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Persistence of shocks on sectoral non-methane volatile organic compound from 1820 to 2019: Insights from a fourier quantile unit root test

Solarin SA, Pata UK, Erdogan S, Okumus I

J Environ Manage, 2023 Jan 01;325(Pt A):116436.
PMID: 36274311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116436

Despite being directly related to anthropogenic consumption and production, researchers have paid less attention to understanding the dynamics of non-methane volatile organic compounds. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the persistence of potential shocks to non-methane volatile organic compounds in 20 developed from 1820 to 2019 performing traditional unit root approaches and a newly developed Fourier quantile unit root test. Great portion of the empirical results obtained by traditional unit root tests reveal that the sectoral non-methane volatile organic compounds follow a non-stationary process, while the Fourier quantile unit root test indicate quite different results. The Fourier quantile test shows that non-methane volatile organic compounds are stationary in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, France and Austria. In the other 15 countries, government interventions to reduce non-methane volatile organic compounds can have lasting effects and success. The inferences and policy outcomes of the empirical results are discussed in the main body of the paper.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on methanol poisoning (1902-2012)

Zyoud SH, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM, Awang R, Waring WS

J Occup Med Toxicol, 2015;10:17.
PMID: 25949270 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0062-9

BACKGROUND: Methanol poisoning is on the rise and has been associated with high morbidity and mortality; it has resulted in growing research in the field of toxicology. The aim of this study was to reveal underlying patterns in scientific outputs related to methanol poisoning at the global level by evaluating different bibliometric indices.
METHODS: We searched for publications that contained specific words regarding methanol poisoning in Scopus database.
RESULTS: A total of 912 articles, with 8,317 citations and with an average of 9.1 citations per document, were retrieved on methanol poisoning, and the bulk of the articles were published from the USA (20.9%), followed by Spain (4.4%), Canada (4.3%), India (3.1%), and France (3.0%). The articles were published belonging to 57 countries. No data related to methanol poisoning were published from 155 (73.1%) out of 212 countries. Twenty-one documents (2.3%) were published in Clinical Toxicology, whereas 18 (2.0%) were published in The Lancet.
CONCLUSIONS: Scientific production related to methanol poisoning is increasing. articles have been published in a wide range of journals with a variety of subject areas, most notably clinical toxicology; and the country with the greatest production was the USA.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Pattern and causes of the establishment of the invasive bacterial potato pathogen Dickeya solani and of the maintenance of the resident pathogen D. dianthicola

Blin P, Robic K, Khayi S, Cigna J, Munier E, Dewaegeneire P, et al.

Mol Ecol, 2021 01;30(2):608-624.
PMID: 33226678 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15751

Invasive pathogens can be a threat when they affect human health, food production or ecosystem services, by displacing resident species, and we need to understand the cause of their establishment. We studied the patterns and causes of the establishment of the pathogen Dickeya solani that recently invaded potato agrosystems in Europe by assessing its invasion dynamics and its competitive ability against the closely related resident D. dianthicola species. Epidemiological records over one decade in France revealed the establishment of D. solani and the maintenance of the resident D. dianthicola in potato fields exhibiting blackleg symptoms. Using experimentations, we showed that D. dianthicola caused a higher symptom incidence on aerial parts of potato plants than D. solani, while D. solani was more aggressive on tubers (i.e. with more severe symptoms). In co-infection assays, D. dianthicola outcompeted D. solani in aerial parts, while the two species co-existed in tubers. A comparison of 76 D. solani genomes (56 of which have been sequenced here) revealed balanced frequencies of two previously uncharacterized alleles, VfmBPro and VfmBSer , at the vfmB virulence gene. Experimental inoculations showed that the VfmBSer population was more aggressive on tubers, while the VfmBPro population outcompeted the VfmBSer population in stem lesions, suggesting an important role of the vfmB virulence gene in the ecology of the pathogens. This study thus brings novel insights allowing a better understanding of the pattern and causes of the D.solani invasion into potato production agrosystems, and the reasons why the endemic D. dianthicola nevertheless persisted.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Stochastic convergence of ecological footprint: new insights from a unit root test based on smooth transitions and nonlinear adjustment

Alper AE, Alper FO, Cil AB, Iscan E, Eren AA

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Feb;30(8):22100-22114.
PMID: 36282394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23763-6

The ecological footprint has currently become a highly popular environmental performance indicator. It provides the basis for setting goals, identifying options for action, and tracking progress toward stated goals. Because the examination of the existence of convergence is important for the climate change protection of the earth, the convergence of ecological footprint and its subcomponents are a major concern for scholars and policymakers. To this end, this study aims to investigate the stochastic convergence of ecological footprint and its subcomponents. We employ the recently developed Hepsag (2021) unit root test that allows nonlinearity and smooth structural change simultaneously to study stochastic convergence in per-capita ecological footprint over the period 1961-2018 for the most polluting countries. The results provide mixed evidence of the presence of stochastic convergence in conventional unit root tests such as ADF, KPSS and Fourier KPSS. According to the Hepsag (2021) unit root test results for all countries, built-up land footprint converges except Australia, Malaysia, Poland, and Turkey. Carbon footprint converges for Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, and the USA. Cropland footprint converges for Australia, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, the UK, and Vietnam. Fishing grounds footprint converges in Brazil, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, and Vietnam. Forest product footprint converges in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Turkey, and Vietnam. Grazing land footprint converges in Canada, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, and Vietnam. And lastly, the total ecological footprint converges in Canada, France, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, the UK, and the USA.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext VSHR: A Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Second-Wave COVID-19 Epidemics in Malaysia

Yu X, Lu L, Guo J, Qin H, Ji C

Comput Math Methods Med, 2022;2022:4168619.
PMID: 35087601 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4168619

Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread all over the world, causing unpredictable economic losses and public fear. Although vaccines against this virus have been developed and administered for months, many countries still suffer from secondary COVID-19 infections, including the United Kingdom, France, and Malaysia. Observations of COVID-19 infections in the United Kingdom and France and their governance measures showed a certain number of similarities. A further investigation of these countries' COVID-19 transmission patterns suggested that when a turning point appeared, the values of their stringency indices per population density (PSI) were nearly proportional to their absolute infection rate (AIR). To justify our assumptions, we developed a mathematical model named VSHR to predict the COVID-19 turning point for Malaysia. VSHR was first trained on 30-day infection records prior to the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Belgium's known turning points. It was then transferred to Malaysian COVID-19 data to predict this nation's turning point. Given the estimated AIR parameter values in 5 days, we were now able to locate the turning point's appearance on June 2nd, 2021. VSHR offered two improvements: (1) gathered countries into groups based on their SI patterns and (2) generated a model to identify the turning point for a target country within 5 days with 90% CI. Our research on COVID-19's turning point for a country is beneficial for governments and clinical systems against future COVID-19 infections.

Matched MeSH terms: France/epidemiology
The impact of carbon emissions on country risk: Evidence from the G7 economies

Chaudhry SM, Ahmed R, Shafiullah M, Duc Huynh TL

J Environ Manage, 2020 Jul 01;265:110533.
PMID: 32421559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110533

This paper empirically investigates the effect of carbon emissions on sovereign risk? To answer this question, we use fixed effects model by using annual data from G7 advanced economies, which includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA, for the period from 1996 to 2014. We employ a novel extreme value theory to measure sovereign risk. The results indicate that climate change (carbon emissions) are likely to increase sovereign risk significantly. We also expand our analysis to some specific sectors, as some of the sectors emit more carbon than others. Specifically, we take top three polluting sectors namely: transportation, electricity and industry and show that they are more likely to increase the sovereign risk. Our results are robust to change in risk measures, estimation in differences and dynamic version of econometric models. Therefore, we have robust consideration that the carbon emissions significantly explain the sovereign risk.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext Whole-Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ZBG7B Reveals Its Biotechnological Potential

Chan KG, Chong TM, Adrian TG, Kher HL, Hong KW, Grandclément C, et al.

Genome Announc, 2015;3(6).
PMID: 26659682 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01442-15

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ZBG7B was isolated from vineyard soil of Zellenberg, France. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of this bacterial strain, which has facilitated the prediction of function for several genes encoding biotechnologically important enzymes, such as xylosidase, xylanase, laccase, and chitinase.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fresh from the biotech pipeline--2011 [corrected]

Kling J

Nat Biotechnol, 2012 Feb;30(2):128-31.
PMID: 22318024 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2111
Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext Is hardship during migration a determinant of HIV infection? Results from the ANRS PARCOURS study of sub-Saharan African migrants in France

Desgrees-du-Lou A, Pannetier J, Ravalihasy A, Le Guen M, Gosselin A, Panjo H, et al.

AIDS, 2016 Feb 20;30(4):645-56.
PMID: 26558722 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000957

In Europe, sub-Saharan African migrants are a key population for HIV infection. We analyse how social hardships during settlement in France shape sexual partnerships and HIV risk.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext A nutrient profiling system for the (re)formulation of a global food and beverage portfolio

Vlassopoulos A, Masset G, Charles VR, Hoover C, Chesneau-Guillemont C, Leroy F, et al.

Eur J Nutr, 2017 Apr;56(3):1105-1122.
PMID: 26879847 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1161-9

PURPOSE: To describe the Nestlé Nutritional Profiling System (NNPS) developed to guide the reformulation of Nestlé products, and the results of its application in the USA and France.
DESIGN: The NNPS is a category-specific system that calculates nutrient targets per serving as consumed, based on age-adjusted dietary guidelines. Products are aggregated into 32 food categories. The NNPS ensures that excessive amounts of nutrients to limit cannot be compensated for by adding nutrients to encourage. A study was conducted to measure changes in nutrient profiles of the most widely purchased Nestlé products from eight food categories (n = 99) in the USA and France. A comparison was made between the 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 products.
RESULTS: The application of the NNPS between 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 was associated with an overall downwards trend for all nutrients to limit. Sodium and total sugars contents were reduced by up to 22 and 31 %, respectively. Saturated Fatty Acids and total fat reductions were less homogeneous across categories, with children products having larger reductions. Energy per serving was reduced by <10 % in most categories, while serving sizes remained unchanged.
CONCLUSIONS: The NNPS sets feasible and yet challenging targets for public health-oriented reformulation of a varied product portfolio; its application was associated with improved nutrient density in eight major food categories in the USA and France. Confirmatory analyses are needed in other countries and food categories; the impact of such a large-scale reformulation on dietary intake and health remains to be investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Gilles de la Tourette and the discovery of Tourette syndrome. Includes a translation of his 1884 article

Lajonchere C, Nortz M, Finger S

Arch. Neurol., 1996 Jun;53(6):567-74.
PMID: 8660160

In 1885, Gilles de la Tourette described 9 patients who suffered from a disorder characterized by involuntary movements, echolalia, echopraxia, coprolalia, and strange, uncontrollable sounds. In his article, Gilles de la Tourette presented some earlier descriptions of this disorder. To appreciate what first led Gilles de la Tourette to Tourette syndrome, however, it is necessary to turn to an article that he published a year earlier. In his 1884 article, Gilles de la Tourette cited several movement disorders that he thought were similar to each other, yet different from true chorea. After describing these disorders, namely, "jumping" of Maine, latah of Malaysia, and miryachit of Siberia, he briefly mentioned a boy in Charcot's ward in Paris, France, who seemed to exhibit the same condition. In an addendum, he then said that other cases were now surfacing in Paris and that he would write an additional article describing these individuals. To achieve a more thorough understanding of the events that led Gilles de la Tourette to his 1885 description of the disorder that now bears his name, we herein present an English-language translation of his 1884 article along with a commentary.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext Some international perspectives on legislation for the management of human-induced safety risks

Niemand A, Jordaan AJ, Minnaar H

Jamba, 2016;8(2):170.
PMID: 29955305 DOI: 10.4102/jamba.v8i2.170

Legislation that governs the health and safety of communities near major-hazard installations in South Africa is largely based on existing legislation that had been developed in the United Kingdom and other European Union countries. The latter was developed as a consequence of several major human-induced technological disasters in Europe. The history of the evolution of health-and-safety legislation for the protection of vulnerable communities in European Union (EU) countries, France, Malaysia and the USA is explored through a literature survey. A concise comparison is drawn between EU countries, the USA and South Africa to obtain an exploratory view of whether current South-African legislation represents an optimum model for the protection of the health-and-safety of workers and communities near major-hazard installations. The authors come to the conclusion that South-African legislation needs revision as was done in the UK in 2011. Specific areas in the legislation that need revision are an overlap between occupational health and safety and environmental legislation, appropriate land-use planning for the protection of communities near major-hazard installations, the inclusion of vulnerability studies and the refinement of appropriate decision-making instruments such as risk assessment. This article is the first in a series that forms part of a broader study aimed at the development of an optimised model for the regulatory management of human-induced health and safety risks associated with hazardous installations in South Africa.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Eating According to One's Genes? Exploring the French Public's Understanding of and Reactions to Personalized Nutrition

Fournier T, Poulain JP

Qual Health Res, 2018 Dec;28(14):2195-2207.
PMID: 30132729 DOI: 10.1177/1049732318793417

In this article, we analyze qualitatively the understanding of and reactions to personalized nutrition (PN) among the French public. Focus groups were conducted to identify the opinions and discourses about two applications of knowledge from nutritional (epi)genomics: a biotechnology (nutrigenetic testing) and a public awareness campaign (the "first thousand days of life" initiative). Our objective was to understand to what extent PN could lead to changes in eating practices as well as in the representations of food-health relationships within France, a country characterized by a strong commitment to commensality and a certain "nutritional relativism." Although discourses on nutritional genomics testify to a resistance to food medicalization, nutritional epigenomics appears as more performative because it introduces the question of transgenerational transmission, thus parental responsibility.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Total vulnerability of the littoral zone to climate change-driven natural hazards in north Brittany, France

Mathew MJ, Sautter B, Ariffin EH, Menier D, Ramkumar M, Siddiqui NA, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2020 Mar 01;706:135963.
PMID: 31862602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135963

Current worldwide projections of sea-level rise show a staggering increase in water level of up to 2 m by 2100 owing to global warming exacerbated by anthropogenically induced climate change. While amplified rates of sea-level rise is an immense hazard to coastal communities, storm surges are expected to increase in intensity and frequency making it an equally significant threat to coastal populations. In France, these hazards are not uncommon with records of extreme tempests every thousand years in the Holocene. Despite these recurring devastating events, in the Bay of Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, legislated laws for coastal management do not entirely focus on protecting littoral zones from such calamities. 130,739 people are concentrated in 21 municipalities with major cities located at close proximity to the shoreline with numerous socio-economic activities, which increases the vulnerability of the coastal population and infrastructures; thus, affirming the indispensable need of a thorough vulnerability assessment. Here, we conduct a mechanistic appraisal of the vulnerability of the bay considering thirteen parameters within three governing sub-systems that demonstrate the multidimensional dynamics in these municipalities. In the occasion of an extreme climatic event, our results of total vulnerability show risks in the sub-systems highlighting erosional processes due to augmented hydrodynamics, socio-economic and administrative vulnerabilities associated with anthropogenic development. Eight municipalities of the bay portray moderate to very high vulnerability and the remaining exhibits a lower risk; however, not devoid of high vulnerabilities for certain sub-systems. We posit that a more accurate fit for predicting the total vulnerability of the region can be achieved by exclusively integrating physical-natural and administrative sub-system vulnerabilities. We propose generic but requisite recommendations for Integrated Coastal Zone Management such as surveillance of urban development along the coast, implementation of coastal defense systems and appropriate industrial corridors to attenuate and dispose hazardous refuse.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext Effects of four extenders on the quality of frozen semen in Arabian stallions

Alamaary MS, Haron AW, Ali M, Hiew MWH, Adamu L, Peter ID

Vet World, 2019 Jan;12(1):34-40.
PMID: 30936651 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.34-40

Aim: Different types of extenders have a variety of components which show the tolerance effect on sperm protection during freezing procedures. In the present study, we have examined the impact of the extenders HF-20 and Tris, which were locally manufactured, and they are competing with commercial extenders INRA Freeze® (IMV Technologies, France) and EquiPlus Freeze® (Minitube, Germany) on the quality of horses frozen semen.
Materials and Methods: A total of 15 ejaculates from three healthy stallions were collected and cryopreserved in the same environment. Each semen sample collected was divided into four equal parts and processed. All samples were analyzed before and after freezing for motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and morphology. Furthermore, twenty mares were inseminated using post-thawed semen.
Results: There were no differences observed among all extenders in all the parameters before freezing. Sperm cryopreserved using HF-20 showed better motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity than Tris extender. The Tris extender showed the most inferior quality of post-thawed semen between all the extenders. HF-20, INRA Freeze®, and EquiPlus Freeze® extenders revealed the same capacity of semen preservation in vitro and in vivo.
Conclusion: HF-20 extender has the same quality as INRA Freeze® and EquiPlus Freeze® that can be considered as one of the best extenders for the semen cryopreservation in horses. In contrast, Tris extender needs some degree of improvement.

Matched MeSH terms: France
How energy insecurity leads to energy poverty? Do environmental consideration and climate change concerns matters

Ehsanullah S, Tran QH, Sadiq M, Bashir S, Mohsin M, Iram R

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Oct;28(39):55041-55052.
PMID: 34125387 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14415-2

The aim of the study is to estimate the nexus between energy insecurity and energy poverty with the role of climate change and other environmental concerns. We used DEA like WP methods and properties of MCDA, a most common form of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate the nexus between constructs. This paper presents a measurement and analysis of G7 countries' energy, economic, social, and environmental performance associated with energy poverty indexes. The study used the multiple, comprehensive, and relevant set of indicators, including energy economics and environmental consideration of energy poverty. The net energy consumption of al G7 economies is equal to 34 percent of the entire world along with the net estimate GDP score of around 50 percent. Using DEA modelling and estimation technique, our research presented valuable insights for readers, theorists and policy makers on energy, environment, energy poverty and climate change mitigation. For this reasons, all these indicators combined in a mathematical composite indicator to measure energy, economic, social, and environmental performance index (EPI). Results show that Canada has the highest EPII score, which shows that Canada's capacity to deal with energy self-sufficiency, economic development, and environmental performance is greater than the other G7 countries. France and Italy rank second and third. Japan comes next with 0.50 EPI scores, while the USA has the lowest average EPI score environment vulnerable even though have higher economic development among the G7 group countries. We suggest a policy framework to strengthen the subject matter of the study.

Matched MeSH terms: France
SARS: current overview, aetiology and epidemiology

Cavaljuga S, Faulde M, Scharninghausen JJ

Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 2003 May;3(2):46-55.
PMID: 16223373

At this moment, public health authorities, physicians and scientists around the world are struggling to cope with a severe and rapidly spreading new disease in humans called severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) this appears to be the first severe and easily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century. Though much about the disease remains poorly understood, including the details of the causative virus, we do know that it has features that allow it to spread rapidly along international air travel routes. As of 10 May 2003, a cumulative 7296 probable SARS cases with 526 deaths have been reported from 30 countries on three continents (WHO, ProMED). In the past week, more than 1000 new probable cases and 96 deaths were reported globally. This represents an increase of 119 new cases and 8 new deaths compared with 9 May 2003 (China (85), Taiwan (23), and Hong Kong (7) represented the overwhelming majority, with one additional case each reported from France, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States). Only in China, as of 10 May 2003 (WHO) total of 4884 with 235 deaths have been reported. Some outbreaks have reassuring features.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext Covid-19: the next steps for the world

Malay Kanti Mridha

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021;15(1):1-4.
MyJurnal

Since December 2019, COVID-19 is impacting the health, economy, education, and well-being of every country in the world. The total number of reported COVID-19 cases will soon surpass 100 million and the death toll will be more than 20 million. At this moment, the top 10 countries with the most reported number of cases currently are the USA, India, Brazil. Russia, UK, France, Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Germany. These countries altogether represent 31.7% of the world’s population. However, they reported 65.5% of the total COVID-19 cases and 58.9% of total deaths. For containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, Malaysia was one of the most successful countries in the world. However, since September 2020, the situation in Malaysia started changing, and at this moment Malaysia is reporting more than 2,500 new cases per day. During the past year, all the countries in the world acted fast and took different initiatives to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, find effective drugs that can improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19, and invent vaccines that can give immune protection. The first vaccine that was approved was invented by Pfizer/BioNTech and in December 2020, within one year of the beginning of the pandemic, the UK was the first country to start mass vaccination. As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2021, more than 50 COVID-19 vaccines were in different phases of clinical trial and five vaccines received certain national regulatory approval for mass vaccination. However, given all these developments the COVID-19 pandemic is still making a devastating impact on the whole world and the pandemic is not going to over soon. Therefore, we need to discuss what we can do now to deal with the pandemic and ensure the health and wellbeing of the citizens of the world.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext A catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by the yeast Kodamaea ohmeri

Ding, C.H., Tzar M.N., Biswas S., Muttaqillah N.A.S., Wahab A.A.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(2):135-138.
MyJurnal

Catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by Kodamaea ohmeri are generally not considered due to the relative scarcity of reported cases. This is a case of an 85-year-old man with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus who was initially admitted to our hospital for diabetic ketoacidosis. An internal jugular catheter was inserted as part of the initial management. A week later the patient developed a temperature spike and a yeast identified as Kodamaea ohmeri by ID 32 C (bioMérieux, France) was isolated from both his central and peripheral blood cultures. The catheter was removed and the patient was treated with fluconazole despite the organism’s relatively high minimum inhibitory concentration (2 μg/mL) to this antifungal. The fungemia resolved following a 2-weeks course of fluconazole.

Matched MeSH terms: France
Fulltext True mechanical behaviour and the associated structure morphology of Poly(Lactid Acid) polymer in strain induced crystallisation by in-situ time resolved x-ray diffraction and scattering technique

Muhammad Rawi Mohamed Zin, Mahendrasingam, Arumugam, Konkel, Chris, Narayanan, Theyencheri

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2011;23(2):53-59.
MyJurnal

Changes in molecular structure configuration during strain induced crystallisation of an amorphous Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA 4032D) polymer was monitored in-situ by simultaneously recording the wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns together with polymer deformation images and force data. The amorphous chain orientation from the beginning of deformation until the onset of crystallisation was studied from the WAXS patterns. The true mechanical behaviour described by the true stress-true strain curve related to an amorphous chain orientation exhibited a linear behaviour. Approaching critical amorphous orientation, the true stress-true strain curve deviated from linear into non-linear behaviour. After the onset of crystallization, when the deformed polymer became a semicrystalline state, the true mechanical behaviour exhibited true strain hardening which greatly affected by the formation of the morphology. The gradual true strain hardening was associated with the formation of micro-fibrillar structure containing thin crystallite morphology whilst sharp increased in true strain hardening was associated with the formation of stacked lamellar morphology in the form of macro-lattice structure. The study was accomplished by the application of high brilliance synchrotron radiation at beamline ID2 of ESRF, Grenoble in France and the usage of the high contrast resolution of WAXS and SAXS charge-couple device (CCD) camera as well as 40 milliseconds temporal resolution of data acquisition system.

Matched MeSH terms: France

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