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  1. Fulltext Effect of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on total bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic archaea in the rumen of goats
    Abubakr A, Alimon AR, Yaakub H, Abdullah N, Ivan M
    PLoS One, 2014;9(4):e95713.
    PMID: 24756125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095713
    Rumen microorganisms are responsible for digestion and utilization of dietary feeds by host ruminants. Unconventional feed resources could be used as alternatives in tropical areas where feed resources are insufficient in terms of quality and quantity. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of diets based on palm oil (PO), decanter cake (DC) or palm kernel cake (PKC) on rumen total bacteria, selected cellulolytic bacteria, and methanogenic archaea. Four diets: control diet (CD), decanter cake diet (DCD), palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) and CD plus 5% PO diet (CPOD) were fed to rumen cannulated goats and rumen samples were collected at the start of the experimental diets (day 0) and on days 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 30 post dietary treatments. Feeding DCD and PKCD resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) DNA copy number of total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefeciens, and Ruminococcus albus. Rumen methanogenic archaea was significantly lower (P<0.05) in goats fed PKCD and CPOD and the trend showed a severe reduction on days 4 and 6 post experimental diets. In conclusion, results indicated that feeding DCD and PKC increased the populations of cellulolytic bacteria and decreased the density of methanogenic archaea in the rumen of goats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*; Rumen/physiology*
  2. Isotricha jalaludinii n. sp. found from the rumen of lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus, in Malaysia
    Imai S, Kudo H, Fukuta K, Abudullah N, Ho YW, Onodera R
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 1995 Jan-Feb;42(1):75-7.
    PMID: 7728142
    Isotricha jalaludinii n. sp. found in the rumen of lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus, in Malaysia was described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by the location and direction of the vestibulum, shape of the macronucleus, and absence of a dent at the vestibular opening. The presence of single peculiar isotrichid species in the rumen of mouse deer, which is recognized as one of the most primitive ruminants, suggests that the isotrichid ciliates similar to I. jalaludinii and Isotricha intestinalis were established at a fairly early period during the evolution of ruminants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/parasitology*
  3. Fulltext Postbiotic L. plantarum RG14 improves ruminal epithelium growth, immune status and upregulates the intestinal barrier function in post-weaning lambs
    Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA, Humam AM
    Sci Rep, 2019 Jul 09;9(1):9938.
    PMID: 31289291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46076-0
    We investigate the effects of postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 on gastrointestinal histology, haematology, mucosal IgA concentration, microbial population and mRNA expression related to intestinal mucosal immunity and barrier function. Twelve newly weaned lambs were randomly allocated to two treatment groups; the control group without postbiotic supplementation and postbiotic group with supplementation of 0.9% postbiotic in the diet over a 60-day trial. The improvement of rumen papillae height and width were observed in lambs fed with postbiotics. In contrast, no difference was shown in villi height of duodenum, jejunum and ileum between the two groups. Lambs received postbiotics had a lower concentration of IgA in jejunum but no difference in IgA concentration in serum and mucosal of the rumen, duodenum and ileum. In respect of haematology, postbiotics lowered leukocyte, lymphocyte, basophil, neutrophil and platelets, no significant differences in eosinophil. The increase in of IL-6 mRNA and decrease of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF mRNA were observed in the jejunum of lambs receiving postbiotics. Postbiotics also improved the integrity of the intestinal barrier by the upregulation of TJP-1, CLDN-1 and CLDN-4 mRNA. Postbiotic supplementation derived from L. plantarum RG14 in post-weaning lambs enhance the ruminal papillae growth, immune status and gastrointestinal health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/drug effects*; Rumen/metabolism; Rumen/microbiology
  4. Fulltext Effects of flavonoids on rumen fermentation activity, methane production, and microbial population
    Oskoueian E, Abdullah N, Oskoueian A
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:349129.
    PMID: 24175289 DOI: 10.1155/2013/349129
    This research was carried out to evaluate the effects of flavone, myricetin, naringin, catechin, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol at the concentration of 4.5% of the substrate (dry matter basis) on the rumen microbial activity in vitro. Mixture of guinea grass and concentrate (60 : 40) was used as the substrate. The results showed that all the flavonoids except naringin and quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the dry matter degradability. The gas production significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by flavone, myricetin, and kaempferol, whereas naringin, rutin, and quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) increased the gas production. The flavonoids suppressed methane production significantly (P < 0.05). The total VFA concentration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the presence of flavone, myricetin, and kaempferol. All flavonoids except naringin and quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the carboxymethyl cellulase, filter paperase, xylanase, and β -glucosidase activities, purine content, and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Flavone, myricetin, catechin, rutin, and kaempferol significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the population of rumen microbes. Total populations of protozoa and methanogens were significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed by naringin and quercetin. The results of this research demonstrated that naringin and quercetin at the concentration of 4.5% of the substrate (dry matter basis) were potential metabolites to suppress methane production without any negative effects on rumen microbial fermentation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/metabolism; Rumen/microbiology*
  5. Epi-sarsasapogenin and epi-smilagenin: two sapogenins isolated from the rumen content of sheep intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens
    Lajis NH, Abdullah AS, Salim SJ, Bremner JB, Khan MN
    Steroids, 1993 Aug;58(8):387-9.
    PMID: 8212090
    Spectroscopic examination of purified extracts of the rumen content of sheep intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens revealed the presence of two spirostanes, identified as epi-sarsasapogenin and epi-smilagenin. Sarsasapogenone was obtained by the oxidation of sarsasapogenin. The reduction of sarsasapogenone using lithium aluminum hydride yielded isomeric products, sarsasapogenin (20%) and epi-sarsasapogenin (80%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/metabolism; Rumen/chemistry*
  6. Morphology of three polycentric rumen fungi and description of a procedure for the induction of zoosporogenesis and release of zoospores in cultures
    Ho YW, Bauchop T
    J. Gen. Microbiol., 1991 Jan;137(1):213-7.
    PMID: 2045780
    Three polycentric rumen fungi, LL, LC2 and Ruminomyces elegans (C2), isolated from the rumen of cattle were grown in six culture media. LL and LC2 were morphologically similar. Their characteristics resembled those of Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix joyonii, and they grew well and produced sporangia after 3-4 d growth in all the media. R. elegans differed morphologically from LL and LC2, but although it also grew well in all media, abundant sporangia occurred only after 2-3 d growth in media containing cellulose. Undifferentiated sporangia were produced by all three isolates; differentiation of the sporangia did not occur in the spent growth media. However, if thalli possessing recently-formed sporangia were transferred to, or flooded with, fresh liquid medium or rumen fluid, zoosporogenesis and liberation of zoospores occurred within 17-20 min for isolates LL and LC2 and 30 min for R. elegans. Procedures for inducing zoosporogenesis by polycentric anaerobic fungi are described.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*; Rumen/ultrastructure
  7. Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: changes in motility and pH of reticulo-rumen
    Abdullah AS, Nordin MM, Rajion MA
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 1988 Jun;30(3):256-8.
    PMID: 3388753
    In addition to generalized icterus, enlargement of the liver and severe photosensitization, signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity also caused ruminal stasis and a decreased rumen pH in sheep. Ruminal stasis, which occurred within 3 weeks of grazing on this grass, may be the effect of the toxin produced in the rumen rather than a sequele of a decreased rumen pH. Animals were anorexic and the volume of their rumen content was very much reduced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/metabolism; Rumen/physiopathology*
  8. Fulltext Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period
    Candyrine SCL, Mahadzir MF, Garba S, Jahromi MF, Ebrahimi M, Goh YM, et al.
    PLoS One, 2018;13(7):e0199840.
    PMID: 29975711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199840
    Twenty male Saanen goats were randomly assigned to four levels of lovastatin supplementation and used to determine the optimal dosage and sustainability of naturally produced lovastatin from fermentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) with Aspergillus terreus on enteric methane (CH4) mitigation. The effects on ruminal microbiota, rumen fermentation, feed digestibility and health of animal were determined over three measuring periods (4-, 8- and 12-weeks) and the accumulation of lovastatin in tissues was determined at the end of the experiment. The diets contained 50% rice straw, 22.8% concentrates and 27.2% of various proportions of untreated or treated PKC to achieve the target daily intake level of 0 (Control), 2, 4 or 6 mg lovastatin/kg body weight (BW). Enteric CH4 emissions per dry matter intake (DMI), decreased significantly (P<0.05) and equivalent to 11% and 20.4%, respectively, for the 2 and 4 mg/kg BW groups as compared to the Control. No further decrease in CH4 emission thereafter with higher lovastatin supplementation. Lovastatin had no effect on feed digestibility and minor effect on rumen microbiota, and specifically did not reduce the populations of total methanogens and Methanobacteriales (responsible for CH4 production). Similarly, lovastatin had little effect on rumen fermentation characteristics except that the proportion of propionate increased, which led to a decreasing trend (P<0.08) in acetic: propionate ratio with increasing dosage of lovastatin. This suggests a shift in rumen fermentation pathway to favor propionate production which serves as H+ sink, partly explaining the observed CH4 reduction. No adverse physiological effects were noted in the animals except that treated PKC (containing lovastatin) was less palatable at the highest inclusion level. Lovastatin residues were detected in tissues of goats fed 6 mg lovastatin/kg BW at between 0.01 to 0.03 μg/g, which are very low.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/drug effects; Rumen/physiology*
  9. Fulltext Profiling of rumen fermentation, microbial population and digestibility in goats fed with dietary oils containing different fatty acids
    Nur Atikah I, Alimon AR, Yaakub H, Abdullah N, Jahromi MF, Ivan M, et al.
    BMC Vet Res, 2018 Nov 14;14(1):344.
    PMID: 30558590 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1672-0
    BACKGROUND: The effects of the dietary oils with differing fatty acid profiles on rumen fermentation, microbial population, and digestibility in goats were investigated. In Experiment I, rumen microbial population and fermentation profiles were evaluated on 16 fistulated male goats that were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: i) control (CNT), ii) olive oil (OL), iii) palm olein oil (PO), and iv) sunflower oil (SF). In Experiment II, another group of 16 male goats was randomly assigned to the same dietary treatments for digestibility determination.

    RESULTS: Rumen ammonia concentration was higher in CNT group compared to treatment groups receiving dietary oils. The total VFA and acetate concentration were higher in SF and OL groups, which showed that they were significantly affected by the dietary treatments. There were no differences in total microbial population. However, fibre degrading bacteria populations were affected by the interaction between treatment and day of sampling. Significant differences were observed in apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract of treatment groups containing dietary oils compared to the control group.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that supplementation of different dietary oils containing different fatty acid profiles improved rumen fermentation by reducing ammonia concentration and increasing total VFA concentration, altering fibre degrading bacteria population, and improving apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract.

    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/metabolism; Rumen/microbiology
  10. Papaya (Carica papaya) leaf methanolic extract modulates in vitro rumen methanogenesis and rumen biohydrogenation
    Jafari S, Goh YM, Rajion MA, Jahromi MF, Ahmad YH, Ebrahimi M
    Anim Sci J, 2017 Feb;88(2):267-276.
    PMID: 27345820 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12634
    Papaya leaf methanolic extract (PLE) at concentrations of 0 (CON), 5 (LLE), 10 (MLE) and 15 (HLE) mg/250 mg dry matter (DM) with 30 mL buffered rumen fluid were incubated for 24 h to identify its effect on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis and ruminal biohydrogenation (BH). Total gas production was not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of PLE compared to the CON at 24 h of incubation. Methane (CH4 ) production (mL/250 mg DM) decreased (P rumenic acid; RA) and t10c12 CLA. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the total bacteria, total protozoa, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and methanogen population in HLE decreased (P <0.05) compared to CON, but the total bacteria and B. fibrisolvens population were higher (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/metabolism*; Rumen/microbiology
  11. Fulltext Effects of dietary Kleinhovia hospita and Leucaena leucocephala leaves on rumen fermentation and microbial population in goats fed treated rice straw
    Ahmed MA, Adeyemi KD, Jahromi MF, Jusoh S, Alimon AR, Samsudin AA
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2017 Dec;49(8):1749-1756.
    PMID: 28849307 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1388-3
    The effects of partial replacement of dietary protein by forages on rumen fermentation and microbiology in goats were examined. Four fistulated Boer bucks were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The goats were fed 60% of urea-treated rice straw and 40% dietary treatment (Kleinhovia hospita (KH), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), mixture of K. hospita with L. leucocephala (KHLL)) and concentrate as the control. Rumen fluid from the animals was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h postprandial for analysis. The KHLL diet had a greater (P rumen of KHLL goats compared with those fed other diets at 2 and 12 h postprandial, respectively. The KHLL diet had lower (P rumen metabolism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology; Rumen/physiology*
  12. Ozonation-pelleting of nitrogen-enriched wheat straw: Towards improved pellet properties, enhanced digestibility, and reduced methane emissions
    Ghorbani M, Kianmehr MH, Sarlaki E, Angelidaki I, Yang Y, Tabatabaei M, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2023 Sep 20;892:164526.
    PMID: 37257609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164526
    The livestock industry needs to use crop straws that are highly digestible to improve feed productivity and reduce ruminal methane emissions. Hence, this study aimed to use the ozonation and pelleting processes to enhance the digestibility and reduce the ruminal methane emissions of wheat straw enriched with two nitrogen sources (i.e., urea and heat-processed broiler litter). Various analyses were conducted on the pellets, including digestibility indicators, mechanical properties, surface chemistry functionalization, chemical-spectral-structural features, and energy requirements. For comparison, loose forms of the samples were also analyzed. The nitrogen-enriched ozonated wheat straw pellets had 43.06 % lower lignin, 28.30 % higher gas production for 24 h, 12.28 % higher metabolizable energy, 13.78 % higher in vitro organic matter digestibility for 24 h, and 28.81 % higher short-chain fatty acid content than the nitrogen-enriched loose sample. The reduction of methane emissions by rumen microorganisms of nitrogen-enriched wheat straw by ozonation, pelleting, and ozonation-pelleting totaled 89.15 %, 23.35 %, and 66.98 %, respectively. The ozonation process resulted in a 64 % increase in the particle density, a 5.5-time increase in the tensile strength, and a 75 % increase in the crushing energy of nitrogen-enriched wheat straw. In addition, ozone treatment could also reduce the specific and thermal energy consumption required in the pelleting process by 15.10 % and 7.61 %, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen
  13. Anaerobic cellulolytic rumen fungal populations in goats fed with and without Leucaena leucocephala hybrid, as determined by real-time PCR
    Kok CM, Sieo CC, Tan HY, Saad WZ, Liang JB, Ho YW
    J Microbiol, 2013 Oct;51(5):700-3.
    PMID: 24173648 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2540-z
    The effect of Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Bahru (LLB), which contains a high concentration of condensed tannins, on cellulolytic rumen fungal population in goats was investigated using real-time PCR. The fungal population in goats fed LLB was inhibited during the first 10 days of feeding, but after 15 days of feeding, there was a tremendous increase of fungal population (157.0 μg/ml), which was about fourfold more than that in control goats (39.7 μg/ml). However, after this period, the fungal population decreased continuously, and at 30 days of feeding, the fungal population (50.6 μg/ml) was not significantly different from that in control goats (55.4 μg/ml).
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*
  14. Culture conditions influencing phytase production of Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new bacterial species from the rumen of cattle
    Lan GQ, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S, Ho YW
    J Appl Microbiol, 2002;93(4):668-74.
    PMID: 12234350
    The effects of pH, temperature, phytate, glucose, phosphate and surfactants on the phytase production of Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new bacterial species from the rumen of cattle, were evaluated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*
  15. Hepatotoxic constituents in the rumen of Brachiaria decumbens intoxicated sheep
    Abdullah AS, Lajis NH, Bremner JB, Davies NW, Mustapha W, Rajion MA
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 1992 Apr;34(2):154-5.
    PMID: 1509678
    Spectroscopic examinations of purified extracts of the rumen content of sheep intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens revealed the presence of a mixture of sapogenins, identified as 3-spirostanols. These isomeric steroid sapogenins (C27H44O3) are believed the toxic principles in causing toxicity in sheep after feeding on B. decumbens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/chemistry*
  16. Isozyme and morphological characteristics of the anaerobic fungus Piromyces mae isolated from the duodenum, rumen and faeces of sheep
    Wong MV, Ho YW, Tan SG, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S
    FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1995 Dec 01;134(1):9-14.
    PMID: 8593960
    Isolates of anaerobic fungi obtained from the rumen, duodenum and faeces of sheep were identified as Piromyces mae based on their morphological characteristics observed using light microscopy. There was no significant morphological variation among the isolates of P. mae from the rumen, duodenum and faeces. Isozymes of 12 isolates of P. mae (one each from the rumen, duodenum and faeces from 4 different sheep) were analysed by PAGE. A total of 12 isozymes were studied and 5 isozyme loci were successfully typed. They were malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, alpha-esterase and beta-esterase. All the isolates of P. mae regardless of whether they were from the rumen, duodenum or faeces or from different animals produced very similar isozyme banding patterns for each of the enzyme systems. The similar isozyme profiles of the isolates indicate that they are of the same species although they exist in different regions of the alimentary tract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*
  17. Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: changes in rumen microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations
    Abdullah AS, Rajion MA
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 1990 Oct;32(5):444-5.
    PMID: 2238442
    Brachiaria decumbens toxicity resulted in an altered reticulorumen environment in the sheep. This adversely affected the growth and activity of microorganisms in the rumen as reflected by greatly decreased concentrations of the volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in B decumbens-intoxicated sheep.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology
  18. Optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources for phytase production by Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new rumen bacterial species
    Lan GQ, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S, Ho Y
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2002;35(2):157-61.
    PMID: 12100593
    The effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on phytase production by Mitsuokella jalaludinii were evaluated and the optimization of rice bran (RB) and soybean milk (SM) concentrations in the medium for phytase production was also determined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*
  19. Isozyme analysis of anaerobic rumen fungi and their relationship to aerobic chytrids
    Ho YW, Khoo IY, Tan SG, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S, Kudo H
    Microbiology (Reading), 1994 Jun;140 ( Pt 6):1495-504.
    PMID: 8081508
    Isozymes of 23 cultures of the anaerobic rumen fungi and seven cultures of aerobic chytridiomycete fungi were analysed by PAGE. A total of 14 isozyme loci were successfully typed by PAGE. They were peptidase A & C-1, peptidase A & C-2, peptidase D-1, peptidase D-2, malate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-2, esterase-1, esterase-2, malic enzyme-1, malic enzyme-2, isocitrate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isozyme analysis can be used for studying the genetic relationships among the different anaerobic rumen fungi and the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi and the isozyme characteristics can serve as additional taxonomic criteria in the classification of the anaerobic rumen fungi. A dendrogram based on the isozyme data demonstrated that the anaerobic rumen fungi formed a cluster, indicating a monophyletic group, distinctly separated from the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi. Piromyces communis and P. minutus showed a close relationship but P. spiralis showed a more distant relationship to both P. communis and P. minutus. Piromyces as a whole was more related to Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces was also found to be more related to Piromyces and Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces intercalaris C 70 from cattle showed large genetic variation from O. joyonii, indicating that it is a different species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology*
  20. First report of foregut microbial community in proboscis monkeys: are diverse forests a reservoir for diverse microbiomes?
    Hayakawa T, Nathan SKSS, Stark DJ, Saldivar DAR, Sipangkui R, Goossens B, et al.
    Environ Microbiol Rep, 2018 12;10(6):655-662.
    PMID: 29992728 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12677
    Foregut fermentation is well known to occur in a wide range of mammalian species and in a single bird species. Yet, the foregut microbial community of free-ranging, foregut-fermenting monkeys, that is, colobines, has not been investigated so far. We analysed the foregut microbiomes in four free-ranging proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) from two different tropical habitats with varying plant diversity (mangrove and riverine forests), in an individual from a semi-free-ranging setting with supplemental feeding, and in an individual from captivity, using high-throughput sequencing based on 16S ribosomal RNA genes. We found a decrease in foregut microbial diversity from a diverse natural habitat (riverine forest) to a low diverse natural habitat (mangrove forest), to human-related environments. Of a total of 2700 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in all environments, only 153 OTUs were shared across all individuals, suggesting that they were not influenced by diet or habitat. These OTUs were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The relative abundance of the habitat-specific microbial communities showed a wide range of differences among living environments, although such bacterial communities appeared to be dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, suggesting that those phyla are key to understanding the adaptive strategy in proboscis monkeys living in different habitats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rumen/microbiology
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