Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 41 in total

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  1. Ina-Salwany MY, Al-Saari N, Mohamad A, Mursidi FA, Mohd-Aris A, Amal MNA, et al.
    J Aquat Anim Health, 2019 03;31(1):3-22.
    PMID: 30246889 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10045
    Current growth in aquaculture production is parallel with the increasing number of disease outbreaks, which negatively affect the production, profitability, and sustainability of the global aquaculture industry. Vibriosis is among the most common diseases leading to massive mortality of cultured shrimp, fish, and shellfish in Asia. High incidence of vibriosis can occur in hatchery and grow-out facilities, but juveniles are more susceptible to the disease. Various factors, particularly the source of fish, environmental factors (including water quality and farm management), and the virulence factors of Vibrio, influence the occurrence of the disease. Affected fish show weariness, with necrosis of skin and appendages, leading to body malformation, slow growth, internal organ liquefaction, blindness, muscle opacity, and mortality. A combination of control measures, particularly a disease-free source of fish, biosecurity of the farm, improved water quality, and other preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) might be able to control the infection. Although some control measures are expensive and less practical, vaccination is effective, relatively cheap, and easily implemented. In this review, the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis and control of vibriosis, including vaccination, is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/epidemiology; Vibrio Infections/prevention & control; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  2. Low CF, Mariana NS, Maha A, Chee HY, Fatimah MY
    J Fish Dis, 2015 Aug;38(8):761-4.
    PMID: 25073481 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12283
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/immunology; Vibrio Infections/physiopathology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  3. Low CF, Mariana NS, Maha A, Chee HY, Fatimah MY
    J Fish Dis, 2016 Mar;39(3):389-94.
    PMID: 25786532 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12359
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/immunology; Vibrio Infections/physiopathology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  4. Mohamad N, Mohd Roseli FA, Azmai MNA, Saad MZ, Md Yasin IS, Zulkiply NA, et al.
    J Aquat Anim Health, 2019 03;31(1):88-96.
    PMID: 30536485 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10055
    In September 2016, a marine fish farm operator in Selangor, Malaysia, reported a disease outbreak affecting juvenile hybrid groupers (Camouflage Grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion × Tiger Grouper E. fuscoguttatus). The average daily mortality was 120 fish, resulting in a cumulative mortality rate of 29% within 10 d. The affected hybrid groupers displayed lethargy, excessive mucus production, rotten fins, congestion of livers and kidneys, and enlargement of spleens. Microscopically, general congestion of the brains and internal organs was evident. Vibrio harveyi and V. alginolyticus were successfully isolated from the diseased fish. The isolated pathogens were found to be sensitive to oxytetracycline and tetracycline, but resistant towards ampicillin and vancomycin. Experimental infections using the isolated V. harveyi (108  CFU/mL), V. alginolyticus (108  CFU/mL), and concurrent infection by V. harveyi (108  CFU/mL) and V. alginolyticus (108  CFU/mL) in juvenile Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer resulted in 60, 100, and 100% mortality, respectively, within 240 h postinfection. The experimentally infected Asian Seabass demonstrated similar clinical signs and histopathological changes as the naturally infected hybrid groupers. However, concurrently infected fish demonstrated severe clinical signs and histopathological changes compared with single infections. These results suggest that both isolates of Vibrio are pathogenic to fish and responsible for the disease outbreak. However, concurrent infection involving V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi leads to a more devastating impact to the cultured fish. This is the first report of concurrent Vibrio infection in cultured marine fish in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/epidemiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  5. Nurdalila AA, Mayalvanan Y, Baharum SN
    Fish Physiol Biochem, 2019 Jun;45(3):1203-1215.
    PMID: 30915615 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00633-6
    In this study, we report the starvation effect and vibriosis infection on a tropical fish, the tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). The tiger groupers were infected with Vibrio vulnificus for 21 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis was used to assess the variation in metabolite profiles of E. fuscoguttatus. Metabolite productions in infected fishes were significantly influenced by fatty acid production. The Omega 9 (ω-9) was abundant under the challenged conditions compared to Omega 3 (ω-3) and Omega 6 (ω-6). A total of six fatty acids from the ω-9 group were detected in high concentration in the infected fishes compared to the control groupers. These metabolites are Oleic acid, Palmitoleic acid, 6,9-Octadecenoic acid, 8,11-Eicosadienoic acid, cis-Erucic acid and 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid. The production of ω-9 differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) in the challenged samples. The detected ω-9 compounds were quantified based on three different extraction techniques with Supelco 37-component FAME mix (Supelco, USA). The highest concentration of ω-9 groups compared to the other fatty acids detected is 1320.79 mg/4 g and the lowest is 939 mg/4 g in challenged-starved; meanwhile, in challenged-fed, the highest concentration detected is 1220.87 mg/4 g and the lowest is 917.25 mg/4 g. These changes demonstrate that ω-9 can be used as a biomarker of infection in fish.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/metabolism; Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  6. Jazamuddin FM, Aizat WM, Goh HH, Low CF, Baharum SN
    Data Brief, 2018 Feb;16:466-469.
    PMID: 29255779 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.024
    Vibriosis disease by Vibrio spp. greatly reduced productivity of aquaculture, such as brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), which is an economically important fish species in Malaysia. Preventive measures and immediate treatment are critical to reduce the mortality of E. fuscoguttatus from vibriosis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with immune response and host-bacteria interaction, a transcriptomic analysis was performed to compare between healthy and Vibrio-infected groupers. This permits the discovery of immune-related genes, specifically the resistance genes upon infection. Herein, we provide the raw transcriptome data from Illumina HiSeq. 4000 that have been deposited into NCBI SRA database with the BioProject accession number PRJNA396437. A total of 493,403,076 raw sequences of 74.5 Gb were obtained. Trimming of the raw data produced 437,186,232 clean reads of ~58 Gb. These datasets will be useful to elucidate the defence mechanisms of E. fuscoguttatus against Vibrio vulnificus infection for future development of effective prevention and treatment of vibriosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections
  7. Zetti ZR, Norazlah B, Raha AR
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Sep;64(3):246-7.
    PMID: 20527281 MyJurnal
    Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative marine bacterium that may cause local wound infection, distinctive soft tissue infection, gastroenteritis and septicaemia with a high mortality rate. A healthy man presented with severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea and fever followed by development of multiple blisters, cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limbs, who progressed rapidly to fulminant sepsis caused by this organism. Vibrio vulnificus septicaemia should be suspected in the presence of sepsis and progressive soft-tissue infection with recent history of raw seafood consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/diagnosis*
  8. Ransangan J, Mustafa S
    J Aquat Anim Health, 2009 Sep;21(3):150-5.
    PMID: 20043399 DOI: 10.1577/H09-002.1
    The grow out of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer in marine net-cages is a popular aquaculture activity in Malaysia. Production of this species is greatly affected by the occurrence of vibriosis, which causes heavy mortality. Generally, young fish are more susceptible; they exhibit anorexia and skin darkening, followed by heavy mortality. The acutely affected older fish may also exhibit bloody lesions around the anus and the base of the fins. Twenty-one bacterial isolates obtained from internal organs (kidney, heart, spleen and liver) of the affected specimens were subjected to phenotypic characterization, testing for antibiotic susceptibility, and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The sequencing result showed that all of the bacterial isolates belonged to Vibrio harveyi. The phenotypic characterization, however, identified 4 of the bacterial isolates as V. harveyi, 16 as V. parahaemolyticus, and 1 as V. alginolyticus. These findings suggest that biochemical features alone cannot be reliably used to identify bacterial pathogens, including V. harveyi, in aquaculture. Antibiotic susceptibility assays showed that some antibiotics, including oxytetracycline, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and oxolinic acid were effective against V. harveyi. Considering the side effects of these antibiotics, however, their use is not recommended in the aquaculture of Asian seabass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/microbiology*
  9. Low CF, Shamsudin MN, Chee HY, Aliyu-Paiko M, Idrus ES
    J Fish Dis, 2014 Aug;37(8):693-701.
    PMID: 24304156 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12153
    The gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, has frequently been identified as the pathogen responsible for the infectious disease called vibriosis. This disease is one of the major challenges facing brown-marbled grouper aquaculture, causing fish farmers globally to suffer substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the proteins involved in the immune response of brown-marbled grouper fingerlings during their initial encounter with pathogenic organisms. To achieve this objective, a challenge experiment was performed, in which healthy brown-marbled grouper fingerlings were divided into two groups. Fish in the treated group were subjected to intraperitoneal injection with an infectious dose of V. alginolyticus suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and those in the control group were injected with an equal volume of PBS. Blood samples were collected from a replicate number of fish from both groups at 4 h post-challenge and analysed for immune response-related serum proteins via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that 14 protein spots were altered between the treated and control groups; these protein spots were further analysed to determine the identity of each protein via MALDI-TOF/TOF. Among the altered proteins, three were clearly overexpressed in the treated group compared with the control; these were identified as putative apolipoprotein A-I, natural killer cell enhancement factor and lysozyme g. Based on these results, these three highly expressed proteins participate in immune response-related reactions during the initial exposure (4 h) of brown-marbled grouper fingerling to V. alginolyticus infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/immunology; Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  10. Loc NH, Macrae TH, Musa N, Bin Abdullah MD, Abdul Wahid ME, Sung YY
    PLoS One, 2013;8(9):e73199.
    PMID: 24039886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073199
    Non-lethal heat shock boosts bacterial and viral disease tolerance in shrimp, possibly due to increases in endogenous heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and/or immune proteins. To further understand the mechanisms protecting shrimp against infection, Hsp70 and the mRNAs encoding the immune-related proteins prophenoloxidase (proPO), peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and hemocyanin were studied in post-larvae of the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, following a non-lethal heat shock. As indicated by RT-qPCR, a 30 min abrupt heat shock increased Hsp70 mRNA in comparison to non-heated animals. Immunoprobing of western blots and quantification by ELISA revealed that Hsp70 production after heat shock was correlated with enhanced Hsp70 mRNA. proPO and hemocyanin mRNA levels were augmented, whereas peroxinectin and crustin mRNA levels were unchanged following non-lethal heat shock. Penaeidin mRNA was decreased by all heat shock treatments. Thirty min abrupt heat shock failed to improve survival of post-larvae in a standardized challenge test with Vibrio harveyi, indicating that under the conditions of this study, L. vannamei tolerance to Vibrio infection was influenced neither by Hsp70 accumulation nor the changes in the immune-related proteins, observations dissimilar to other shrimp species examined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/genetics; Vibrio Infections/immunology; Vibrio Infections/microbiology
  11. Zhao W, Dao C, Karim M, Gomez-Chiarri M, Rowley D, Nelson DR
    BMC Microbiol, 2016 Jan 05;16:1.
    PMID: 26728027 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0617-z
    The probiotic bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens strain S4Sm, isolated from the inner shell surface of a healthy oyster, secretes the antibiotic tropodithietic acid (TDA), is an excellent biofilm former, and increases oyster larvae survival when challenged with bacterial pathogens. In this study, we investigated the specific roles of TDA secretion and biofilm formation in the probiotic activity of S4Sm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/drug therapy; Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  12. Lee S, Katya K, Park Y, Won S, Seong M, Hamidoghli A, et al.
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2017 Feb;61:201-210.
    PMID: 28034835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.035
    The current experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two different probiotics Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3928 in diet of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Seven experimental diets were formulated to contain no probiotics (CON), three graded levels of B. subtilis at 106 (BS1), 107 (BS2), 108 (BS3) and L. plantarum at 106 (LP1), 107 (LP2), 108 (LP3) CFU/g diet. Twenty fish averaging 8.29 ± 0.06 g were distributed in to 21 aquaria and were randomly assigned to one of the experimental diets in triplicate groups. Average weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed B. subtilis at 107 (BS2) and 108 (BS3) CFU/g diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed other experimental diets (P Vibrio angulillarum showed significantly lower survival rate for fish fed CON diet than those of fish fed other experimental diets. Therefore, these results indicated that oral supplement of B. subtilis at 108 (BS3) CFU/g diet could be a more effective source of probiotic compared to L. plantarum in Japanese eel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/immunology; Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  13. Yaacob EN, De Geest BG, Goethals J, Bajek A, Dierckens K, Bossier P, et al.
    Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 2018 Oct;204:19-27.
    PMID: 30596377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.09.001
    Vibrio anguillarum causes high mortality in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larviculture. In this study, we evaluated if the recombinant sea bass ferritin-H could stimulate the innate immune system of gnotobiotic European sea bass larvae resulting in protection against a V. anguillarum challenge. We also evaluated the effect of a V. anguillarum infection on the transcription of immune-related genes in gnotobiotic European sea bass larvae. Recombinant sea bass ferritin-H was produced, encapsulated in calcium alginate microparticles and orally delivered to sea bass larvae at seven days after hatching. Our results showed V. anguillarum caused an acute infection, resulting in high mortality. The infection significantly upregulated the expression of tlr3, tlr5, cas1, il1β, tnfα, mif, il10, cc1, cxcl8 at 18, 24 and 36 h post infection, but not of the chemokine receptor genes cxcr4 and ccr9. There was no protective effect of ferritin-H. Remarkably, ferritin-H caused significantly higher transcript levels for cxcr4 and ccr9. Sea bass ferritin-H was more likely involved in immune-suppression and results point in the direction of a negative regulation of CXCR4 resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration which is detrimental to innate immunity and might explain the non-protective effect of ferritin-H in fish larvae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/immunology; Vibrio Infections/prevention & control; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  14. Aleng NA, Sung YY, MacRae TH, Abd Wahid ME
    PLoS One, 2015;10(8):e0135603.
    PMID: 26288319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135603
    Mild heat stress promotes thermotolerance and protection against several different stresses in aquatic animals, consequences correlated with the accumulation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). The purpose of this study was to determine if non-lethal heat shock (NLHS) of the Asian green mussel, Perna viridis, an aquatic species of commercial value, promoted the production of Hsp70 and enhanced its resistance to stresses. Initially, the LT50 and LHT for P. viridis were determined to be 42°C and 44°C, respectively, with no heat shock induced death of mussels at 40°C or less. Immunoprobing of western blots revealed augmentation of constitutive (PvHsp70-1) and inducible (PvHsp70-2) Hsp70 in tissue from adductor muscle, foot, gill and mantel of P. viridis exposed to 38°C for 30 min followed by 6 h recovery, NLHS conditions for this organism. Characterization by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed that PvHsp70-1 and PvHsp70-2 respectively corresponded most closely to Hsp70 from P. viridis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Priming of adult mussels with NLHS promoted thermotolerance and increased resistance to V. alginolyticus. The induction of Hsp70 in parallel with enhanced thermotolerance and improved protection against V. alginolyticus, suggests Hsp70 functions in P. viridis as a molecular chaperone and as a stimulator of the immune system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/immunology*; Vibrio Infections/prevention & control*
  15. Mohamad N, Mustafa M, Amal MNA, Saad MZ, Md Yasin IS, Al-Saari N
    J Aquat Anim Health, 2019 06;31(2):154-167.
    PMID: 30653742 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10062
    This study investigated the environmental factors associated with the presence of Vibrionaceae in economically important cage-cultured tropical marine fishes: the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer, snapper Lutjanus sp., and hybrid grouper Epinephelus sp. Fish sampling was conducted at monthly intervals between December 2016 and August 2017. The body weight and length of individual fish were measured, and the skin, eye, liver, and kidney were sampled for bacterial isolation and identification. Water physicochemical parameters during the sampling activities were determined, and the enumeration of total Vibrionaceae count was also conducted from water and sediment samples. Nine species of Vibrio were identified, including V. alginolyticus, V. diabolicus, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. rotiferianus, V. furnissii, V. fluvialis, and V. vulnificus. Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae was also identified. A total of 73% of the isolated Vibrio belonged to the Harveyi clade, followed by the Vulnificus clade (5.5%) and Cholera clade (0.6%). Highest occurrence of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae was found in hybrid grouper (72%), followed by Asian Seabass (48%) and snapper (36%). The associations of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae with the host fish were not species specific. However, fish mortality and fish size showed strong associations with the presence of some Vibrio spp. On average, 60% of the infected cultured fish exhibited at least one clinical sign. Nevertheless, inconsistent associations were observed between the pathogens and water quality. The yearlong occurrence and abundance of Vibrionaceae in the environmental components indicate that they might serve as reservoirs of these pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary
  16. Nurliyana M, Amal MNA, Zamri-Saad M, Ina-Salwany MY
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2019 Jun;68(6):485-496.
    PMID: 30834548 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13146
    This study investigates the possible transmission routes of Vibrio spp. in a tropical cage-cultured marine fishes. Samplings of cultured Asian seabass, red snapper, hybrid grouper, wild fish, trash fish, fish fry, water and sediment samples were conducted from December 2016 to August 2017. All fish were dissected in situ and swabs were taken aseptically from the skin, eye, liver and kidney for bacterial isolation and identification. Bacterial isolation and identification from water, sediment and trash fish were also made. A total of 261 Vibrio spp. isolates recovered from the cultured, wild and fry fish, as well as from the sediment and water of the farm environment were analysed. Sequences of the pyrH gene were used to investigate the degree of relatedness and possible transmission routes existing between the isolated Vibrio spp. The population tree revealed the existence of selected Vibrio spp. that possibly transmitted between the newly introduced fish fry and wild fish into the cultured fish, while water also might possibly serves as natural transmission medium of certain Vibrio spp. in this fish farm. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The source of transmission of Vibrio spp. into farmed marine fish remains unclear. This study highlights the possible transmission routes of Vibrio into cage-cultured marine fishes via newly introduced fish fry and wild fish. Understanding the routes of transmission of Vibrio spp. might help in controlling the disease in the near future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/transmission*; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  17. Puthucheary SD
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Sep;28(1):44-6.
    PMID: 4273784
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/complications*; Vibrio Infections/etiology
  18. Low CF, Shamsudin MN, Abdullah M, Chee HY, Aliyu-Paiko M
    J Fish Dis, 2015 Jan;38(1):17-25.
    PMID: 24397626 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12195
    The mechanisms through which brown-marbled grouper accomplishes resistance to infection, particularly against Vibrios, are not yet fully understood. In this study, brown-marbled grouper fingerlings were experimentally infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, to identify disease resistance grouper, and the serum proteome profiles were compared between resistant and susceptible candidates, via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The results showed that putative parvalbumin beta-2 subunit I, alpha-2-macroglobulin, nattectin and immunoglobulin light chain proteins were among proteins that significantly overexpressed in the resistant fish as compared to the susceptible group of fish, whereas apolipoprotein E and immunoglobulin light chain proteins were observed to be differentially overexpressed in the susceptible fish. Further analysis by peptide sequencing revealed that the immunoglobulin light chain proteins identified in the resistant and susceptible groups differed in amino acid composition. Taken together, the results demonstrated for the first time that putative parvalbumin beta-2 subunit I, alpha-2-macroglobulin, nattectin and immunoglobulin light chain are among important proteins participating to effect disease resistance mechanism in fish and were overexpressed to function collectively to resist V. parahaemolyticus infection. Most of these molecules are mediators of immune response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/physiopathology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
  19. Deris ZZ, Leow VM, Wan Hassan WM, Nik Lah NA, Lee SY, Siti Hawa H, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2009 Dec;26(3):320-5.
    PMID: 20237446
    Vibrio cholerae infection is mainly caused acute diarrhoea disease. Bacteraemia due to non-O1 V. cholerae is rare and mainly reported in liver cirrhotic patients. We report one case of non-O1 V. cholerae bacteraemia in splenectomised thalassaemic patient who presented with septic shock secondary to abdominal sepsis. She had undergone emergency laporatomy and was managed in the intensive care unit for nine days. She was treated with meropenem and doxycyline and discharged well after fourteen days of admission. The V. cholerae was identified by API 20NE, serotype and polymerase chain reaction showed as non-O1, non-O139 strain. Besides known cholera-like toxin and El Tor hemolysin, with increasing reported cases of V. cholerae bacteraemia, there is possibility of other virulence factors that allow this organism to invade the bloodstream.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/complications; Vibrio Infections/microbiology*
  20. Yu LH, Teh CSJ, Yap KP, Ung EH, Thong KL
    Infect Genet Evol, 2020 09;83:104347.
    PMID: 32360538 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104347
    Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an important shrimp disease of economic importance which causes mass mortality of cultivated penaeid shrimps in Southeast Asian countries, Mexico and South America. This disease was originally caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND) which is reported to harbour a transferable plasmid carrying the virulent PirAB-like toxin genes (pirABvp). However, little is known about the pathogenicity of VPAHPND. To extend our understanding, comparative genomic analyses was performed in this study to identify the genetic differences and to understand the phylogenetic relationship of VPAHPND strains. Seven Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains (five VPAHPND strains and two non-VPAHPND strains) were sequenced and 31 draft genomes of V. parahaemolyticus were retrieved from NCBI database and incorporated into the genomic comparison to elucidate their genomic diversity. The study showed that the genome sizes of the VPAHPND strains were approximately 5 Mbp. Ten sequence types (STs) were identified among the VPAHPND strains using in silico-Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis (MLST) and ST 970 was the predominant ST. Phylogenetic analysis based on MLST and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) showed that the VPAHPND strains were genetically diverse. Based on the comparative genomic analysis, several functional proteins were identified from diiferent categories associated with virulence-related proteins, secretory proteins, conserved domain proteins, transporter proteins, and phage proteins. The CRISPR analysis showed that VPAHPND strains contained less number of CRISPRs elements than non-VPAHPND strains while six prophages regions were identified in the genomes, suggested the lack of CRISPR might promote prophage insertion. The genomic information in this study provide improved understanding of the virulence of these VPAHPND strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio Infections/microbiology; Vibrio Infections/veterinary*
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