METHODS: We conducted a targeted, systematic search and identified 17 articles. We analyzed cytokine clearance, sieving coefficient (SC), ultrafiltrate (UF) concentration, and percentage removal. As this review concerns technical appraisal of EBP techniques, we made no attempts to appraise the methodology of the studies included. Results are in descriptive terms only.
RESULTS: Applying predicted clearance for 80 kg human, high volume hemofiltration (HVHF) techniques and plasmafiltration (PF) showed the highest rates of cytokine removal. High cutoff (HCO)/HF and PF techniques showed modest ability to clear cytokines using low to medium flows. Standard hemofiltration had little efficacy. At higher flows, HCO/HF achieved clearances between 30 and 70 ml/min for IL-6 and IL-10. There was essentially no removal of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha outside of PF.
CONCLUSIONS: Experimental animal studies indicate that HVHF (especially with HCO filters) and plasmafiltration have the potential to achieve appreciable IL-6 and IL-10 clearances. However, only PF can remove TNF-alpha reliably.
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the effectiveness of salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of RA, examining current evidence and proposing avenues for future research.
METHODOLOGY: A literature review following PRISMA 2021 guidelines was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies from the past five years on salivary biomarkers in RA patients compared to healthy controls.
RESULT: The review focused on original research articles, and meta-analysis was performed on studies reporting standard deviation values for inflammatory markers such as IL-6, IL-8, MMP-8, and TNF-alpha. The meta-analysis included eleven studies with 394 RA patients and 255 healthy controls, evaluating IL-8, IL-6, MMP-8, and TNF-α as RA biomarkers. IL-8 showed a mean difference of 7.32 (CI: -5.48 to 20.13), not statistically significant, favouring controls. IL-6 had a CI of -0.09 (CI: -2.20 to 2.02) with high heterogeneity (I² = 98%), suggesting its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. TNF-α and MMP-8 showed no significant differences (CIs: 4.54 and 2.71, respectively).
CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis emphasize saliva's potential in identifying RA biomarkers, especially IL-6, which is associated with the disease's pathogenesis. However, significant evidence heterogeneity necessitates larger, multicentric studies for validation.
MATERIALS: We recruited consecutively adult patients with SIRS admitted to an intensive care unit. They were divided into sepsis and noninfectious SIRS based on clinical assessment with or without positive cultures. Concentrations of PCT and IL-6 were measured daily over the first 3 days.
RESULTS: A total of 239 patients were recruited, 164 (68.6%) had sepsis, and 68 (28.5%) died in hospital. The PCT levels were higher in sepsis compared with noninfectious SIRS throughout the 3-day period (P < .0001). On admission, PCT concentration was diagnostic of sepsis (area under the curve of 0.63 [0.55-0.71]), and IL-6 was predictive of mortality, (area under the curve of 0.70 [0.62-0.78]). Peak IL-6 concentration improved the risk assessment of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for prediction of mortality among those who went on to die by an average of 5% and who did not die by 2%
CONCLUSIONS: Procalcitonin measured on intensive care unit admission was diagnostic of sepsis, and IL-6 was predictive of mortality. Addition of IL-6 concentration to SOFA score improved risk assessment for prediction of mortality. Future studies should include clinical indices, for example, SOFA score, for prognostic evaluation of biomarkers.
METHOD: One hundred RA patients and 50 healthy controls, sex- and age-matched, were recruited. Disease Activity Score of 28 joints and Health Assessment Questionnaire scores were assessed. Baseline serum 25(OH)D3 and IL-6 were measured in all subjects. RA patients who were vitamin D deficient were given loading doses of vitamin D3 and repeated assessments were done.
RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was found in 63% of RA patients and 76% of healthy controls. Chinese RA patients and healthy controls had significantly more sufficient 25(OH)D3 levels compared to Malays and Indians (P 6 levels in both pre- and post-treatment groups. A negative association was observed between serum 25(OH)D3 and functional disability, including a 33% improvement post-treatment (mean ± SD: 0.30 ± 0.46 to 0.20 ± 0.18).
CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in Malaysian RA patients. This study suggests that vitamin D is not associated with disease activity or serum IL-6 levels but it may have a role in functional disability in RA patients.
METHODS: Male rat offspring from female Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) alone, HFD + GBR, or HFD + GABA extract throughout pregnancy and lactation were weaned 4 weeks after delivery and followed up for 8 weeks. A biochemical analysis and an assessment of the hepatic expression of insulin signaling genes were performed.
RESULTS: The results showed that intrauterine exposure to HFD caused metabolic perturbations in rat offspring which gravitated towards insulin resistance even though the rat offspring did not consume an HFD. GBR and GABA attenuated the HFD-induced changes by underlying regulation of the insulin signaling genes.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that intake of GBR and GABA during pregnancy and lactation can influence the programming of genes in rat offspring, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity.