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  1. Fulltext Environmental impacts, exposure pathways, and health effects of PFOA and PFOS
    Wee SY, Aris AZ
    Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2023 Nov 15;267:115663.
    PMID: 37976959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115663
    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that have been widely utilized in various industries since the 1940s, and have now emerged as environmental contaminants. In recent years, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been restricted and replaced with several alternatives. The high persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of these substances have contributed to their emergence as environmental contaminants, and several aspects of their behavior remain largely unknown and require further investigation. The trace level of PFAS makes the development of a monitoring database challenging. Additionally, the potential health issues associated with PFAS are not yet fully understood due to ongoing research and inadequate evidence (experimental and epidemiological studies), especially with regard to the combined effects of exposure to PFAS mixtures and human health risks from drinking water consumption. This in-depth review offers unprecedented insights into the exposure pathways and toxicological impacts of PFAS, addressing critical knowledge gaps in their behaviors and health implications. It presents a comprehensive NABC-Needs, Approach, Benefits, and Challenges-analysis to guide future strategies for the sustainable monitoring and management of these pervasive environmental contaminants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Caprylates/toxicity
  2. Therapeutic propensities, phytochemical composition, and toxicological evaluation of Anagallis arvensis (L.): A wild edible medicinal food plant
    Saleem H, Zengin G, Ahmad I, Htar TT, Naidu R, Mahomoodally MF, et al.
    Food Res Int, 2020 11;137:109651.
    PMID: 33233230 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109651
    Anagallis arvensis (L.) is a wild edible food plant that has been used in folklore as a natural remedy for treating common ailments. This study aimed to explore the biochemical properties and toxicity of methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of A. arvensis (aerial and root parts). Bioactive contents were assessed spectrophotometrically, and the secondary metabolites were identified by UHPLC-MS analysis. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating assays were employed to assess antioxidant activity. Inhibitory potential against key enzymes (α-glucosidase, urease, lipoxygenase (LOX), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)) were also assessed. MTT assay was employed to test toxicity against SW-480, MDA-MB-231, CaSki, MCF-7, and DU-145 cancer cell lines. Methanolic extracts showed highest phenolic (aerial-MeOH: 27.5 mg GAE/g extract; root-MeOH: 21.17 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (aerial-MeOH: 26.15 mg QE/g extract; root-MeOH: 19.07 mg QE/g extract) contents, and potent antioxidant activities. The aerial-MeOH extract was most potent for DPPH (IC50: 231 ug/mL), ABTS (131.12 mg TE/g extract), FRAP (82.97 mg TE/g extract), and CUPRAC (137.15 mg TE/g extract) antioxidant assays. All extracts were cytotoxic towards tested cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 12.57 to 294.5 µg/mL and conferred a comparatively strong inhibition against α-glucosidase (aerial-DCM extract showed the highest inhibition against α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 20.97 µg /mL), while aerial extracts were also considerably active against BChE (aerial-MeOH IC50: 224.63 µg /mL), LOX (aerial-DCM IC50: 385.7 µg /mL). Likewise, aerial-MeOH extract was most active against urease enzyme (IC50: 129.72 µg /mL). UHPLC-MS investigation of methanolic extracts showed the existence of important phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins, including methyl gallte, quercetin, lanceoletin, and balanitesin, amongst others. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the correlation amongst bioactive contents and observed biological activities. A. arvensis extracts could be regarded as a natural source of bioactive antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors and anticancer agents and can be further investigated as a lead source for food and pharmaceutical products. However, further studies to isolate, purify, and to characterize its bioactive phytochemicals are needed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antioxidants/toxicity; Phytochemicals/toxicity
  3. Acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats
    Leong YH, Isa ASM, Mohamed Mahmood M, Moey CEJ, Utar Z, Soon YI, et al.
    Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2018 Jun;95:280-288.
    PMID: 29567329 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.011
    This study aimed to investigate the oral acute and subacute toxicity of Poly [3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate], P(3HB-co-4HB) in the form of nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute oral administration of P(3HB-co-4HB) nanoparticles was performed as a single dose up to 2000 mg/kg in six female rats for 14 days. Subacute toxicity study via oral administration for 28 days at doses of 0 (control), 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg in rats (10 rats in each group, female:male = 1:1) was conducted. The estimated lethal dose (LD50) of P(3HB-co-4HB) nanoparticles was >2000 mg/kg. No mortality, unusual changes in behaviour, adverse clinical signs, abnormal changes in body weights or food consumption were observed on all animals treated with P(3HB-co-4HB) nanoparticles during 14 days of the acute toxicity study. In the subacute test, there was no mortality and toxicologically significant changes in clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, macroscopic findings, organ weights as well as histopathological examination were observed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxybutyrates/toxicity*; Polyesters/toxicity*; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Nanoparticles/toxicity*; Toxicity Tests, Subacute
  4. Mechanistic actions and contributing factors affecting the antibacterial property and cytotoxicity of graphene oxide
    Pulingam T, Thong KL, Appaturi JN, Lai CW, Leo BF
    Chemosphere, 2021 Oct;281:130739.
    PMID: 34004516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130739
    Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology contributed to the increasing use of nanomaterials in the engineering, health and biological sectors. Graphene oxide (GO) has great potentials as it could be fine-tuned to be adapted into various applications, especially in the electrical, electronic, industrial and clinical fields. One of the important applications of GO is its use as an antibacterial material due to its promising activity against a broad range of bacteria. However, our understanding of the mechanism of action of GO towards bacteria is still lacking and is often less described. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of bactericidal mechanistic actions of GO and the roles of physicochemical factors including size, aggregation, functionalization and adsorption behavior contributing to its antibacterial activities are described in this review. As the use of GO is expected to increase exponentially in the health sector, the cytotoxicity of GO among the cell lines is also discussed. Thus, this review emphasizes the physicochemical characteristics of GO that can be tailored for optimal antibacterial properties that is of importance to the health industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity; Oxides/toxicity
  5. Impact of polystyrene microplastics on the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of diatom Chaetoceros neogracile
    Mojiri A, Vishkaei MN, Zhou JL, Trzcinski AP, Lou Z, Kasmuri N, et al.
    Mar Environ Res, 2024 Feb;194:106343.
    PMID: 38215624 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106343
    The increasing prevalence of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments has raised concerns about its impact on marine life. Among the different types of microplastics, polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) are one of the most commonly detected in aquatic systems. Chaetoceros neogracile (diatom) is an essential part of the marine food web and plays a critical role in nutrient cycling. This study aimed to monitor the ecotoxicological impact of PSMPs on diatoms and observe enzymatic interactions through molecular docking simulations. Results showed that diatom growth decreased with increasing concentrations and exposure time to PSMPs, and the lowest photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) value was observed after 72 and 96 h of exposure to 200 mg L-1 of PSMPs. High concentrations of PSMPs led to a decrease in chlorophyll a content (up to 64.4%) and protein content (up to 35.5%). Molecular docking simulations revealed potential interactions between PSMPs and the extrinsic protein in photosystem II protein of diatoms, suggesting a strong affinity between the two. These findings indicate a detrimental effect of PSMPs on the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of diatoms and highlight the need for further research on the impact of microplastics on marine microbial processes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plastics/toxicity; Polystyrenes/toxicity
  6. Combined effects of norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles on the oxidative stress and gut health of the juvenile horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus
    Huang M, Ma Y, Qian J, Sokolova IM, Zhang C, Waiho K, et al.
    J Hazard Mater, 2024 Apr 15;468:133801.
    PMID: 38377908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133801
    Pollution with anthropogenic contaminants including antibiotics and nanoplastics leads to gradual deterioration of the marine environment, which threatens endangered species such as the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. We assessed the potential toxic mechanisms of an antibiotic (norfloxacin, 0, 0.5, 5 μg/L) and polystyrene nanoparticles (104 particles/L) in T. tridentatus using biomarkers of tissue redox status, molting, and gut microbiota. Exposure to single and combined pollutants led to disturbance of redox balance during short-term (7 days) exposure indicated by elevated level of a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA). After prolonged (14-21 days) exposure, compensatory upregulation of antioxidants (catalase and glutathione but not superoxide dismutase) was observed, and MDA levels returned to the baseline in most experimental exposures. Transcript levels of molting-related genes (ecdysone receptor, retinoic acid X alpha receptor and calmodulin A) and a molecular chaperone (cognate heat shock protein 70) showed weak evidence of response to polystyrene nanoparticles and norfloxacin. The gut microbiota T. tridentatus was altered by exposures to norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles shown by elevated relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. At the functional level, evidence of suppression by norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles was found in multiple intestinal microbiome pathways related to the genetic information processing, metabolism, organismal systems, and environmental information processing. Future studies are needed to assess the physiological and health consequences of microbiome dysbiosis caused by norfloxacin and polystyrene nanoparticles and assist the environmental risk assessment of these pollutants in the wild populations of the horseshoe crabs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Norfloxacin/toxicity; Polystyrenes/toxicity
  7. Deriving freshwater quality criteria for copper, cadmium, aluminum and manganese for protection of aquatic life in Malaysia
    Shuhaimi-Othman M, Nadzifah Y, Nur-Amalina R, Umirah NS
    Chemosphere, 2013 Mar;90(11):2631-6.
    PMID: 23246727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.030
    Freshwater quality criteria for copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) were developed with particular reference to aquatic biota in Malaysia, and based on USEPA's guidelines. Acute toxicity tests were performed on eight different freshwater domestic species in Malaysia, which were Macrobrachiumlanchesteri (prawn), two fish -Poeciliareticulata and Rasborasumatrana, Melanoidestuberculata (snail), Stenocyprismajor (ostracod), Chironomusjavanus (midge larvae), Naiselinguis (annelid), and Duttaphrynusmelanostictus (tadpole), to determine 96-h LC50 values for Cu, Cd, Al, and Mn. The final acute values (FAVs) for Cu, Cd, Al, and Mn were 2.5, 3.0, 977.8, and 78.3 μgL(-1), respectively. Using an estimated acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR) of 8.3, the value for final chronic value (FCV) was derived. Based on FAV and FCV, a Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) and a criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) for Cu, Cd, Al, and Mn of 1.3, 1.5, 488.9, and 39.1 μgL(-1) and 0.3, 0.36, 117.8, and 9.4 μgL(-1), respectively, were derived. The results of this study provide useful data for deriving national or local water quality criteria for Cu, Cd, Al, and Mn based on aquatic biota in Malaysia. Based on LC50 values, this study indicated that R.sumatrana, M.lanchesteri, C.javanus, and N.elinguis were the most sensitive to Cu, Cd, Al, and Mn, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum/toxicity; Cadmium/toxicity; Copper/toxicity; Manganese/toxicity; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity*; Metals, Heavy/toxicity*; Toxicity Tests, Acute*
  8. Fulltext Understanding the Impact of Perfluorinated Compounds on Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis Study
    Abdullah Soheimi SS, Abdul Rahman A, Abd Latip N, Ibrahim E, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 08 06;18(16).
    PMID: 34444092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168345
    Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are non-biodegradable synthetic chemical compounds that are widely used in manufacturing many household products. Many studies have reported the association between PFCs exposure with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, those reports are still debatable, due to their findings. Thus, this review paper aimed to analyse the association of PFCs compound with CVDs and their risk factors in humans by systematic review and meta-analysis. Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect were searched for PFCs studies on CVDs and their risk from 2009 until present. The association of PFCs exposure with the prevalence of CVDs and their risk factors were assessed by calculating the quality criteria, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). CVDs risk factors were divided into serum lipid profile (main risk factor) and other known risk factors. The meta-analysis was then used to derive a combined OR test for heterogeneity in findings between studies. Twenty-nine articles were included. Our meta-analysis indicated that PFCs exposure could be associated with CVDs (Test for overall effect: z = 2.2, p = 0.02; Test for heterogeneity: I2 = 91.6%, CI = 0.92-1.58, p < 0.0001) and their risk factors (Test for overall effect: z = 4.03, p < 0.0001; Test for heterogeneity: I2 = 85.8%, CI = 1.00-1.14, p < 0.0001). In serum lipids, total cholesterol levels are frequently reported associated with the exposure of PFCs. Among PFCs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) exposure increased the risk of CVDs than other types of PFCs. Although the risk of PFOA and PFOS were positively associated with CVDs and their risk factors, more observational studies shall be carried out to identify the long-term effects of these contaminants in premature CVDs development in patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Caprylates/toxicity
  9. Migration of endocrine-disrupting chemicals into food from plastic packaging materials: an overview of chemical risk assessment, techniques to monitor migration, and international regulations
    Ong HT, Samsudin H, Soto-Valdez H
    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2022;62(4):957-979.
    PMID: 33081493 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830747
    Plastic packaging materials (PPMs) protect food from contamination, maintain quality, and ease transportation and distribution. Additives included during the manufacturing and processing of PPMs improve flexibility, durability, barrier properties, and sometimes aid the processing itself. During processing, these additives, even the monomers used to produce the plastics, can produce side products or breakdown products as a result of degradation and various chemical reactions. These starting substances and reaction products include 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A), phthalates/phthalic acid esters, alkylphenols, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, which are considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that may interfere with the human endocrine system and produce adverse reproductive, neurological, developmental, and immune effects. When in contact with food, EDCs can migrate into food if conditions are appropriate, thereby possibly jeopardizing food safety. Chemical risk assessment and regulatory control were developed to reduce human exposure to harmful migrated EDCs. This article gives an overview of the migration of EDCs from PPMs and control measures to reduce the risk of adverse impacts on human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plastics/toxicity
  10. Nanoplastics potentiate mercury toxicity in a marine copepod under multigenerational exposure
    Xie D, Zhang H, Wei H, Lin L, Wang D, Wang M
    Aquat Toxicol, 2023 May;258:106497.
    PMID: 36940520 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106497
    The continuous fragmentation of plastics and release of synthetic nanoplastics from products have been aggravating nanoplastic pollution in the marine ecosystem. The carrier role of nanoplastics may increase the bioavailability and toxicity effects of toxic metals, e.g., mercury (Hg), which is of growing concern. Here, the copepod Tigriopus japonicus was exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) and Hg (alone or combined) at environmental realistic concentrations for three generations (F0-F2). Then, Hg accumulation, physiological endpoints, and transcriptome were analyzed. The results showed that the copepod's reproduction was significantly inhibited under PS NPs or Hg exposure. The presence of PS NPs caused significantly higher Hg accumulation, lower survival, and lower offspring production in copepods relative to Hg exposure, suggesting an increased threat to the copepod's survivorship and health. From the molecular perspective, combined PS NPs and Hg caused a graver effect on the DNA replication, cell cycle, and reproduction pathways relative to Hg exposure, linking to lower levels of survivorship and reproduction. Taken together, this study provides an early warning of nanoplastic pollution for the marine ecosystem not only because of their adverse effect per se but also their carrier role for increasing Hg bioaccumulation and toxicity in copepods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/toxicity
  11. Change in energy-consuming strategy, nucleolar metabolism and physical defense in Macrobrachium rosenbergii after acute and chronic polystyrene nanoparticles exposure
    Liang J, Abdullah ALB, Wang H, Liu G, Han M
    Aquat Toxicol, 2023 Oct;263:106711.
    PMID: 37783050 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106711
    The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified plastic pollution due to the escalated use of single-use gloves and masks, consequently leading to the widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in major rivers and lakes worldwide. Macrobrachium rosenbergii has become an important experimental subject due to its ecological role and environmental sensitivity. In this study, we sought to comprehend the ramifications of NPs on the widely-distributed freshwater prawn, M rosenbergii, by conducting a detailed analysis of its responses to NPs after both 96 h and 30 days of exposure. The transcriptome analysis revealed 918 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) after 30 days of NPs exposure (356 upregulated, 562 downregulated) and 2376 DEGs after 96 h of NPs exposure (1541 upregulated, 835 downregulated). The results of DEGs expression indicated that acute NPs exposure enhanced carbohydrate transport and metabolism, fostering chitin and extracellular matrix processes. In contrast, chronic NPs exposure induced nucleolar stress in M. rosenbergii, impeding ribosome development and mRNA maturation while showing no significant changes in glucose metabolism. Our findings underscore the M. rosenbergii distinct coping mechanisms during acute and chronic NPs exposure, elucidating its vital adaptive strategies. These results contribute to our understanding of the ecological implications of NPs pollution and its impact on aquatic animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/toxicity
  12. Lithium neurotoxicity with electroencephalogram changes
    Tan HJ, Lim KY, Rajah R, Ng CF
    BMJ Case Rep, 2021 Nov 17;14(11).
    PMID: 34789530 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246499
    Lithium is a medication with a variety of medical usage for various diseases including bipolar mood disorder. As the therapeutic window of lithium is narrow, its usage is commonly associated with toxicity. Lithium toxicity affects multiple systems especially the central nervous system, leading to neuropsychiatric complications. Haemodialysis is an effective method for lithium removal especially in severe lithium toxicity such as neurotoxicity with electroencephalogram changes. We describe a case of lithium neurotoxicity with electroencephalographic abnormalities which was reversed following haemodialysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium/toxicity
  13. Recent advances in micro (nano) plastics in the environment: Distribution, health risks, challenges and future prospects
    Ma YB, Xie ZY, Hamid N, Tang QP, Deng JY, Luo L, et al.
    Aquat Toxicol, 2023 Aug;261:106597.
    PMID: 37311378 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106597
    Environmental micro(nano)plastics have become a significant global pollution problem due to the widespread use of plastic products. In this review, we summarized the latest research advances on micro(nano)plastics in the environment, including their distribution, health risks, challenges, and future prospect. Micro(nano)plastics have been found in a variety of environmental media, such as the atmosphere, water bodies, sediment, and especially marine systems, even in remote places like Antarctica, mountain tops, and the deep sea. The accumulation of micro(nano)plastics in organisms or humans through ingestion or other passive ways poses a series of negative impacts on metabolism, immune function, and health. Moreover, due to their large specific surface area, micro(nano)plastics can also adsorb other pollutants, causing even more serious effects on animal and human health. Despite the significant health risks posed by micro(nano)plastics, there are limitations in the methods used to measure their dispersion in the environment and their potential health risks to organisms. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand these risks and their impacts on the environment and human health. Taken together, the challenges of micro(nano)plastics analysis in the environment and organisms must be addressed, and future research prospects need to be identified. Governments and individuals must take action to reduce plastic waste and minimize the negative impact of micro(nano)plastics on the environment and human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plastics/toxicity
  14. de novo transcriptome assembly for discovering gene expressed in Holothuria leucospilota with exposed to copper
    Leong RZL, Lim LH, Chew YL, Teo SS
    Anim Biotechnol, 2023 Dec;34(9):4474-4487.
    PMID: 36576030 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2158094
    Sea cucumber is a bioremediator as it can composite organic matter and excrete inorganic matter. Sea cucumber has the potential to serve as a bioindicator in marine habitat as they provide an integrated insight into the status of their environment over long periods. Sea cucumbers are sensitive to the organic concentration in the marine environment and can effectively provide an early warning system for any organic contamination that can negatively impact the ecosystem. The availability of a reference transcriptome for sea cucumber would constitute an essential tool for identifying genes involved in crucial steps of the defence pathway. De novo assembly of RNA-seq data enables researchers to study the transcriptomes without needing a genome sequence. In this study, sea cucumbers fed with Kappaphycus alvarezii powder were treated with 0.20 mg/L copper concentration comprehensive transcriptome data containing 75,149 Unigenes, with a total length of 20,460,032 bp. A total of 8820 genes were predicted from the unigenes, annotated, and functionally categorized into 25 functional groups with approximately 20% cluster in signal transduction mechanism. The reference transcriptome presented and validated in this study is meaningful for identifying a wide range of gene(s) related to the bioindication of sea cucumber in a high copper environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Copper/toxicity
  15. The cytotoxicity effect of bismuth oxide particles synthesized hydrothermally using different reaction temperatures in vitro
    Md Saad WM, Mohd Noor NA, Mohamad Salin NS, Mohd Z, Eshak Z, Abdul Razak HR
    Med J Malaysia, 2024 Mar;79(Suppl 1):8-13.
    PMID: 38555879
    INTRODUCTION: Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) particles gained attention in preclinical research especially in medical imaging. Bismuth oxide with its long circulation time is an alternative to the current iodine contrast media which directly possesses high X-ray attenuation coefficient. Exploration of bismuth compound is hampered owing to challenges in synthesizing control for in vivo stability.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study aimed are to characterize Bi2O3 particles synthesized at 60, 90 and 120 °C via hydrothermal method and investigated cytotoxicity of cell viability assay, cell morphology analysis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and expression of ER stress genes by real-time PCR.

    RESULTS: Results indicated that the size of rod-shaped Bi2O3 particles increased with rising synthesizing temperatures. The cytotoxicity of Bi2O3 particles in Chang liver cells was size-dependent. Bigger-sized Bi2O3 particles resulted in lesser toxicity effects. mRNA expressions of GRP78 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were down-regulated in all treated Chang liver cells due to the increasing size of Bi2O3 particles. Bi2O3 particles synthesized at 120 °C was found to be less toxic than iodine.

    CONCLUSION: Data suggested that the response of Chang liver cells to Bi2O3 particle cytotoxicity has a significant relationship with its reaction temperatures. This outcome is important in hazard assessment of Bi2O3 particles as a new contrast media and provides better understanding in synthesizing control to enhance its biocompatibility.

    Matched MeSH terms: Contrast Media/toxicity
  16. Combined effects of pentachlorophenol and nano-TiO2 with different sizes on antioxidant, digestive, and immune responses of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus
    Lan X, Huang W, Sun B, Waiho K, Song H, Hu M, et al.
    Aquat Toxicol, 2024 May;270:106900.
    PMID: 38537436 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106900
    Marine nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) pollution are escalating concerns in coastal areas. This study investigated the combined effects of continuous exposure to nano-TiO2 (25 nm, 100 nm) and PCP (0, 1, 10 μg/L) for 28 days on the antioxidant, digestive, and immune abilities of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Compared with the control group, the interaction between nano-TiO2 and PCP was significantly higher than exposure to a single stressor, with a pronounced decrease in amylase activity observed due to the reducing nano-TiO2 particle sizes. Resulting in increased MDA and SOD activity. The expression levels of Toll4, CSP3, and SER genes in crab hemolymph showed perturbations following exposure to nano-TiO2 and PCP. In summary, according to the results of CAT, GPX, PES and AMS enzyme activities, it was concluded that compared to the larger particle size (100 nm), the single stress of nano-TiO2 at a smaller particle size (25 nm) and co-stress with PCP have more significant impacts on P. trituberculatus. However, the potential physiological regulation mechanism of the interaction between these pollutants remains elusive and requires further study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Titanium/toxicity
  17. Interactive impacts of photoaged micro(nano)plastics and co-occurring chemicals in the environment
    Junaid M, Hamid N, Liu S, Abbas Z, Imran M, Haider MR, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2024 Jun 01;927:172213.
    PMID: 38580116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172213
    In the environment, sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered to be the primary cause of plastic aging, leading to their fragmentation into particles, including micro(nano)plastics (MNPs). Photoaged MNPs possess diverse interactive properties and ecotoxicological implications substantially different from those of pristine plastic particles. This review aims to highlight the mechanisms and implications of UV-induced photoaging of MNPs, with an emphasis on various UV sources and their interactions with co-occurring organic and inorganic chemicals, as well as the associated ecological and health impacts and factors affecting those interactions. Compared to UV-B, UV-A and UV-C were more widely used in laboratory studies for MNP degradation. Photoaged MNPs act as vectors for the transportation of organic pollutants, organic matter, and inorganic chemicals in the environment. Literature showed that photoaged MNPs exhibit a higher sorption capacity for PPCPs, PAHs, PBDEs, pesticides, humic acid, fulvic acid, heavy metals, and metallic nanoparticles than pristine MNPs, potentially causing significant changes in associated ecological and health impacts. Combined exposure to photoaged MNPs and organic and inorganic pollutants significantly altered mortality rate, decreased growth rate, histological alterations, neurological impairments, reproductive toxicity, induced oxidative stress, thyroid disruption, hepatotoxicity, and genotoxicity in vivo, both in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Limited studies were reported in vitro and found decreased cellular growth and survival, induced oxidative stress, and compromised the permeability and integrity of the cell membrane. In addition, several environmental factors (temperature, organic matter, ionic strength, time, and pH), MNP properties (polymer types, sizes, surface area, shapes, colour, and concentration), and chemical properties (pollutant type, concentration, and physiochemical properties) can influence the photoaging of MNPs and associated impacts. Lastly, the research gaps and prospects of MNP photoaging and associated implications were also summarized. Future research should focus on the photoaging of MNPs under environmentally relevant conditions, exploiting the polydisperse characteristics of environmental plastics, to make this process more realistic for mitigating plastic pollution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/toxicity
  18. Are deep eutectic solvents benign or toxic?
    Hayyan M, Hashim MA, Hayyan A, Al-Saadi MA, AlNashef IM, Mirghani ME, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2013 Feb;90(7):2193-5.
    PMID: 23200570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.004
    In continuation of investigation for environmentally benign protocol for new solvents termed deep eutectic solvents (DESs), it is herein reported results concerning the toxicity and cytotoxicity of choline chloride (ChCl) based DESs with four hydrogen bond donors including glycerine, ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and urea. The toxicity was investigated using two Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity effect was tested using the Artemia salina leach. It was found that there was no toxic effect for the tested DESs on all of the studied bacteria confirming their benign effects on these bacteria. Nevertheless, it was found that the cytotoxicity of DESs was much higher than their individual components (e.g. glycerine, ChCl) indicating that their toxicological behavior is different. For our best knowledge this is the first time that toxicity and cytotoxicity of DESs were studied. The toxicity and cytotoxicity of DESs varied depending on the structure of components. Careful usage of the terms non-toxicity and biodegradability must be considered. More investigation on this matter is required.
    Matched MeSH terms: Choline/toxicity*; Solvents/toxicity*; Hazardous Substances/toxicity*; Toxicity Tests
  19. The effect of organochlorines and heavy metals on sex steroid-binding proteins in vitro in the plasma of nesting green turtles, Chelonia mydas
    Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Hodge M, Bradley AJ
    J. Comp. Physiol. B, Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol., 2009 Jul;179(5):653-62.
    PMID: 19247670 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0347-3
    In this study on green turtles, Chelonia mydas, from Peninsular Malaysia, the effect of selected environmental toxicants was examined in vitro. Emphasis was placed on purported hormone-mimicking chemicals such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, dieldrin, lead, zinc and copper. Five concentrations were used: high (1 mg/L), medium (10(-1) mg/L), low (10(-2) mg/L), very low (10(-6) mg/L) and control (diluted carrier solvent but no toxicants). The results suggest that environmental pesticides and heavy metals may significantly alter the binding of steroids [i.e. testosterone (T) and oestradiol] to the plasma proteins in vitro. Competition studies showed that only Cu competed for binding sites with testosterone in the plasma collected from nesting C. mydas. Dieldrin and all heavy metals competed with oestradiol for binding sites. Furthermore, testosterone binding affinity was affected at various DDT concentrations and was hypothesised that DDT in vivo may act to inhibit steroid-protein interactions in nesting C. mydas. Although the precise molecular mechanism is yet to be described, DDT could have an effect upon the protein conformation thus affecting T binding (e.g. the T binding site on the steroid hormone binding protein molecule).
    Matched MeSH terms: Copper/toxicity; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/toxicity; DDT/toxicity; Dieldrin/toxicity; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/toxicity*; Lead/toxicity; Pesticides/toxicity*; Zinc/toxicity; Metals, Heavy/toxicity*
  20. Effect of mercury and cadmium on early life stages of Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus): a potential tropical test fish
    Ismail A, Yusof S
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2011;63(5-12):347-9.
    PMID: 21377175 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.014
    Several organisms have been used as indicators, bio-monitoring agents or test organisms in ecotoxicological studies. A close relative of the well established Japanese medaka, the Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus), has the potential to be a test organism. The fish is native to the estuaries of the Malaysian Peninsula, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore. In this study, newly fertilised eggs were exposed to different concentrations of Cd and Hg. Observations were done on the development of the embryos. Exposure to low levels of Cd and Hg (0.01-0.05 ppm) resulted in several developmental disorders that led to death. Exposure to ≥1.0 ppm Cd resulted in immediate developmental arrest. The embryos of Java medaka showed tolerance to a certain extent when exposed to ≥1.0 ppm Hg compared to Cd. Based on the sensitivity of the embryos, Java medaka is a suitable test organism for ecotoxicology in the tropical region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cadmium/toxicity*; Mercury/toxicity*; Teratogens/toxicity; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity*; Toxicity Tests/methods
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