remains (including neonates), particularly associated with putrefaction or skeletonisation is emphasized.
  14. Fulltext A retrospective study to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the severity of periodontal disease. A preliminary investigation
    Ismail, N., Mohd Ali, S. S., Swaminathan, D.
    Ann Dent, 2013;20(1):8-12.
    MyJurnal
    A preliminary investigation to assess the relationship
    in the severity of periodontal disease in diabetics when
    compared with non-diabetic subjects. Materials and
    Methods: A retrospective, comparative study using
    periodontal case notes of 40 subjects (20 Type 2 diabetics,
    20 non-diabetics) who were selected based on the
    inclusion and exclusion criteria. Severity of periodontal
    disease was assessed through number of periodontal
    pocket ≥5mm. The results were compared between
    subjects whose age, gender and plaque scores are matched
    with the test group. Data obtained was then analyzed by
    SPSS Version 12. Results: When comparisons were made
    between test (Type 2 diabetic) and control (non-diabetic)
    groups, there were no significant difference (p>0.05) in
    the severity of periodontal disease. However, there was
    a clinically mean difference between the two groups.
    Conclusions: This preliminary investigation indicated
    that the severity of chronic periodontitis, as indicated in
    periodontal pocketing, increased in diabetic patients when
    compared to non-diabetics clinically, although it was not
    statistically significant. The finding of this investigation
    was thus not conclusive as it was only a retrospective
    study using patients’ case notes. However, the results
    are now being further investigated with a proper clinical
    trial which examines periodontal parameters and diabetic
    status (HbA1c) of the subjects to determine the association
    between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus.
  15. Large retrosternal parathyroid carcinoma with primary hyperparathyroidism
    Tan GC, Shiran MS, Swaminathan M, Phang KS, Rohaizak M
    Asian J Surg, 2007 Oct;30(4):286-9.
    PMID: 17962134
    Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon cause of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent hypercalcaemia, accounting for less than 1% of all cases of hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid carcinoma is an indolent tumour with rather low malignant potential. Consideration of parathyroid carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemic disorders is important because the morbidity and mortality are substantial and the best prognosis is associated with early recognition and surgical resection. Clinical indicators favouring parathyroid carcinoma over benign disease include markedly raised serum calcium levels, PTH and alkaline phosphatase. A palpable neck mass with both kidney and skeletal manifestations also give a high index of suspicion of parathyroid carcinoma. Histopathology alone is not sufficient to diagnose parathyroid cancer; it has to be correlated with the clinical findings. The initial and most effective treatment for parathyroid carcinoma is complete resection of the primary lesion, and repeated operations for recurrence are useful. The prognosis of parathyroid carcinomas is quite variable; 5-year survival rates vary from 40% to 86%, while the 10-year survival rate is approximately 49%. We report a case of parathyroid carcinoma occurring in a 55-year-old woman who presented with bone pain and hypercalcaemia.
  16. Efficacy of 'Gamadent' toothpaste on the healing of gingival tissues: a preliminary report
    Taiyeb-Ali TB, Zainuddin SL, Swaminathan D, Yaacob H
    J Oral Sci, 2003 Sep;45(3):153-9.
    PMID: 14650580
    The aim of this randomised, parallel, double-blind study, in which 28 adult patients diagnosed with chronic gingivitis or early stages of chronic periodontitis were recruited, was to evaluate the efficacy of 'Gamadent' toothpaste compared to a placebo toothpaste. 'Gamadent' toothpaste has all the basic constituents of a toothpaste with the addition of a sea cucumber extract (SCE) of the species Stichopus sp. 1 to improve the healing potential of tissues. The placebo has the same basic constituents minus the extract. Out of the 28 patients, 14 were placed in the test group who used the 'Gamadent' toothpaste, and 14 patients were placed in the control group (2 control subjects defaulted and were excluded), who brushed using the placebo toothpaste. The longitudinal study was carried out over a period of 3 months with assessments made at baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after conventional therapy at the baseline visit. The clinical parameters used during the trial were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Papilla Bleeding Index (PBI) and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD). A predetermined number of sites on a molar, premolar, canine and an incisor were examined and evaluated in each quadrant. After the baseline assessment, the patients had full mouth scaling and debridement as well as oral hygiene instructions. Patients were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day with the toothbrush provided (Oral-B plus, size 35) and toothpaste (test or control), using the Bass technique. At the 1-month assessment, there were significant mean reductions to baseline mean values in PI (P < 0.005) and GI (P < 0.001) in the test group as compared to the control group. At the end of the 2-month interval, significant reductions were observed in PI, PBI and PPD (P < 0.001). By the end of 3 months, there were significant differences in the mean reduction of all the parameters i.e. PI, PBI, GI and PPD (P < 0.001), between the test and control sites. In conclusion, 'Gamadent' toothpaste provided noteworthy benefits, producing statistically significant improvement in all clinical parameters compared to the placebo during the healing phase after conventional initial therapy.
  17. Fulltext Identification of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Oral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review
    Nazar Majeed Z, Philip K, Alabsi AM, Pushparajan S, Swaminathan D
    Dis Markers, 2016;2016:1804727.
    PMID: 28074077 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1804727
    Background. Several studies in the last decades have focused on finding a precise method for the diagnosis of periodontal disease in its early stages. Aim. To evaluate from current scientific literature the most common and precise method for gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sample collection, biomarker analytical methods, and the variability of biomarker quantification, even when using the same analytical technique. Methodology. An electronic search was conducted on in vivo studies that presented clinical data on techniques used for GCF collection and biomarker analysis. Results. The results showed that 71.1%, 24.7%, and 4.1% of the studies used absorption, microcapillary, and washing techniques, respectively, in their gingival crevicular fluid collection. 73.1% of the researchers analyzed their samples by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 22.6%, 19.5%, and 18.5% of the researchers included interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), respectively, in their studies as biomarkers for periodontal disease. Conclusion. IL-1β can be considered among the most common biomarkers that give precise results and can be used as an indicator of periodontal disease progression. Furthermore, paper strips are the most convenient and accurate method for gingival crevicular fluid collection, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be considered the most conventional method for the diagnosis of biofluids.
  18. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the parotid gland
    Zainal A, Razif MY, Makhashen M, Swaminathan M, Mazita A
    J Laryngol Otol, 2010 May;124(5):569-71.
    PMID: 19825226 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215109991563
    To highlight the first reported case of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the parotid gland. We also review the clinical presentations and treatments for this rare condition.
  19. Cardiac sarcoidosis: two cases with autopsy findings
    Wan Muhaizan WM, Swaminathan M, Daud MS
    Malays J Pathol, 2004 Jun;26(1):59-63.
    PMID: 16196153
    Cardiac sarcoidosis is a disease of young adults. In most cases it presents with sudden death, arrhythmias, conduction disorders, heart failure or cardiomyopathy. The authors describe two cases of myocardial involvement by sarcoidosis that lead to death of the patients. Case one was a 26-year-old Indian man who was previously well and presented with sudden death. Autopsy showed nodules of sarcoid granuloma involving the heart, lungs and lymph nodes. Case two was a 47-year-old Indian lady who complained of reduced effort tolerance. Echocardiography showed that she had restrictive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with heart failure. Seven months after initial presentation, she developed worsening of heart failure and died. Autopsy revealed involvement of the heart, lungs and liver by sarcoidosis.
  20. Djenkol bean poisoning (djenkolism): an unusual cause of acute renal failure
    Segasothy M, Swaminathan M, Kong NC, Bennett WM
    Am J Kidney Dis, 1995 Jan;25(1):63-6.
    PMID: 7810535
    This report describes a patient with acute renal failure that resulted from the ingestion of djenkol beans. Features of acute djenkolism include nausea, vomiting, bilateral loin pain, gross hematuria, and oliguria. The blood urea level was 16.2 mmol/L and the serum creatinine was 460 mumol/L. Phase contrast microscopy of the urinary sediment indicated that the hematuria was nonglomerular. Ultrasound of the kidneys showed slightly enlarged kidneys with no features of obstruction. Renal biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis similar to the single animal study reported in the literature. With conservative therapy, which included rehydration with normal saline and alkalinization of the urine with sodium bicarbonate, the acute renal failure resolved. Based on its chemistry, djenkol bean-associated acute renal failure may be analogous to acute uric acid nephropathy.
Related Terms
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links