Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 100 in total

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  1. Fulltext Understanding the Role of ztor in Aging-related Diseases Using the Zebrafish Model
    Khor ES, Noor SM, Wong PF
    In Vivo, 2019 10 31;33(6):1713-1720.
    PMID: 31662495 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11661
    The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a 289 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related family is known for its role in regulating lifespan and the aging process in humans and rodents. Aging in zebrafish very much resembles aging in humans. Aged zebrafish often manifest with spinal curvature, cataracts and cognitive frailty, akin to human age-related phenotypical effects such as osteoarthritis, dwindling vision and cognitive dysfunction. However, the role of the zebrafish orthologue of mTOR, ztor, is less defined in these areas. This review paper discusses the tale of growing old in the zebrafish, the physiological roles of ztor in normal developmental processes and its involvement in the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases such as metabolic disorders and cancers.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism*
  2. Fulltext Unravelling the genetic links between Parkinson's disease and lung cancer
    Leong YQ, Koh RY, Chye SM, Ng KY
    Biol Chem, 2023 May 25;404(6):551-567.
    PMID: 36634094 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0228
    Increase evidence from epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and lung cancer. PD and lung cancer are both geriatric diseases, where these two diseases are sharing some common genetic determinants. Several PD-associated genes including alpha synuclein (SNCA), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin, parkinsonism associated deglycase (DJ-1), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), F-box protein 7 (FBXO7) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) were reported to have altered expressions in lung cancer patients. This indicates that certain PD-associated genes might be important in conferring anticancer effects. This review aims to depict the physiological functions of these genes, and discuss the putative roles of these PD-associated genes in lung cancer. The understanding of the roles of these genes in the lung cancer progression might be important in the identification of new treatment targets for lung cancer. Gene therapy that aims to alter the expressions of these genes could be developed for future anticancer therapy. As a result, studying the roles of these genes in lung cancer may also help to understand their involvements as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of PD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics; Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2/genetics
  3. The roles of MTOR and miRNAs in endothelial cell senescence
    Khor ES, Wong PF
    Biogerontology, 2020 10;21(5):517-530.
    PMID: 32246301 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09876-w
    Accumulation of senescent cells in vascular endothelium is known to contribute to vascular aging and increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The involvement of classical pathways such as p53/p21 and p16/pRB in cellular senescence are well described but there are emerging evidence supporting the increasingly important role of mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) as driver of cellular senescence via these pathways or other effector molecules. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a highly conserved group of small non-coding RNAs (18-25 nucleotides), instrumental in modulating the expression of target genes associated with various biological and cellular processes including cellular senescence. The inhibition of MTOR activity is predominantly linked to cellular senescence blunting and prolonged lifespan in model organisms. To date, known miRNAs regulating MTOR in endothelial cell senescence remain limited. Herein, this review discusses the roles of MTOR and MTOR-associated miRNAs in regulating endothelial cell senescence, including the crosstalk between MTOR Complex 1 (MTORC1) and cell cycle pathways and the emerging role of MTORC2 in cellular senescence. New insights on how MTOR and miRNAs coordinate underlying molecular mechanisms of endothelial senescence will provide deeper understanding and clarity to the complexity of the regulation of cellular senescence.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology*
  4. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathways Inhibitors with Potential Prospects in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
    Alharbi KS, Shaikh MAJ, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Alzarea SI, et al.
    J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2022;41(4):85-102.
    PMID: 36374963 DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2022042281
    Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality across the globe. The most prevalent pathological form of lung cancer is non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Elevated stimulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway causes a slew of cancer-related symptoms, making it a promising target for new anticancer drugs. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR path is involved extensively in carcinogenesis and disease advancement in NSCLC. Several new inhibitors targeting this pathway have been discovered in preclinical investigations and clinical trials. The etiology and epidemiology of NSCLC and biology of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade and its role in NSCLC pathogenesis have all been discussed in this article. In this article, we've reviewed PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade inhibitors that have been proven in vitro and in preclinical trials to be effective in NSCLC. Drugs targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR path in the treatment of NSCLC were also addressed. A better knowledge of the underlying molecular biology, including epigenetic changes, is also critical to detecting relevant biomarkers and guiding combination methods. Additionally, improved clinical trial designs will increase the capacity to test novel drugs and combinations for accounting for genomic variation and eventually improve patient outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
  5. Innate immune function of serine/threonine-protein kinase from Macrobrachium rosenbergii in response to host-pathogen interactions
    Ravichandran G, Pasupuleti M, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2020 Nov;106:332-340.
    PMID: 32758637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.068
    The occurrences of multiple drug-resistant strains have been relentlessly increasing in recent years. The aquaculture industry has encountered major disease outbreaks and crucially affected by this situation. The usage of non-specific chemicals and antibiotics expedites the stimulation of resistant strains. Triggering the natural defense mechanism would provide an effective and safest way of protecting the host system. Hence, we have investigated the innate immune function of serine/threonine-protein kinase (STPK) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Mr). The in-silico protein analysis resulted in the identification of cationic antimicrobial peptide, MrSL-19, with interesting properties from STPK of M. rosenbergii. Antimicrobial assay, FACS and SEM analysis demonstrated that the peptide potentially inhibits Staphylococcus aureus by interacting with its membrane. The toxic study on MrSL-19 demonstrated that the peptide is not toxic against HEK293 cells as well as human erythrocytes. This investigation showed the significant innate immune property of an efficient cationic antimicrobial peptide, MrSL-19 of STPK from M. rosenbergii.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics*; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology*; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
  6. Fulltext The role of autophagy-related proteins in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
    Guo HL, Shen XR, Liang XT, Li LZ
    Bioengineered, 2022 Jun;13(6):14329-14338.
    PMID: 36694421 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2084273
    This study aimed to investigate the expression of autophagy-related proteins in a mouse model of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Mice were assigned to one of four groups: an animal experimental model group (NMO-EAE group, given with exogenous IL-17A), Interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody intervention group (NMO-EAE_0IL17inb), No exogenous interleukin-17 enhanced immune intervention group (NMO-EAE_0IL17), and a control group. Behavioral scores were assessed in each group, and the protein expressions of sequestosome 1 (P62), Beclin-1, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K-I), and LC3II/LC3I were detected using Western blotting. In the NMO-EAE_0IL17 group, the expression of Beclin-1 decreased, the LC3II/LC3I ratio was lower, and the expressions of P62, mTOR, and PI3K-I increased; after administration of IL-17A inhibitor into the brain tissue, however, the expression of Beclin-1 increased significantly, along with the LC3II/LC3I ratio, while the expressions of P62, mTOR and PI3K-I protein decreased significantly. In terms of behavioral scores, the scores of optic neuritis and myelitis were more serious, onset occurred earlier and the progress was faster, after the administration of IL-17A. In the mechanism of NMO animal model, IL-17A may regulate autophagy and affect the disease process through the activation of the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
  7. pink1, atp13a2 and uchl1 expressions are affected by inflammation in the brain
    Moriya S, Tan VP, Yee AK, Parhar IS
    Neurosci Lett, 2019 08 24;708:134330.
    PMID: 31201839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134330
    In Parkinson's disease (PD), several genes have been identified as the PD-related genes, however, the regulatory mechanisms of these gene expressions have not been fully identified. In this study, we investigated the effect of inflammation, one of the major risk factors in PD on expressions of the PD-related genes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally administered to mature male zebrafish and gene expressions in the brains were examined by real-time PCR. In the inflammation-related genes, expressions of tnfb, il1b and il6 were increased at 2 days post administration in the 10 μg group, and tnfb expression was also increased at 4 days post administration in the 1 μg and 10 μg group. In the PD-related genes, pink1 expression was significantly decreased at 4 days, atp13a2 expression was significantly increased at 7 days, and uchl1 expression was significantly decreased at 7 days. This suggests that pink1, atp13a2 and uchl1 expressions are regulated by inflammation, and this regulatory mechanism might be involved in the progress of PD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism*
  8. Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 blocker as a possible therapy for tauopathy in cellular model
    Salama M, Elhussiny M, Magdy A, Omran AG, Alsayed A, Ashry R, et al.
    Metab Brain Dis, 2018 04;33(2):583-587.
    PMID: 29080085 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0137-7
    Tauopathy comprises a group of disorders caused by abnormal aggregates of tau protein. In these disorders phosphorylated tau protein tends to accumulate inside neuronal cells (soma) instead of the normal axonal distribution of tau. A suggested therapeutic strategy for tauopathy is to induce autophagy to increase the ability to get rid of the unwanted tau aggregates. One of the key controllers of autophagy is mTOR. Blocking mTOR leads to stimulation of autophagy. Recently, unravelling molecular structure of mTOR showed that it is formed of two subunits: mTORC1/C2. So, blocking both subunits of mTOR seems more attractive as it will explore all abilities of mTOR molecule. In the present study, we report using pp242 which is a dual mTORC1/C2 blocker in cellular model of tauopathy using LUHMES cell line. Adding fenazaquin to LUHMES cells induced tauopathy in the form of increased phospho tau aggregates. Moreover, fenazaquin treated cells showed the characteristic somatic redistribution of tau. PP242 use in the present tauopathy model reversed the pathology significantly without observable cellular toxicity for the used dosage of 1000 nM. The present study suggests the possible use of pp242 as a dual mTOR blocker to treat tauopathy.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/drug effects; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
  9. siRNA Blocking of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Attenuates Pathology in Annonacin-Induced Tauopathy in Mice
    Salama M, El-Desouky S, Alsayed A, El-Hussiny M, Magdy K, Fekry E, et al.
    Neurotox Res, 2019 May;35(4):987-992.
    PMID: 30362086 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9974-3
    Tauopathy is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. It is characterized by abnormal aggregates of pathological phosphotau and somatodendritic redistribution. One suggested strategy for treating tauopathy is to stimulate autophagy, hence, getting rid of these pathological protein aggregates. One key controller of autophagy is mTOR. Since stimulation of mTOR leads to inhibition of autophagy, inhibitors of mTOR will cause stimulation of autophagy process. In this report, tauopathy was induced in mice using annonacin. Blocking of mTOR was achieved through stereotaxic injection of siRNA against mTOR. The behavioral and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed the development of tauopathy model as proven by deterioration of behavioral performance in open field test and significant tau aggregates in annonacin-treated mice. Blocking of mTOR revealed significant clearance of tau aggregates in the injected side; however, tau expression was not affected by mTOR blockage.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors*; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
  10. Expression of zTOR-associated microRNAs in zebrafish embryo treated with rapamycin
    Khor ES, Noor SM, Wong PF
    Life Sci, 2016 Apr 1;150:67-75.
    PMID: 26916825 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.076
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are vital in modulating lifespan and various biological processes including vascular function. The pivotal roles of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in regulating senescence and angiogenesis have been extensively described. However, the roles of its orthologue, zebrafish target of rapamycin (zTOR) in senescence and angiogenesis remain to be unravelled. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of zTOR and identify miRNAs associated with senescence and angiogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
  11. Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a Potential Therapeutic Target: An Overview of Its Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
    Chan HH, Koh RY, Lim CL, Leong CO
    Curr Alzheimer Res, 2019;16(10):907-918.
    PMID: 31642777 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191023102422
    Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, the most common type of dementia that is clinically characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) extracellularly and intraneuronal tau protein tangles that eventually leads to the onset of memory and cognition impairment, development of psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders that affect basic daily activities. Current treatment approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for AD is mainly focused on the symptoms but not on the pathogenesis of the disease. Recently, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) has been identified as a key component in the pathogenesis of AD through necroptosis. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological suppression of RIPK1 has been shown to revert the phenotype of AD and its mediating pathway is yet to be deciphered. This review is aimed to provide an overview of the pathogenesis and current treatment of AD with the involvement of autophagy as well as providing a novel insight into RIPK1 in reverting the progression of AD, probably through an autophagy machinery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors*; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism*
  12. Fulltext Virtual screening of functional foods and dissecting their roles in modulating gene functions to support post COVID-19 complications
    Afroz S, Fairuz S, Joty JA, Uddin MN, Rahman MA
    J Food Biochem, 2021 12;45(12):e13961.
    PMID: 34676581 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13961
    COVID-19 has become the focal point since 2019 after the outbreak of coronavirus disease. Many drugs are being tested and used to treat coronavirus infections; different kinds of vaccines are also introduced as preventive measure. Alternative therapeutics are as well incorporated into the health guidelines of some countries. This research aimed to look into the underlying mechanisms of functional foods and how they may improve the long-term post COVID-19 cardiovascular, diabetic, and respiratory complications through their bioactive compounds. The potentiality of nine functional foods for post COVID-19 complications was investigated through computational approaches. A total of 266 bioactive compounds of these foods were searched via extensive literature reviewing. Three highly associated targets namely troponin I interacting kinase (TNNI3K), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were selected for cardiovascular, diabetes, and respiratory disorders, respectively, after COVID-19 infections. Best docked compounds were further analyzed by network pharmacological tools to explore their interactions with complication-related genes (MAPK1 and HSP90AA1 for cardiovascular, PPARG and TNF-alpha for diabetes, and AKT-1 for respiratory disorders). Seventy-one suggested compounds out of one-hundred and thirty-nine (139) docked compounds in network pharmacology recommended 169 Gene Ontology (GO) items and 99 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathways preferably AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, ACE2 receptor signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, and PPAR signaling pathway. Among the chosen functional foods, black cumin, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, turmeric, bitter melon, and Indian pennywort were found to modulate the actions. Results demonstrate that aforesaid functional foods have attenuating roles to manage post COVID-19 complications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Functional foods have been approaching a greater interest due to their medicinal uses other than gastronomic pleasure. Nine functional food resources have been used in this research for their traditional and ethnopharmacological uses, but their directive-role in modulating the genes involved in the management of post COVID-19 complications is inadequately studied and reported. Therefore, the foods types used in this research may be prioritized to be used as functional foods for ameliorating the major post COVID-19 complications through appropriate science.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
  13. The kinase LMTK3 promotes invasion in breast cancer through GRB2-mediated induction of integrin β₁
    Xu Y, Zhang H, Lit LC, Grothey A, Athanasiadou M, Kiritsi M, et al.
    Sci Signal, 2014 Jun 17;7(330):ra58.
    PMID: 24939894 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005170
    Lemur tyrosine kinase 3 (LMTK3) is associated with cell proliferation and endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We found that, in cultured breast cancer cell lines, LMTK3 promotes the development of a metastatic phenotype by inducing the expression of genes encoding integrin subunits. Invasive behavior in various breast cancer cell lines positively correlated with the abundance of LMTK3. Overexpression of LMTK3 in a breast cancer cell line with low endogenous LMTK3 abundance promoted actin cytoskeleton remodeling, focal adhesion formation, and adhesion to collagen and fibronectin in culture. Using SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) proteomic analysis, we found that LMTK3 increased the abundance of integrin subunits α5 and β1, encoded by ITGA5 and ITGB1. This effect depended on the CDC42 Rho family guanosine triphosphatase, which was in turn activated by the interaction between LMTK3 and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), an adaptor protein that mediates receptor tyrosine kinase-induced activation of RAS and downstream signaling. Knockdown of GRB2 suppressed LMTK3-induced CDC42 activation, blocked ITGA5 and ITGB1 expression promoted by the transcription factor serum response factor (SRF), and reduced invasive activity. Furthermore, abundance of LMTK3 positively correlated with that of the integrin β1 subunit in breast cancer patient's tumors. Our findings suggest a role for LMTK3 in promoting integrin activity during breast cancer progression and metastasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism*
  14. Fulltext LRRK2 G2385R and R1628P mutations are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease in the Malaysian population
    Gopalai AA, Lim SY, Chua JY, Tey S, Lim TT, Mohamed Ibrahim N, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:867321.
    PMID: 25243190 DOI: 10.1155/2014/867321
    The LRRK2 gene has been associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The G2019S variant is commonly found in North African Arab and Caucasian PD patients, but this locus is monomorphic in Asians. The G2385R and R1628P variants are associated with a higher risk of developing PD in certain Asian populations but have not been studied in the Malaysian population. Therefore, we screened the G2385R and R1628P variants in 1,202 Malaysian subjects consisting of 695 cases and 507 controls. The G2385R and R1628P variants were associated with a 2.2-fold (P = 0.019) and 1.2-fold (P = 0.054) increased risk of PD, respectively. Our data concur with other reported findings in Chinese, Taiwanese, Singaporean, and Korean studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics*
  15. Acridone alkaloids from Glycosmis chlorosperma as DYRK1A inhibitors
    Beniddir MA, Le Borgne E, Iorga BI, Loaëc N, Lozach O, Meijer L, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2014 May 23;77(5):1117-22.
    PMID: 24798019 DOI: 10.1021/np400856h
    Two new acridone alkaloids, chlorospermines A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the stem bark of Glycosmis chlorosperma, together with the known atalaphyllidine (3) and acrifoline (4), by means of bioguided isolation using an in vitro enzyme assay against DYRK1A. Acrifoline (4) and to a lesser extent chlorospermine B (2) and atalaphyllidine (3) showed significant inhibiting activity on DYRK1A with IC50's of 0.075, 5.7, and 2.2 μM, respectively. Their selectivity profile was evaluated against a panel of various kinases, and molecular docking calculations provided structural details for the interaction between these compounds and DYRK1A.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
  16. Fulltext Novel Association of WNK4 Gene, Ala589Ser Polymorphism in Essential Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysia
    Ghodsian N, Ismail P, Ahmadloo S, Heidari F, Haghvirdizadeh P, Ataollahi Eshkoor S, et al.
    J Diabetes Res, 2016;2016:8219543.
    PMID: 27314050 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8219543
    With-no-lysine (K) Kinase-4 (WNK4) consisted of unique serine and threonine protein kinases, genetically associated with an autosomal dominant form of hypertension. Argumentative consequences have lately arisen on the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms of WNK4 gene and essential hypertension (EHT). The aim of this study was to determine the association of Ala589Ser polymorphism of WNK4 gene with essential hypertensive patients in Malaysia. WNK4 gene polymorphism was specified utilizing mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 320 subjects including 163 cases and 157 controls. Close relation between Ala589Ser polymorphism and elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was recognized. Sociodemographic factors including body mass index (BMI), age, the level of fasting blood sugar (FBS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) in the cases and healthy subjects exhibited strong differences (p < 0.05). The distribution of allele frequency and genotype of WNK4 gene Ala589Ser polymorphism showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between EHT subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and normotensive subjects, statistically. The WNK4 gene variation influences significantly blood pressure increase. Ala589Ser probably has effects on the enzymic activity leading to enhanced predisposition to the disorder.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics*
  17. DEPDC5 mutations in familial and sporadic focal epilepsy
    Tsai MH, Chan CK, Chang YC, Yu YT, Chuang ST, Fan WL, et al.
    Clin Genet, 2017 Oct;92(4):397-404.
    PMID: 28170089 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12992
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mutations in the disheveled, Egl-10 and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5) gene have emerged as an important cause of various familial focal epilepsy syndromes. However, the significance of DEPDC5 mutations in patients with sporadic focal epilepsy has yet to be characterized.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a kindred of familial focal epilepsy with variable foci using whole-exome sequencing. We subsequently studied a cohort of 293 patients with focal epilepsy and sequenced all exons of DEPDC5 using targeted resequencing.

    RESULTS: We reported a Taiwanese family with a novel splice site mutation which affected mRNA splicing and activated the downstream mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Among patients with focal epilepsies, the majority (220/293) of these patients had sporadic focal epilepsy without malformation of cortical development. Two (0.9%) of these patients had probably pathogenic mutations in the DEPDC5 gene.

    DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our finding suggests that DEPDC5 is not only the most common gene for familial focal epilepsy but also could be a significant gene for sporadic focal epilepsy. Since focal epilepsies account for more than 60% of all epilepsies, the effect of mTORC1 inhibitor on patients with focal epilepsy due to DEPDC5 mutations will be an important future direction of research.

    Matched MeSH terms: TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics*
  18. Tryptophan-tagged peptide from serine threonine-protein kinase of Channa striatus improves antioxidant defence in L6 myotubes and attenuates caspase 3-dependent apoptotic response in zebrafish larvae
    Issac PK, Lite C, Guru A, Velayutham M, Kuppusamy G, Saraswathi NT, et al.
    Fish Physiol Biochem, 2021 Apr;47(2):293-311.
    PMID: 33394283 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00912-7
    This study reports the antioxidant property and molecular mechanism of a tryptophan-tagged peptide derived from a teleost fish Channa striatus of serine threonine-protein kinase (STPK). The peptide was tagged with tryptophan to enhance the antioxidant property of STPK and named as IW13. The antioxidant activity of IW13 peptide was investigated using in vitro methods such as DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Furthermore, to investigate the toxicity and dose response of IW13 peptide on antioxidant defence in vitro, L6 myotubes were induced with generic oxidative stress due to exposure of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). IW13 peptide exposure was found to be non-cytotoxic to L6 cells in the tested concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μM). Also, the pre-treatment of IW13 peptide decreased the lipid peroxidation level and increased glutathione enzyme activity. IW13 peptide treatment upregulated the antioxidant enzyme genes: GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GST (glutathione S transferase) and GCS (glutamine cysteine synthase), in vitro in L6 myotubes and in vivo in zebrafish larvae against the H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The results demonstrated that IW13 renders protection against the H2O2-induced oxidative stress through a cellular antioxidant defence mechanism by upregulating the gene expression, thus enhancing the antioxidant activity in the cellular or organismal level. The findings exhibited that the tryptophan-tagged IW13 peptide from STPK of C. striatus could be a promising candidate for the treatment of oxidative stress-associated diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Threonine; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
  19. An overview of signaling pathways regulating YAP/TAZ activity
    Heng BC, Zhang X, Aubel D, Bai Y, Li X, Wei Y, et al.
    Cell Mol Life Sci, 2021 Jan;78(2):497-512.
    PMID: 32748155 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03579-8
    YAP and TAZ are ubiquitously expressed homologous proteins originally identified as penultimate effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a key role in maintaining mammalian tissue/organ size. Presently, it is known that YAP/TAZ also interact with various non-Hippo signaling pathways, and have diverse roles in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, tissue regeneration, cell lineage fate determination, tumorigenesis, and mechanosensing. In this review, we first examine the various microenvironmental cues and signaling pathways that regulate YAP/TAZ activation, through the Hippo and non-Hippo signaling pathways. This is followed by a brief summary of the interactions of YAP/TAZ with TEAD1-4 and a diverse array of other non-TEAD transcription factors. Finally, we offer a critical perspective on how increasing knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of YAP/TAZ signaling might open the door to novel therapeutic applications in the interrelated fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and synthetic biology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
  20. CHEK2*1100delC does not contribute to risk to breast cancer among Malay, Chinese and Indians in Malaysia
    Thirthagiri E, Cheong LS, Yip CH, Teo SH
    Fam Cancer, 2009;8(4):355-8.
    PMID: 19399639 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9244-x
    A truncating mutation (1100delC) in the cell cycle checkpoint kinase-2 gene, CHEK2, has been identified as a risk factor for familial and sporadic breast cancer in some Northern and Western European populations. However, the prevalence of CHEK2*1100delC in breast cancer appears to be population dependent. We analysed the prevalence of CHEK2*1100delC in 668 breast cancer cases, of which 542 were invasive breast cancers, from a hospital-based cohort of breast cancer patients from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The variant was not found in any patients in this cohort, suggesting that CHEK2*1100delC is rare in our population, and unlikely to contribute significantly to risk to breast cancer among the Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia. This suggests that screening for this allele should not be routinely conducted in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics*
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