Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 37 in total

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  1. [Progress in the epidemiologic study of Nipah viral encephalitis]
    Lu XF, Wang ZG, Wang BY
    Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 2004 Jun;25(6):541-3.
    PMID: 15231143
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  2. Development of Molecular Diagnosis by PCR for the Detection of Infection and Gene Expression for Nipah Virus (NiV)
    Pasha F, Alatawi A, Amir M, Faridi U
    Pak J Biol Sci, 2020 Jan;23(8):1086-1095.
    PMID: 32700860 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1086.1095
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The epidemiology of Nipah virus (NiV) was shortly seen in many Asian countries like Malaysia, Bangladesh and India most recently. Nipah virus also synonym as bat born virus is transmitted primarily by fruit bats. The 2 different strains transmitted are Hendra (highly pathogenic) and Cedar (non-pathogenic). The present study was attempt to develop recombinant protein based reagents for molecular diagnosis of Nipah.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The different primer sets were developed using bioinformatics software DNASTAR. The E. coli cells were used for recombinant protein expression.

    RESULTS: The NiV 'G' region primers were designed and amplified for 1 kb fragment and cloned. The NiV 'G' fragments were sub-cloned in pET-28(+) B and pGEX-5x-1. Recombinant protein thus obtained in soluble form in both the cases was essayed using western blot. The result showed the protein expression yield was more in pET-28(+) B with low stability and vice versa for pGEX-5x-1.

    CONCLUSION: The antibodies raised from the protein can be used as diagnostic reagent for detection of NiV. Thus, a new diagnostic technique can be industrialized.

    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  3. Feral cats and risk for Nipah virus transmission
    Epstein JH, Abdul Rahman S, Zambriski JA, Halpin K, Meehan G, Jamaluddin AA, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2006 Jul;12(7):1178-9.
    PMID: 16848051
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  4. Fulltext Subclinical infection without encephalitis in mice following intranasal exposure to Nipah virus-Malaysia and Nipah virus-Bangladesh
    Dups J, Middleton D, Long F, Arkinstall R, Marsh GA, Wang LF
    Virol J, 2014;11:102.
    PMID: 24890603 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-11-102
    Nipah virus and Hendra virus are closely related and following natural or experimental exposure induce similar clinical disease. In humans, encephalitis is the most serious outcome of infection and, hitherto, research into the pathogenesis of henipavirus encephalitis has been limited by the lack of a suitable model. Recently we reported a wild-type mouse model of Hendra virus (HeV) encephalitis that should facilitate detailed investigations of its neuropathogenesis, including mechanisms of disease recrudescence. In this study we investigated the possibility of developing a similar model of Nipah virus encephalitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  5. Fulltext Evidence for Nipah virus recrudescence and serological patterns of captive Pteropus vampyrus
    Sohayati AR, Hassan L, Sharifah SH, Lazarus K, Zaini CM, Epstein JH, et al.
    Epidemiol Infect, 2011 Oct;139(10):1570-9.
    PMID: 21524339 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811000550
    This study aimed to describe the transmission dynamics, the serological and virus excretion patterns of Nipah virus (NiV) in Pteropus vampyrus bats. Bats in captivity were sampled every 7-21 days over a 1-year period. The data revealed five NiV serological patterns categorized as high and low positives, waning, decreasing and increasing, and negative in these individuals. The findings strongly suggest that NiV circulates in wild bat populations and that antibody could be maintained for long periods. The study also found that pup and juvenile bats from seropositive dams tested seropositive, indicating that maternal antibodies against NiV are transmitted passively, and in this study population may last up to 14 months. NiV was isolated from the urine of one bat, and within a few weeks, two other seronegative bats seroconverted. Based on the temporal cluster of seroconversion, we strongly believe that the NiV isolated was recrudesced and then transmitted horizontally between bats during the study period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  6. Direct recovery of recombinant nucleocapsid protein of Nipah virus from unclarified Escherichia coli homogenate using hydrophobic interaction expanded bed adsorption chromatography
    Chong FC, Tan WS, Biak DR, Ling TC, Tey BT
    J Chromatogr A, 2010 Feb 19;1217(8):1293-7.
    PMID: 20044094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.039
    A direct recovery of recombinant nucleocapsid protein of Nipah virus (NCp-NiV) from crude Escherichia coli (E. coli) homogenate was developed successfully using a hydrophobic interaction expanded bed adsorption chromatography (HI-EBAC). The nucleic acids co-released with the recombinant protein have increased the viscosity of the E. coli homogenate, thus affected the axial mixing in the EBAC column. Hence, DNase was added to reduce the viscosity of feedstock prior to its loading into the EBAC column packed with the hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) adsorbent. The addition of glycerol to the washing buffer has reduced the volume of washing buffer applied, and thus reduced the loss of the NCp-NiV during the washing stage. The influences of flow velocity, degree of bed expansion and viscosity of mobile phase on the adsorption efficiency of HI-EBAC were studied. The dynamic binding capacity at 10% breakthrough of 3.2mg/g adsorbent was achieved at a linear flow velocity of 178 cm/h, bed expansion of two and feedstock viscosity of 3.4 mPas. The adsorbed NCp-NiV was eluted with the buffer containing a step gradient of salt concentration. The purification of hydrophobic NCp-NiV using the HI-EBAC column has recovered 80% of NCp-NiV from unclarified E. coli homogenate with a purification factor of 12.5.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  7. Fulltext Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia
    Looi LM, Chua KB
    Malays J Pathol, 2007 Dec;29(2):63-7.
    PMID: 19108397 MyJurnal
    The Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia (September 1998 to May 1999) resulted in 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths, and near collapse of the billion-dollar pig-farming industry. Because it was initially attributed to Japanese encephalitis, early control measures were ineffective, and the outbreak spread to other parts of Malaysia and nearby Singapore. The isolation of the novel aetiological agent, the Nipah virus (NiV), from the cerebrospinal fluid of an outbreak victim was the turning point which led to outbreak control 2 months later. Together with the Hendra virus, NiV is now recognised as a new genus, Henipavirus (Hendra + Nipah), in the Paramyxoviridae family. Efforts of the local and international scientific community have since elucidated the epidemiology, clinico-pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this new disease. Humans contracted the infection from close contact with infected pigs, and formed the basis for pig-culling that eventually stopped the outbreak. NiV targeted medium-sized and small blood vessels resulting in endothelial multinucleated syncytia and fibrinoid necrosis. Autopsies revealed disseminated cerebral microinfarctions resulting from vasculitis-induced thrombosis and direct neuronal involvement. The discovery of NiV in the urine and saliva of Malaysian Island flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus and Petropus vampyrus) implicated these as natural reservoir hosts of NiV. It is probable that initial transmission of NiV from bats to pigs occurred in late 1997/early 1998 through contamination of pig swill by bat excretions, as a result of migration of these forest fruitbats to cultivated orchards and pig-farms, driven by fruiting failure of forest trees during the El Nino-related drought and anthropogenic fires in Indonesia in 1997-1998. This outbreak emphasizes the need for sharing information of any unusual illnesses in animals and humans, an open-minded approach and close collaboration and co-ordination between the medical profession, veterinarians and wildlife specialists in the investigation of such illnesses. Environmental mismanagement (such as deforestation and haze) has far-reaching effects, including encroachment of wildlife into human habitats and the introduction of zoonotic infections into domestic animals and humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification
  8. Fulltext Role of electron microscopy in Nipah virus outbreak investigation and control
    Chua KB, Wong EM, Cropp BC, Hyatt AD
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):139-42.
    PMID: 18705447 MyJurnal
    In 1998, a novel paramyxovirus (order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, genus Henipavirus) emerged in peninsular Malaysia causing fatal encephalitis in humans and severe respiratory illness with encephalitis in pigs. The virus was successfully isolated in cultured mammalian cells. Transmission electron microscopy of infected tissue culture cells played a crucial role in the early preliminary identification of the causative agent of the outbreak. This in turn was pivotal to determine the correct direction of control measures that subsequently brought the epidemic under control. In light of this investigation, and indeed identification of infectious agents associated with other disease episodes, electron microscopy will remain an important frontline method for rapid diagnostic virology and investigation of any future outbreak of new and unusual cases of illness suspected of an infectious aetiology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  9. The emergence of Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus
    Lo MK, Rota PA
    J Clin Virol, 2008 Dec;43(4):396-400.
    PMID: 18835214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.007
    Nipah virus first emerged in Malaysia and Singapore between 1998 and 1999, causing severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a mortality rate of close to 40%. In addition, a significant portion of those recovering from acute infection had relapse encephalitis and long-term neurological defects. Since its initial outbreak, there have been numerous outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, in which the mortality rate rose to approximately 70%. These subsequent outbreaks were distinct from the initial outbreak, both in their epidemiology and in their clinical presentations. Recent developments in diagnostics may expedite disease diagnosis and outbreak containment, while progress in understanding the molecular biology of Nipah virus could lead to novel therapeutics and vaccines for this deadly pathogen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  10. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of Nipah virus in Pteropus lylei bats in Thailand: evidence for seasonal preference in disease transmission
    Wacharapluesadee S, Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Ratanasetyuth N, Supavonwong P, Saengsen D, et al.
    Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2010 Mar;10(2):183-90.
    PMID: 19402762 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0105
    After 12 serial Nipah virus outbreaks in humans since 1998, it has been noted that all except the initial event in Malaysia occurred during the first 5 months of the year. Increasingly higher morbidity and mortality have been observed in subsequent outbreaks in India and Bangladesh. This may have been related to different virus strains and transmission capability from bat to human without the need for an amplifying host and direct human-to-human transmission. A survey of virus strains in Pteropus lylei and seasonal preference for spillover of these viruses was completed in seven provinces of Central Thailand between May 2005 and June 2007. Nipah virus RNA sequences, which belonged to those of the Malaysian and Bangladesh strains, were detected in the urine of these bats, with the Bangladesh strain being dominant. Highest recovery of Nipah virus RNA was observed in May. Of two provincial sites where monthly surveys were done, the Bangladesh strain was almost exclusively detected during April to June. The Malaysian strain was found dispersed during December to June. Although direct contact during breeding (in December to April) was believed to be an important transmission factor, our results may not entirely support the role of breeding activities in spillage of virus. Greater virus shedding over extended periods in the case of the Malaysian strain and the highest peak of virus detection in May in the case of the Bangladesh strain when offspring started to separate may suggest that there may be responsible mechanisms other than direct contact during breeding in the same roost. Knowledge of seasonal preferences of Nipah virus shedding in P. lylei will help us to better understand the dynamics of Nipah virus transmission and have implications for disease management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  11. Nipah virus: transmission of a zoonotic paramyxovirus
    Clayton BA
    Curr Opin Virol, 2017 Feb;22:97-104.
    PMID: 28088124 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.003
    Nipah virus is a recently-recognised, zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe disease and high fatality rates in people. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh, and a putative Nipah virus was also recently associated with human disease in the Philippines. Worryingly, human-to-human transmission is common in Bangladesh, where outbreaks occur with near-annual frequency. Onward human transmission of Nipah virus in Bangladesh is associated with close contact with clinically-unwell patients or their infectious secretions. While Nipah virus isolates associated with outbreaks of human infection have not resulted in sustained transmission to date, specific exposures carry a high risk of person-to-person transmission, an observation which is supported by recent findings in animal models. Novel paramyxoviruses continue to emerge from wildlife hosts, and represent an ongoing threat to human health globally.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  12. Fulltext The Main Risk Factors of Nipah Disease and Its Risk Analysis in China
    Yu J, Lv X, Yang Z, Gao S, Li C, Cai Y, et al.
    Viruses, 2018 10 19;10(10).
    PMID: 30347642 DOI: 10.3390/v10100572
    Nipah disease is a highly fatal zoonosis which is caused by the Nipah virus. The Nipah virus is a BSL-4 virus with fruit bats being its natural host. It is mainly prevalent in Southeast Asia. The virus was first discovered in 1997 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Currently, it is mainly harmful to pigs and humans with a high mortality rate. This study describes the route of transmission of the Nipah virus in different countries and analyzes the possibility of the primary disease being in China and the method of its transmission to China. The risk factors are analyzed for different susceptible populations to Nipah disease. The aim is to improve people's risk awareness and prevention and control of the disease and reduce its risk of occurring and spreading in China.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  13. Seroprevalence of Nipah Virus Infection in Peninsular Malaysia
    Yong MY, Lee SC, Ngui R, Lim YA, Phipps ME, Chang LY
    J Infect Dis, 2020 05 11;221(Suppl 4):S370-S374.
    PMID: 32392323 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa085
    Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak occurred in Malaysia in 1998. The natural host reservoir for NiV is Pteropus bats, which are commonly found throughout Malaysia. Humans become infected when NiV spills over from the reservoir species. In this study, NiV serosurveillance in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly among the indigenous population, was performed. The collected samples were tested for presence of NiV antibodies using a comparative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the recombinant NiV nucleocapsid (rNiV-N) protein. We found that 10.73% of the participants recruited in this study had antibodies against rNiV-N, suggesting possible exposure to NiV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  14. Specific detection of Nipah virus using real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan)
    Guillaume V, Lefeuvre A, Faure C, Marianneau P, Buckland R, Lam SK, et al.
    J Virol Methods, 2004 Sep 15;120(2):229-37.
    PMID: 15288966
    Nipah and Hendra viruses belong to the novel Henipavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Its zoonotic circulation in bats and recent emergence in Malaysia with fatal consequences for humans that were in close contact with infected pigs, has made the reinforcement of epidemiological and clinical surveillance systems a priority. In this study, TaqMan RT-PCR of the Nipah nucleoprotein has been developed so that Nipah virus RNA in field specimens or laboratory material can be characterized rapidly and specifically and quantitated. The linearity of the standard curve allowed quantification of 10(3) to 10(9) RNA transcripts. The sensitivity of the test was close to 1 pfu. The kinetics of Nipah virus production in Vero cells was monitored by the determination of infectious virus particles in the supernatant fluid and by quantitation of the viral RNA. Approximately, 1000 RNA molecules were detected per virion, suggesting the presence of many non-infectious particles, similar to other RNA viruses. TaqMan real-time RT-PCR failed to detect Hendra virus DNA. Importantly, the method was able to detect virus despite a similar ratio in viremic sera from hamsters infected with Nipah virus. This standardized technique is sensitive and reliable and allows rapid detection and quantitation of Nipah RNA in both field and experimental materials used for the surveillance and specific diagnosis of Nipah virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  15. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs
    AbuBakar S, Chang LY, Ali AR, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2004 Dec;10(12):2228-30.
    PMID: 15663869
    Nipah viruses from pigs from a Malaysian 1998 outbreak were isolated and sequenced. At least two different Nipah virus strains, including a previously unreported strain, were identified. The findings highlight the possibility that the Malaysia outbreaks had two origins of Nipah virus infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  16. The pandemic potential of Nipah virus
    Luby SP
    Antiviral Res, 2013 Oct;100(1):38-43.
    PMID: 23911335 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.011
    Nipah virus, a paramyxovirus whose wildlife reservoir is Pteropus bats, was first discovered in a large outbreak of acute encephalitis in Malaysia in 1998 among persons who had contact with sick pigs. Apparently, one or more pigs was infected from bats, and the virus then spread efficiently from pig to pig, then from pigs to people. Nipah virus outbreaks have been recognized nearly every year in Bangladesh since 2001 and occasionally in neighboring India. Outbreaks in Bangladesh and India have been characterized by frequent person-to-person transmission and the death of over 70% of infected people. Characteristics of Nipah virus that increase its risk of becoming a global pandemic include: humans are already susceptible; many strains are capable of limited person-to-person transmission; as an RNA virus, it has an exceptionally high rate of mutation: and that if a human-adapted strain were to infect communities in South Asia, high population densities and global interconnectedness would rapidly spread the infection. Appropriate steps to estimate and manage this risk include studies to explore the molecular and genetic basis of respiratory transmission of henipaviruses, improved surveillance for human infections, support from high-income countries to reduce the risk of person-to-person transmission of infectious agents in low-income health care settings, and consideration of vaccination in communities at ongoing risk of exposure to the secretions and excretions of Pteropus bats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  17. Fulltext Comparison of the pathogenicity of Nipah virus isolates from Bangladesh and Malaysia in the Syrian hamster
    DeBuysscher BL, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Scott D, Feldmann H, Prescott J
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013;7(1):e2024.
    PMID: 23342177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002024
    Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well described. The first Nipah virus outbreak occurred in Malaysia, where human disease had a strong neurological component. Subsequent outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India and transmission and disease processes in these outbreaks appear to be different from those of the Malaysian outbreak. Until this point, virtually all Nipah virus studies in vitro and in vivo, including vaccine and pathogenesis studies, have utilized a virus isolate from the original Malaysian outbreak (NiV-M). To investigate potential differences between NiV-M and a Nipah virus isolate from Bangladesh (NiV-B), we compared NiV-M and NiV-B infection in vitro and in vivo. In hamster kidney cells, NiV-M-infection resulted in extensive syncytia formation and cytopathic effects, whereas NiV-B-infection resulted in little to no morphological changes. In vivo, NiV-M-infected Syrian hamsters had accelerated virus replication, pathology and death when compared to NiV-B-infected animals. NiV-M infection also resulted in the activation of host immune response genes at an earlier time point. Pathogenicity was not only a result of direct effects of virus replication, but likely also had an immunopathogenic component. The differences observed between NiV-M and NiV-B pathogeneis in hamsters may relate to differences observed in human cases. Characterization of the hamster model for NiV-B infection allows for further research of the strain of Nipah virus responsible for the more recent outbreaks in humans. This model can be used to study NiV-B pathogenesis, transmission, and countermeasures that could be used to control outbreaks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  18. Fulltext Evidence of exposure to henipaviruses in domestic pigs in Uganda
    Atherstone C, Diederich S, Weingartl HM, Fischer K, Balkema-Buschmann A, Grace D, et al.
    Transbound Emerg Dis, 2019 Mar;66(2):921-928.
    PMID: 30576076 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13105
    Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), belonging to the genus Henipavirus, are among the most pathogenic of viruses in humans. Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae) are the natural reservoir hosts. Molecular and serological studies found evidence of henipavirus infection in fruit bats from several African countries. However, little is known about the potential for spillover into domestic animals in East Africa, particularly pigs, which served as amplifying hosts during the first outbreak of NiV in Malaysia and Singapore. We collected sera from 661 pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda between December 2015 and October 2016. Using HeV G and NiV G indirect ELISAs, 14 pigs (2%) were seroreactive in at least one ELISA. Seroprevalence increased to 5.4% in October 2016, when pigs were 9.5 times more likely to be seroreactive than pigs sampled in December 2015 (p = 0.04). Eight of the 14 ELISA-positive samples reacted with HeV N antigen in Western blot. None of the sera neutralized HeV or NiV in plaque reduction neutralization tests. Although we did not detect neutralizing antibodies, our results suggest that pigs in Uganda are exposed to henipaviruses or henipa-like viruses. Pigs in this study were sourced from many farms throughout Uganda, suggesting multiple (albeit rare) introductions of henipaviruses into the pig population. We postulate that given the widespread distribution of Old World fruit bats in Africa, spillover of henipaviruses from fruit bats to pigs in Uganda could result in exposure of pigs at multiple locations. A higher risk of a spillover event at the end of the dry season might be explained by higher densities of bats and contact with pigs at this time of the year, exacerbated by nutritional stress in bat populations and their reproductive cycle. Future studies should prioritize determining the risk of spillover of henipaviruses from pigs to people, so that potential risks can be mitigated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification*
  19. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against formalin-inactivated Nipah virus isolated from the lungs of a pig
    Imada T, Abdul Rahman MA, Kashiwazaki Y, Tanimura N, Syed Hassan S, Jamaluddin A
    J Vet Med Sci, 2004 Jan;66(1):81-3.
    PMID: 14960818
    Eight clones of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to Nipah virus (NV) were produced against formalin-inactivated NV antigens. They reacted positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and one of them also demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. They were classified into six different types based on their biological properties. These Mabs will be useful for immunodiagnosis of NV infections in animals and further research studies involving the genomes and proteins of NV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification
  20. Fulltext Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral Proteins of Nipah Virus
    Sun B, Jia L, Liang B, Chen Q, Liu D
    Virol Sin, 2018 Oct;33(5):385-393.
    PMID: 30311101 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0050-1
    Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus, is classified as a Biosafety Level-4 pathogen based on its high pathogenicity in humans and the lack of available vaccines or therapeutics. Since its initial emergence in 1998 in Malaysia, this virus has become a great threat to domestic animals and humans. Sporadic outbreaks and person-to-person transmission over the past two decades have resulted in hundreds of human fatalities. Epidemiological surveys have shown that NiV is distributed in Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific Ocean, and is transmitted by its natural reservoir, Pteropid bats. Numerous efforts have been made to analyze viral protein function and structure to develop feasible strategies for drug design. Increasing surveillance and preventative measures for the viral infectious disease are urgently needed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/isolation & purification
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