Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 35 in total

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  1. Fulltext Interaction between Flavivirus and Cytoskeleton during Virus Replication
    Foo KY, Chee HY
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:427814.
    PMID: 26347881 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427814
    Flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. Flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. Cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. The interactions between the virus and host cytoskeletons such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments have provided insight into molecular alterations during the virus infection, such as viral entry, in-cell transport, scaffold assembly, and egress. This review article focuses on the utilization of cytoskeleton by Flavivirus and the respective functions during virus replication.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization*
  2. Fulltext Host Lipid Rafts Play a Major Role in Binding and Endocytosis of Influenza A Virus
    Verma DK, Gupta D, Lal SK
    Viruses, 2018 11 18;10(11).
    PMID: 30453689 DOI: 10.3390/v10110650
    Influenza still remains one of the most challenging diseases, posing a significant threat to public health. Host lipid rafts play a critical role in influenza A virus (IAV) assembly and budding, however, their role in polyvalent IAV host binding and endocytosis had remained elusive until now. In the present study, we observed co-localization of IAV with a lipid raft marker ganglioside, GM1, on the host surface. Further, we isolated the lipid raft micro-domains from IAV infected cells and detected IAV protein in the raft fraction. Finally, raft disruption using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin revealed significant reduction in IAV host binding, suggesting utilization of host rafts for polyvalent binding on the host cell surface. In addition to this, cyclodextrin mediated inhibition of raft-dependent endocytosis showed significantly reduced IAV internalization. Interestingly, exposure of cells to cyclodextrin two hours post-IAV binding showed no such reduction in IAV entry, indicating use of raft-dependent endocytosis for host entry. In summary, this study demonstrates that host lipid rafts are selected by IAV as a host attachment factors for multivalent binding, and IAV utilizes these micro-domains to exploit raft-dependent endocytosis for host internalization, a virus entry route previously unknown for IAV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization*
  3. Fulltext Classical and alternative receptors for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic strategy
    Masre SF, Jufri NF, Ibrahim FW, Abdul Raub SH
    Rev Med Virol, 2021 09;31(5):1-9.
    PMID: 33368788 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2207
    Understanding the molecules that are essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry can provide insights into viral infection and dissemination. Recently, it has been identified from several studies that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 are the main entry molecules for the SARS-CoV-2, which produced the pandemic of Covid-19. However, additional evidence showed several other viral receptors and cellular proteases that are also important in facilitating viral entry and transmission in the target cells. In this review, we summarized the types of SARS-CoV-2 entry molecules and discussed their crucial roles for virus binding, protein priming and fusion to the cellular membrane important for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  4. Baicalein and baicalin as Zika virus inhibitors
    Oo A, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Bakar SA, Zandi K
    Arch Virol, 2019 Feb;164(2):585-593.
    PMID: 30392049 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4083-4
    At present, there is no effective antiviral agent for Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus that is known for its teratogenic effects on newborns. Baicalein and baicalin were found to be capable of downregulating ZIKV replication up to 10 hours postinfection, while prophylactic effects were evident in pre-treated cells. Baicalein exhibited its highest potency during intracellular ZIKV replication, whereas baicalin was most effective against virus entry. Our in silico interaction assays predicted that both compounds exhibited the strongest binding affinities towards ZIKV NS5, while the virus envelope glycoprotein was the least likely target protein. These findings serve as a crucial platform for further in-depth studies to decipher the underlying anti-ZIKV mechanism(s) of each compound.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  5. Transient expression of an immunogenic envelope attachment glycoprotein of nipah virus in nicotiana benthamiana
    Rofina Yasmin Othman, Jennifer Ann Harikrishna, Gan KS, Tan CS
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:499-509.
    The Nipah virus is highly virulent to swine and humans. The envelope attachment glycoprotein (G) of Nipah virus
    plays a key role in viral entry and induction of neutralizing antibody in mammalian hosts, thus is considered a good
    candidate for vaccine development. Plant transient expression systems are gaining recognition as a viable alternative
    for the production of vaccine antigens. In this study, we expressed the Nipah virus G protein heterologously in Nicotiana
    benthamiana using an agroinfiltration approach. The highest expression of recombinant G protein in N. benthamiana at
    RNA and protein levels was detected on day 9 post-infiltration. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the purified G
    protein reacted specifically with rabbit anti-Nipah Virus serum, indicating its potential for vaccine use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  6. Inhibitory effect of doxycycline against dengue virus replication in vitro
    Rothan HA, Mohamed Z, Paydar M, Rahman NA, Yusof R
    Arch Virol, 2014 Apr;159(4):711-8.
    PMID: 24142271 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1880-7
    Doxycycline is an antibiotic derived from tetracycline that possesses antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Antiviral activity of doxycycline against dengue virus has been reported previously; however, its anti-dengue properties need further investigation. This study was conducted to determine the potential activity of doxycycline against dengue virus replication in vitro. Doxycycline inhibited the dengue virus serine protease (DENV2 NS2B-NS3pro) with an IC50 value of 52.3 ± 6.2 μM at 37 °C (normal human temperature) and 26.7 ± 5.3 μM at 40 °C (high fever temperature). The antiviral activity of doxycycline was first tested at different concentrations against DENV2 using a plaque-formation assay. The virus titter decreased significantly after applying doxycycline at levels lower than its 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50, 100 μM), showing concentration-dependent inhibition with a 50 % effective concentration (EC50) of approximately 50 μM. Doxycycline significantly inhibited viral entry and post-infection replication of the four dengue serotypes, with serotype-specific inhibition (high activity against DENV2 and DENV4 compared to DENV1 and DENV3). Collectively, these findings underline the need for further experimental and clinical studies on doxycycline, utilizing its anti-dengue and anti-inflammatory activities to attenuate the clinical symptoms of dengue virus infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects*
  7. Fulltext Antivirals blocking entry of enteroviruses and therapeutic potential
    Anasir MI, Zarif F, Poh CL
    J Biomed Sci, 2021 Jan 15;28(1):10.
    PMID: 33451326 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00708-8
    Viruses from the genus Enterovirus (EV) of the Picornaviridae family are known to cause diseases such as hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), respiratory diseases, encephalitis and myocarditis. The capsid of EV is an attractive target for the development of direct-acting small molecules that can interfere with viral entry. Some of the capsid binders have been evaluated in clinical trials but the majority have failed due to insufficient efficacy or unacceptable off-target effects. Furthermore, most of the capsid binders exhibited a low barrier to resistance. Alternatively, host-targeting inhibitors such as peptides derived from the capsid of EV that can recognize cellular receptors have been identified. However, the majority of these peptides displayed low anti-EV potency (µM range) as compared to the potency of small molecule compounds (nM range). Nonetheless, the development of anti-EV peptides is warranted as they may complement the small-molecules in a drug combination strategy to treat EVs. Lastly, structure-based approach to design antiviral peptides should be utilized to unearth potent anti-EV peptides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects*
  8. Fulltext EGCG as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent: Preventive versus therapeutic potential against original and mutant virus
    Tsvetkov V, Varizhuk A, Kozlovskaya L, Shtro A, Lebedeva O, Komissarov A, et al.
    Biochimie, 2021 Dec;191:27-32.
    PMID: 34389380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.08.003
    In the search for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs, much attention is given to safe and widely available native compounds. The green tea component epigallocatechin 3 gallate (EGCG) is particularly promising because it reportedly inhibits viral replication and viral entry in vitro. However, conclusive evidence for its predominant activity is needed. We tested EGCG effects on the native virus isolated from COVID-19 patients in two independent series of experiments using VERO cells and two different treatment schemes in each series. The results confirmed modest cytotoxicity of EGCG and its substantial antiviral activity. The preincubation scheme aimed at infection prevention has proven particularly beneficial. We complemented that finding with a detailed investigation of EGCG interactions with viral S-protein subunits, including S2, RBD, and the RBD mutant harboring the N501Y mutation. Molecular modeling experiments revealed N501Y-specific stacking interactions in the RBD-ACE2 complex and provided insight into EGCG interference with the complex formation. Together, these findings provide a molecular basis for the observed EGCG effects and reinforce its prospects in COVID-19 prevention therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects
  9. Fulltext The antimicrobial polymer PHMB enters cells and selectively condenses bacterial chromosomes
    Chindera K, Mahato M, Kumar Sharma A, Horsley H, Kloc-Muniak K, Kamaruzzaman NF, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016;6:23121.
    PMID: 26996206 DOI: 10.1038/srep23121
    To combat infection and antimicrobial resistance, it is helpful to elucidate drug mechanism(s) of action. Here we examined how the widely used antimicrobial polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) kills bacteria selectively over host cells. Contrary to the accepted model of microbial membrane disruption by PHMB, we observed cell entry into a range of bacterial species, and treated bacteria displayed cell division arrest and chromosome condensation, suggesting DNA binding as an alternative antimicrobial mechanism. A DNA-level mechanism was confirmed by observations that PHMB formed nanoparticles when mixed with isolated bacterial chromosomal DNA and its effects on growth were suppressed by pairwise combination with the DNA binding ligand Hoechst 33258. PHMB also entered mammalian cells, but was trapped within endosomes and excluded from nuclei. Therefore, PHMB displays differential access to bacterial and mammalian cellular DNA and selectively binds and condenses bacterial chromosomes. Because acquired resistance to PHMB has not been reported, selective chromosome condensation provides an unanticipated paradigm for antimicrobial action that may not succumb to resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  10. Fulltext Human coronaviruses: ophthalmic manifestations
    Abdul-Kadir MA, Lim LT
    BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2020;5(1):e000630.
    PMID: 33195813 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000630
    The 2019 novel coronavirus which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) known as SARS-CoV-2 still remains as a global pandemic since its discovery and continues to spread across the world, given how highly contagious the virus is. We reviewed various articles that explore eye involvement in COVID-19 and other human coronaviruses, its human manifestations in comparison to animal studies and potential mechanism of viral entry into the eye surface. Evidence of animal studies depicted various complications of coronaviruses infection into the eyes, in both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Conjunctival inflammation remains uncommon in association with COVID-19, with other ophthalmic findings. The risk of transmission via the ocular surface remains likely low, though it is inarguably present based on preliminary finding of viral load in ocular samples and expression of ACE2 on the ocular surface. Testing the tears sample for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 was unreliable due to limitations of the testing kits and conflicting evidence of the viral titre in the ocular samples. Further larger, more precise and specific studies are required to allow us to better understand the pattern of virulence underlying the associations of SARS-CoV-2 in the eye despite its rare occurrence. This review article aims to enhance better awareness among clinicians regarding ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19 and necessary precautions should be implemented to minimise the risk of person-to-person especially in the nosocomial setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  11. Ultrastructural aspects of sylvatic dengue virus infection in Vero cell
    Fish-Low CY, Abubakar S, Othman F, Chee HY
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Apr;41(1):41-46.
    PMID: 31025636
    INTRODUCTION: Dengue virus (DENV), the causative agent of dengue disease exists in sylvatic and endemic ecotypes. The cell morphological changes and viral morphogenesis of two dengue ecotypes were examined at the ultrastructural level to identify potential similarities and differences in the surrogate model of enzootic host.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vero cells were inoculated with virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. Cell cultures were harvested over a time course and processed for transmission electron microscopic imaging.

    RESULTS: The filopodia protrusions on cell periphery preceded virus entry. Additionally, sylvatic DENV infection was found spreading slower than the endemic DENV. Morphogenesis of both dengue ecotypes was alike but at different level of efficiency in the permissive cells.

    CONCLUSIONS: This is the first ultrastructural study on sylvatic DENV and this comparative study revealed the similarities and differences of cellular responses and morphogenesis of two dengue ecotypes in vitro. The study revealed the weaker infectivity of sylvatic DENV in the surrogate model of enzootic host, which supposed to support better replication of enzootic DENV than endemic DENV.

    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  12. Molecular docking of compounds from Clinacanthus nutans extract detected by GC-MS analysis with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and ACE2 protein
    Ismail NZ, Adebayo IA, Mohamad Zain NN, Arsad H
    Nat Prod Res, 2021 May 05.
    PMID: 33949277 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1919104
    Clinacanthus nutans has been reported to have many medicinal properties and it is traditionally used in treating viral lesions. This study aims to determine the molecular docking of C. nutans compounds detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 main protease) protein and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein using the AutoDock 4.2 tool. The drug-likeness and molecular docking analyses showed that fourteen compounds of C. nutans satisfied the Lipinski's rule of five and they exhibited good inhibitory effects against the SARS-Cov-2 main protease and ACE2 proteins. In addition, the glyceryl 2-linolenate compound was found to have the most potent binding affinities with both proteins. The results provide useful insights into the molecular inhibitory interactions of C. nutans compounds detected by GC-MS analysis with the targeted SARS-CoV-2 main protease and ACE2 protein.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  13. Fulltext Cellular Metabolic Profiling of CrFK Cells Infected with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Using Phenotype Microarrays
    Ng SW, Selvarajah GT, Cheah YK, Mustaffa Kamal F, Omar AR
    Pathogens, 2020 May 25;9(5).
    PMID: 32466289 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050412
    Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal feline immune-mediated disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Little is known about the biological pathways associated in FIP pathogenesis. This is the first study aiming to determine the phenotypic characteristics on the cellular level in relation to specific metabolic pathways of importance to FIP pathogenesis.

    METHODS: The internalization of type II FIPV WSU 79-1146 in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CrFK) cells was visualized using a fluorescence microscope, and optimization prior to phenotype microarray (PM) study was performed. Then, four types of Biolog Phenotype MicroArray™ plates (PM-M1 to PM-M4) precoated with different carbon and nitrogen sources were used to determine the metabolic profiles in FIPV-infected cells.

    RESULTS: The utilization of palatinose was significantly low in FIPV-infected cells; however, there were significant increases in utilizing melibionic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid and alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) compared to non-infected cells.

    CONCLUSION: This study has provided the first insights into the metabolic profiling of a feline coronavirus infection in vitro using PMs and deduced that glutamine metabolism is one of the essential metabolic pathways for FIPV infection and replication. Further studies are necessary to develop strategies to target the glutamine metabolic pathway in FIPV infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  14. Fulltext Tracking the virus-like particles of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus in insect cells
    Hanapi UF, Yong CY, Goh ZH, Alitheen NB, Yeap SK, Tan WS
    PeerJ, 2017;5:e2947.
    PMID: 28194311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2947
    Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNv) poses a major threat to the prawn industry. Currently, no effective vaccine and treatment are available to prevent the spread of MrNv. Its infection mechanism and localisation in a host cell are also not well characterised. The MrNv capsid protein (MrNvc) produced in Escherichia coli self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) resembling the native virus. Thus, fluorescein labelled MrNvc VLPs were employed as a model to study the virus entry and localisation in Spodoptera frugiperda, Sf9 cells. Through fluorescence microscopy and sub-cellular fractionation, the MrNvc was shown to enter Sf9 cells, and eventually arrived at the nucleus. The presence of MrNvc within the cytoplasm and nucleus of Sf9 cells was further confirmed by the Z-stack imaging. The presence of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), genistein, methyl-β-cyclodextrin or chlorpromazine (CPZ) inhibited the entry of MrNvc into Sf9 cells, but cytochalasin D did not inhibit this process. This suggests that the internalisation of MrNvc VLPs is facilitated by caveolae- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The whole internalisation process of MrNvc VLPs into a Sf9 cell was recorded with live cell imaging. We have also identified a potential nuclear localisation signal (NLS) of MrNvc through deletion mutagenesis and verified by classical-NLS mapping. Overall, this study provides an insight into the journey of MrNvc VLPs in insect cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization
  15. Fulltext Inhibition of dengue virus entry into target cells using synthetic antiviral peptides
    Alhoot MA, Rathinam AK, Wang SM, Manikam R, Sekaran SD
    Int J Med Sci, 2013;10(6):719-29.
    PMID: 23630436 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5037
    Despite the importance of DENV as a human pathogen, there is no specific treatment or protective vaccine. Successful entry into the host cells is necessary for establishing the infection. Recently, the virus entry step has become an attractive therapeutic strategy because it represents a barrier to suppress the onset of the infection. Four putative antiviral peptides were designed to target domain III of DENV-2 E protein using BioMoDroid algorithm. Two peptides showed significant inhibition of DENV when simultaneously incubated as shown by plaque formation assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis. Both DET4 and DET2 showed significant inhibition of virus entry (84.6% and 40.6% respectively) using micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, the TEM images showed that the inhibitory peptides caused structural abnormalities and alteration of the arrangement of the viral E protein, which interferes with virus binding and entry. Inhibition of DENV entry during the initial stages of infection can potentially reduce the viremia in infected humans resulting in prevention of the progression of dengue fever to the severe life-threatening infection, reduce the infected vector numbers, and thus break the transmission cycle. Moreover these peptides though designed against the conserved region in DENV-2 would have the potential to be active against all the serotypes of dengue and might be considered as Hits to begin designing and developing of more potent analogous peptides that could constitute as promising therapeutic agents for attenuating dengue infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects
  16. Fulltext Inhibition of dengue virus entry and multiplication into monocytes using RNA interference
    Alhoot MA, Wang SM, Sekaran SD
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2011 Nov;5(11):e1410.
    PMID: 22140591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001410
    Dengue infection ranks as one of the most significant viral diseases of the globe. Currently, there is no specific vaccine or antiviral therapy for prevention or treatment. Monocytes/macrophages are the principal target cells for dengue virus and are responsible for disseminating the virus after its transmission. Dengue virus enters target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis after the viral envelope protein E attaches to the cell surface receptor. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silencing the CD-14 associated molecule and clathrin-mediated endocytosis using siRNA on dengue virus entry into monocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization*
  17. Fulltext Antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin against the Japanese encephalitis virus
    Johari J, Kianmehr A, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S, Zandi K
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(12):16785-95.
    PMID: 23222683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216785
    Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease, is endemic to the entire east and southeast Asia, and some other parts of the world. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic available for JE; therefore, finding the effective antiviral agent against JEV replication is crucial. In the present study, the in vitro antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin, two purportedly antiviral bioflavonoids, was evaluated against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication in Vero cells. Anti-JEV activities of these compounds were examined on different stages of JEV replication cycle. The effects of the compounds on virus replication were determined by foci forming unit reduction assay (FFURA) and quantitative RT-PCR. Baicalein showed potent antiviral activity with IC(50) = 14.28 µg/mL when it was introduced to the Vero cells after adsorption of JEV. Quercetin exhibited weak anti-JEV effects with IC(50) = 212.1 µg/mL when the JEV infected cells were treated with the compound after virus adsorption. However, baicalein exhibited significant effect against JEV adsorption with IC(50) = 7.27 µg/mL while quercetin did not show any anti-adsorption activity. Baicalein also exhibited direct extracellular virucidal activity on JEV with IC(50) = 3.44 µg/mL. However, results of quantitative RT-PCR experiments confirmed the findings from FFURA. This study demonstrated that baicalein should be considered as an appropriate candidate for further investigations, such as the study of molecular and cellular mechanism(s) of action and in vivo evaluation for the development of an effective antiviral compound against Japanese encephalitis virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects
  18. Fulltext Antiviral activity of silymarin and baicalein against dengue virus
    Low ZX, OuYong BM, Hassandarvish P, Poh CL, Ramanathan B
    Sci Rep, 2021 10 27;11(1):21221.
    PMID: 34707245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98949-y
    Dengue is an arthropod-borne viral disease that has become endemic and a global threat in many countries with no effective antiviral drug available currently. This study showed that flavonoids: silymarin and baicalein could inhibit the dengue virus in vitro and were well tolerated in Vero cells with a half-maximum cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 749.70 µg/mL and 271.03 µg/mL, respectively. Silymarin and baicalein exerted virucidal effects against DENV-3, with a selective index (SI) of 10.87 and 21.34, respectively. Baicalein showed a better inhibition of intracellular DENV-3 progeny with a SI of 7.82 compared to silymarin. Baicalein effectively blocked DENV-3 attachment (95.59%) to the Vero cells, while silymarin prevented the viral entry (72.46%) into the cells, thus reducing viral infectivity. Both flavonoids showed promising antiviral activity against all four dengue serotypes. The in silico molecular docking showed that silymarin could bind to the viral envelope (E) protein with a binding affinity of - 8.5 kcal/mol and form hydrogen bonds with the amino acids GLN120, TRP229, ASN89, and THR223 of the E protein. Overall, this study showed that silymarin and baicalein exhibited potential anti-DENV activity and could serve as promising antiviral agents for further development against dengue infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects
  19. Peptide inhibitors against influenza virus
    Rajik M, Yusoff K
    Antivir Chem Chemother, 2011;21(4):151-4.
    PMID: 21602612 DOI: 10.3851/IMP1728
    Influenza A virus is a particularly problematic virus because of its ability to cause high levels of morbidity on a global scale within a remarkably short period of time. It also has the potential to kill very large numbers of people as occurred in the Spanish influenza pandemic in 1918. Options for antiviral therapy are limited because of the paucity of available drugs and the rapid mutation rate of the virus leading to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. The current H1N1 pandemic and potential threats posed by other strains highlight the need to develop novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Here, we summarize the current state and recent developments of peptide-based inhibitors of influenza A virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects
  20. Fulltext Peptides as Therapeutic Agents for Dengue Virus
    Chew MF, Poh KS, Poh CL
    Int J Med Sci, 2017;14(13):1342-1359.
    PMID: 29200948 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.21875
    Dengue is an important global threat caused by dengue virus (DENV) that records an estimated 390 million infections annually. Despite the availability of CYD-TDV as a commercial vaccine, its long-term efficacy against all four dengue virus serotypes remains unsatisfactory. There is therefore an urgent need for the development of antiviral drugs for the treatment of dengue. Peptide was once a neglected choice of medical treatment but it has lately regained interest from the pharmaceutical industry following pioneering advancements in technology. In this review, the design of peptide drugs, antiviral activities and mechanisms of peptides and peptidomimetics (modified peptides) action against dengue virus are discussed. The development of peptides as inhibitors for viral entry, replication and translation is also described, with a focus on the three main targets, namely, the host cell receptors, viral structural proteins and viral non-structural proteins. The antiviral peptides designed based on these approaches may lead to the discovery of novel anti-DENV therapeutics that can treat dengue patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Virus Internalization/drug effects
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