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  1. Fulltext Identification of Brucella spp. isolated from human brucellosis in Malaysia using high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis
    Mohamed Zahidi J, Bee Yong T, Hashim R, Mohd Noor A, Hamzah SH, Ahmad N
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2015 Apr;81(4):227-33.
    PMID: 25641125 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.12.012
    Molecular approaches have been investigated to overcome difficulties in identification and differentiation of Brucella spp. using conventional phenotypic methods. In this study, high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis was used for rapid identification and differentiation of members of Brucella genus. A total of 41 Brucella spp. isolates from human brucellosis were subjected to HRM analysis using 4 sets of primers, which identified 40 isolates as Brucella melitensis and 1 as Brucella canis. The technique utilized low DNA concentration and was highly reproducible. The assay is shown to be a useful diagnostic tool, which can rapidly differentiate Brucella up to species level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/classification*; Brucella melitensis/genetics; Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification*; Brucella canis/classification*; Brucella canis/genetics; Brucella canis/isolation & purification*
  2. Fulltext Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) genotyping of human Brucella isolates in Malaysia
    Tay BY, Ahmad N, Hashim R, Mohamed Zahidi J, Thong KL, Koh XP, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2015;15:220.
    PMID: 26033227 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0958-0
    Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. It can cause acute febrile illness in human and is a major health problem. Studies in human brucellosis in Malaysia is limited and so far no genotyping studies has been done on Brucella isolates. The aim of the study was to determine the genetic diversity among Brucella species isolated from human brucellosis, obtained over a 6-year period (2009-2014).
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/genetics*; Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification; Brucella suis/genetics*; Brucella suis/isolation & purification
  3. Genome Sequences of Brucella melitensis, Isolated from Blood Samples of Brucellosis Patients in Malaysia
    Mohamed Zahidi J, Ahmad N, Tay BY, Hashim R, Khoo E, Ahmad N, et al.
    Genome Announc, 2017 Aug 03;5(31).
    PMID: 28774972 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00689-17
    Human brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease and has widespread geographical distribution. Brucella melitensis has caused outbreaks and sporadic cases in Malaysia. Here, we present the whole-genome sequences of four B. melitensis strains isolated from brucellosis patients in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis
  4. Fulltext Isolation and molecular characterization of Brucella melitensis from seropositive goats in Peninsula Malaysia
    Bamaiyi PH, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, Zainal Abidin M, Ramlan M, Krishnan N, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2012 Dec;29(4):513-8.
    PMID: 23202595
    A study was carried out to isolate Brucella melitensis using established bacteriological and PCR techniques in Brucella seropositive goats in farms in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Pulau Pinang. Brucella melitensis was isolated from 7 of 134 reactors with the highest isolation from the vaginal swabs (57.14%) followed by the spleen (28.57%), uterine fluid (14.29%). No Brucella was isolated from the lymph nodes. PCR confirmed all the seven isolates as B. melitensis and isolates were phylogenetically related to other isolates from India, Iran, and Israel but most closely related to isolates from Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/classification*; Brucella melitensis/genetics; Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification*
  5. Fulltext Identification and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Brucella species isolated from human brucellosis
    Hashim R, Ahmad N, Mohamed Zahidi J, Tay BY, Mohd Noor A, Zainal S, et al.
    Int J Microbiol, 2014;2014:596245.
    PMID: 25120569 DOI: 10.1155/2014/596245
    Brucellosis is a world-wide zoonotic disease with a major impact on the public health. Due to the high risk of laboratory acquired infection, limited laboratory investigations were performed on this organism, including detailed identification and susceptibility study. Brucella melitensis is the commonest aetiological agent for human brucellosis in this region. The in vitro susceptibility pattern against selected antimicrobial agents was assessed using E-test. All isolates were noted to be sensitive to all the antimicrobial agents tested except for rifampicin where elevated MIC > 1 μg/mL was noted in 30 out of 41 isolates tested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis
  6. Fulltext Full genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis reveals the origin and global spread of Brucella melitensis
    Tan KK, Tan YC, Chang LY, Lee KW, Nore SS, Yee WY, et al.
    BMC Genomics, 2015;16:93.
    PMID: 25888205 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1294-x
    Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease that affects both humans and animals. We sequenced the full genome and characterised the genetic diversity of two Brucella melitensis isolates from Malaysia and the Philippines. In addition, we performed a comparative whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of B. melitensis strains collected from around the world, to investigate the potential origin and the history of the global spread of B. melitensis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/classification*; Brucella melitensis/genetics*
  7. Development and application of dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent (dot-ELISA) assay for detection of Brucella melitensis and evaluation of the shedding pattern in infected goats
    Onilude OM, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Tanko P, Shahrom SM, Effendy M
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2017;38(1):82-99.
    PMID: 27494045 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1220395
    Early and accurate diagnosis of Brucella melitensis is essential for the treatment and control of brucellosis both in animals and humans. The thrust for the development of a rapid diagnostic technique to overcome the limitations of conventional microbiological and serological tests brought about this investigation on the development and application of dot-ELISA for antigen and antibody detection in infected goats. Fifteen apparently healthy Boer aged 2-3 years which tested negative for brucellosis using PCR and ELISA, were grouped into A (10 goats infected intraocularly with 10(7) CFU of B. melitensis) and B (5 goats) as control. Discharges (ocular, nasal, and vaginal) and blood were collected at days 3, 7, 10, 14, weekly until 42 post-infection (pi) for dot-ELISA, PCR, and RBPT. Dot-ELISA detected B. melitensis antigen and antibody in group A at day 3 and 7 pi, respectively with adequate sensitivity and specificity relative to PCR and RBPT. The bacteria shedding detected from discharges at day 3 pi in the nasal and ocular route with dot-ELISA. Group B were consistently negative. Values such as speed, simplicity, field adaptability, high sensitivity, and specificity make dot-ELISA a rapid and adequate technique for diagnosis of brucellosis in B. melitensis infected goats within few hours.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/immunology; Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification*
  8. Modelling the immunopathophysiology of Brucella melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide in mice infected via oral route of exposure
    Osman AY, Kadir AA, Jesse FF, Saharee AA
    Microb Pathog, 2019 Nov;136:103669.
    PMID: 31445124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103669
    Brucella melitensis is one of the leading zoonotic pathogens with significant economic implications in animal industry worldwide. Lipopolysaccharide, however, remains by far the major virulence with substantial role in diseases pathogenesis. Nonetheless, the effect of B. melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide on immunopathophysiological aspects largely remains an enigma. This study examines the effect of B.melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide on immunopathophysiological parameters following experimental infection using mouse model. Eighty four (n = 84) mice, BALB/c, both sexes with equal gender distribution and 6-8 weeks-old were randomly assigned into three groups. Group 1-2 (n = 72) were orally inoculated with 0.4 mL containing 109 CFU/mL of B. melitensis and its LPS, respectively. Group 3 (n = 12) was challenged orally with phosphate buffered saline and served as a control group. Animals were observed for clinical signs, haematological and histopathological analysis for a period of 24 days post-infection. We hereby report that B.melitensis infected group demonstrated significant clinical signs and histopathological changes than LPS infected group. However, both infected groups showed elevated levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and antibody levels (IgM and IgG) with varying degrees of predominance in LPS infected group than B. melitensis infected group. For hormone analysis, low levels of progesterone, estradiol and testosterone were observed in both B. melitensis and LPS groups throughout the study period. Moreover, in B. melitensis infected group, the organism was re-isolated from the organs and tissues of gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive systems thereby confirming the infection and transmission dynamics. This report is the first detailed investigation comparing the infection progression and host responses in relation to the immunopathophysiological aspects in a mouse model after oral inoculation with B. melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/growth & development*; Brucella melitensis/pathogenicity*
  9. Immuno-pathophysiological responses of mouse model to experimental infection with Brucella melitensis and its lipopolysaccharides via intraperitoneal route
    Osman AY, Abdullah FF, Kadir AA, Saharee AA
    Microb Pathog, 2016 Nov;100:17-29.
    PMID: 27591112 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.019
    Brucella melitensis is one of the major zoonotic pathogens with significant economic implications worldwide. The pathogenicity is complex and not always well understood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remains the major virulent factor of B. melitensis and responsible for the mechanism by which the pathogen causes its deleterious effects. In this study, 84 mice of 6-8 weeks old of both sexes were divided equally into 3 groups; namely Brucella melitensis infected group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infected group and control group. The former two groups contained 36 mice each with equal gender distribution. The control group consisted of 12 mice only. Animals in B. melitensis infected group, a single inoculum of 0.4 ml containing 10(9) of B. melitensis were intraperitoneally challenged while animals in LPS group, a single dose of 0.4 ml containing LPS extracted from the B. melitensis were intraperitoneally inoculated. Animals in control group received intraperitoneally, a single dose of 0.4 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH7. Animals that were infected intraperitoneally with B. melitensis demonstrated significant clinical presentation; gross and histo-pathological evidence than LPS infected group. However, both infected groups showed elevated levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL6), antibody levels (IgM an IgG) as early as 3 days post-infection with predominance in LPS infected group. In contrast, low levels of sex related hormonal changes in which LPS infected group showed the least concentration were also detected throughout the experimental period. In conclusion, B. melitensis can be transmitted via gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive tract. Moreover, LPS stimulated significantly the innate and acquired immune system without significant systemic dysfunction, suggesting potentiality of the protective properties of this component as alternative vaccine for brucellosis infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/immunology*; Brucella melitensis/pathogenicity*
  10. The prevalence and distribution of Brucella melitensis in goats in Malaysia from 2000 to 2009
    Bamaiyi PH, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, ZainalAbidin M, Ramlan M, Adzhar A, et al.
    Prev Vet Med, 2015 May 1;119(3-4):232-6.
    PMID: 25746928 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.001
    A study was conducted to describe the prevalence and distribution of zoonotic Brucella melitensis in goats in Peninsular Malaysia. Using serosurveillance data of the last decade (2000-2009) involving 119,799 goats and 3555 farms, the seroprevalence of brucellosis among goats was 0.91% (95% CI=0.86-0.96) and among farms was 7.09% (95% CI=6.27-7.98). The odds of brucellosis was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the later part of the decade, in larger herd size and among the states located in the peninsula as compared to eastern Malaysia. The infection was detected throughout Malaysia but at generally low seroprevalences with states like Perlis that border neighbouring countries having higher seroprevalence of brucellosis than other non-border states.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification*
  11. Fulltext A case-control study of risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in Peninsular Malaysia
    Anka MS, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, Zainal MA, Mohamad RB, Salleh A, et al.
    PLoS One, 2014;9(9):e108673.
    PMID: 25265020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108673
    Bovine brucellosis was first reported in Peninsular Malaysia in 1950. A subsequent survey conducted in the country revealed that the disease was widespread. Current knowledge on the potential risk factors for brucellosis occurrence on cattle farms in Malaysia is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study to identify the potential herd-level risk factors for bovine brucellosis occurrence in four states in the country, namely Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Thirty-five cases and 36 controls of herds were selected where data on farm management, biosecurity, medical history and public health were collected. Multivariable logistic regression identified that Brucella seropositive herds were more likely to; have some interaction with wildlife (OR 8.9, 95% CI = 1.59-50.05); originated from farms where multiple species such as buffalo/others (OR 41.8, 95% CI = 3.94-443.19) and goat/sheep (OR 8.9, 95%Cl = 1.10-71.83) were reared, practice extensive production system (OR 13.6, 95% CI 1.31-140.24) and have had episodes of abortion in the past (OR 51.8, 95% CI = 4.54-590.90) when compared to seronegative herds. Considering the lack of information on the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in peninsular Malaysia and absence of information on preventing the inception or spread of the disease, this report could contribute to the on-going area-wise national brucellosis eradication program.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella abortus/immunology*
  12. Case-control study on risk factors associated with Brucella melitensis in goat farms in Peninsular Malaysia
    Bamaiyi PH, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, ZainalAbidin M, Ramlan M, Krishnan N, et al.
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2014 Jun;46(5):739-45.
    PMID: 24633657 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0557-x
    Caprine brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic infection affecting goats especially in developing countries all over the world. In Malaysia, the risk factors associated with this infection in farms have not been studied. A case-control study was carried out in goat farms in four states of Malaysia to elucidate the risk factors associated with the infection on the farms using structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Results indicate that the introduction of new animals (OR = 5.25; 90 % CI = 1.46, 18.88), younger age category of farms (OR = 5.53; 90 % CI = 1.09, 21.66), and farms with single breed of goats (OR = 8.50; 90 % CI = 1.27, 41.97) were significant risk factors for brucellosis. In order to control brucellosis or possibly eradicate it in goat farms, these factors need to be dealt with. Enforcing stringent importation protocols or complete ban of goat importation from brucellosis endemic countries will help reduce risk of introducing new infection into the country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis*
  13. Effects of resveratrol on shedding and pathological dynamics in experimental B. melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated nonpregnant Boer goats
    Tanko PN, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Bejo SK, Salisi S
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2019;40(4):419-438.
    PMID: 31154897 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1620766
    Brucellosis constitutes an infectious re-emerging zoonosis. Spread of diseases could be exacerbated by stress-induced immunosuppression. This study evaluated relationship between Brucella melitensis infection, shedding dynamics, dexamethasone-induced stress, pathological alterations and resveratrol ameliorative effects in goats. Twelve nonpregnant goats were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D of three animals each. Groups A and B were administered 107 CFU/mL of B. melitensis ocularly, 21 days prior to 7 days consecutive administration of dexamethasone (2 mg/kg). Group A was further administered resveratrol (5 mg/kg) intravenously for 5 consecutive days from day 31 post B. melitensis inoculation. Group C was administered similar dose of B. melitensis while group D was inoculated normal saline. Blood, nasal, ocular, and vaginal swabs were collected at intervals for analysis. The does were sacrificed at day 42 post inoculation (pi). Tissues were collected for tissue bacterial load determination, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Dexamethasone administration from day 21 pi increased the frequency in the shedding dynamics, tissue bacterial load, pathological alterations (frequency of microgranuloma and intensity of immunostaining) in group B while 5 days treatment with resveratrol following dexamethasone administration significantly reduced tissue bacterial load, decline in shedding dynamics, and ameliorate damage by dexamethasone administration/B. melitensis infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/drug effects*
  14. Cellulitis in human brucellosis: An atypical presentation
    Subramaniam K, Ali SU
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Dec;41(3):359-364.
    PMID: 31901923
    INTRODUCTION: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with variable clinical manifestations and atypical presentation in humans. Human brucellosis cases are not seen often in Malaysia.

    CASE REPORT: This is a case report of 19 years old gentleman who presented with fever, lower limb redness, pain and swelling. He was initially treated as cellulitis. However, based on the recovery of Brucella melitensis from his blood culture, he was later diagnosed to have brucellosis. He had a history of consumption of fresh goat's milk and uncooked meat which could have been the possible modes of transmission. Brucella serology IgM and IgG were both positive, and anti-Brucella immunocapture agglutination test (BrucellaCapt) was also positive with a titer of 1:2560. He was treated with six weeks of oral doxycycline 100 mg twice daily and oral rifampin 450 mg twice daily.

    DISCUSSION: This is a case of human brucellosis with atypical cutaneous involvement.

    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/pathogenicity*
  15. A large exposure to Brucella melitensis in a diagnostic laboratory
    Sam IC, Karunakaran R, Kamarulzaman A, Ponnampalavanar S, Syed Omar SF, Ng KP, et al.
    J Hosp Infect, 2012 Apr;80(4):321-5.
    PMID: 22237130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.12.004
    Brucella species are easily transmitted by aerosols and can be acquired in the laboratory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification*
  16. Fulltext Serological diagnostic potential of recombinant outer membrane proteins (rOMPs) from Brucella melitensis in mouse model using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    Ahmed IM, Khairani-Bejo S, Hassan L, Bahaman AR, Omar AR
    BMC Vet Res, 2015;11:275.
    PMID: 26530141 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0587-2
    Brucella melitensis is the most important pathogenic species of Brucella spp. which affects goats and sheep and causes caprine and ovine brucellosis, respectively. Serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis such as Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) usually utilize smooth lipopolysaccharides (S-LPS) as a diagnostic antigen which could give false positive serological reactions. Outer membrane proteins (OMP) of B. melitensis have been used as alternative diagnostic antigens rather than S-LPS for differential serological diagnosis of brucellosis, mainly in ELISA with single recombinant OMP (rOMP) as a diagnostic antigen. Nevertheless, the use of single format mainly showed lack of sensitivity against the desired rOMP. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether a newly developed rOMPs indirect ELISA (rOMPs I-ELISA), based on combination of rOMP25, rOMP28 and rOMP31of B. melitensis, has a potential benefit for use in the serodiagnosis of brucellosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification*
  17. Dexamethasone-induced stress exacerbates shedding, tissue antigen distribution, and pathology of caprine Brucellosis
    Tanko P, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Onilude OM, Abdullateef A
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2021 May 04;42(3):265-284.
    PMID: 33577382 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1862862
    This study investigated dexamethasone-treatment, shedding routes, tissue antigen distribution, and pathology of caprine Brucellosis. Eighteen non-pregnant goats were randomly grouped into A, B, and C. Group A was administered dexamethasone for 7 days at 2 mg/kg before inoculating 0.5 mL B. melitensis at 107 CFU ocularly while group B was inoculated 0.5 mL B. melitensis only, and C as control negative. Blood samples, ocular, nasal, and vaginal swabs were obtained for evaluation. Three goats were sacrificed from each group at days 21 and 42 post-inoculation (pi) and selected tissues collected for PCR, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Brucella melitensis was detected in the ocular swabs of group A significantly higher than group B. Shedding was prolonged in group A compared to B. The overall shedding was 22.2% in group A and 9.4% in group B. The uterus of both groups A and B revealed mild inflammation and microgranuloma, extensive necrotic lesions in lymph nodes. Liver showed multifocal necrosis predominantly in group A. Lesion scoring showed significantly higher scores in A compared to B. Strong immunostaining was observed in the liver, lungs, and spleen, predominantly at day 21 pi. This study demonstrated dexamethasone prolonged shedding, tissue antigen distribution, and pathology in dexamethasone-treated goats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/drug effects*; Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification
  18. Fulltext Bovine brucellosis trends in Malaysia between 2000 and 2008
    Anka MS, Hassan L, Adzhar A, Khairani-Bejo S, Mohamad RB, Zainal MA
    BMC Vet Res, 2013;9:230.
    PMID: 24246015 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-230
    Bovine brucellosis is an important disease affecting cattle characterised by abortion, still birth, reduced milk production, weak foetus and infertility in both males and females. There is wide distribution of the disease among cattle and several wildlife species. Bovine brucellosis is commonly caused by B. abortus and very occasionally B. melitensis and B. suis. The distribution of bovine brucellosis in cattle has not been described in Malaysia. In this paper we describe the distribution, pattern and trend of bovine brucellosis in Peninsular Malaysia between 2000 and 2008 based on serological data obtained from nationwide B. abortus serosurveillance activities in cattle populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella abortus
  19. Brucellosis-induced autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)
    Mak WW, Adrian MM, Ahlam K
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 Oct;74(5):443-344.
    PMID: 31649226
    Brucellosis is a rare zoonotic infection caused by small, fastidious Gram-negative coccobacilli of the genus Brucella that may be associated with haemolytic complications including thrombotic microangiopathy and haemolytic anaemia. We describe a patient with culture confirmed brucellosis who presented with malaise, high grade fever, hepatosplenomegaly and Coombs-positive autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The patient was successfully treated with combination of doxycycline and rifampicin with no further episodes of relapses or haemolysis. Although rare, the possibility of brucellosis should always be kept in mind in patients with risk factors who present with haemolysis and endemic area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella
  20. Comparative experimental study of Brucella melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide in mouse model infected via subcutaneous route of exposure
    Osman AY, Saharee AA, Jesse FF, Kadir AA
    Microb Pathog, 2018 Mar;116:318-327.
    PMID: 29412161 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.007
    Brucella melitensis is a major zoonotic pathogen in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is believed to play a major role in the diseases pathogenesis. To study the immunopathophysiological aspects, we established a mouse model experimentally infected with whole cell of B. melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide via subcutaneous route of exposure. Eighty four mice, BALB/c, both sexes with equal gender distribution and 6-8 weeks-old were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 36) were subcutaneoulsy inoculated with 0.4 mL 109 of B. melitensis while group 2 (n = 36) were subcutaneously challenged with 0.4 mL 109 of LPS. Group 3 (n = 12) was challenged subcuatneously with phosphate buffered saline and served as a control group. Animals were observed for clinical signs, haematological and histopathological analysis for a period of 24 days post-inoculation. Our results revealed that B. melitensis infected group demonstrated significant clinical signs and histopathological evidence than LPS infected group. However, both infected groups showed elevated levels of interleukins (IL-1β & IL6), antibody levels (IgM & IgG) as early as 3 days post-infection with predominance in LPS infected group. For hormone analysis, low levels of progesterone, estradiol and testosterone were observed in both B. melitensis and LPS challenged groups throughout the study period. Moreover, in B. melitensis infected groups, the organism was re-isolated from the organs and tissues of gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive systems; thereby confirming the possible transmission of the disease dynamics. Moreover, LPS stimulated significantly the innate and acquired immune system without significant systemic dysfunction suggesting the potentiality of the protective properties of this component as an alternative vaccine for brucellosis infection. This report is the first detailed investigation comparing the infection progression and host responses in relation to the immunopathophysiological aspects in mouse model after subcutaneous inoculation with B. melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brucella melitensis/pathogenicity*
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