Browse publications by year: 2003

  1. Kishi R
    Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi, 2003 May;78(3):263-5.
    PMID: 12795178
    MeSH terms: Developing Countries; Humans; International Cooperation*; Japan; Malaysia; Occupational Health*
  2. Kwan AC, Bao T, Chakkaphak S, Chang FY, Ke M, Law NM, et al.
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2003 Jul;18(7):796-802.
    PMID: 12795751 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03081.x
    BACKGROUND: It has been unclear as to whether the Rome II criteria could be applied to patients in the Asia region with functional gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine if symptoms of Asian patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders formed groups which corresponded to the Rome II diagnostic criteria.

    METHODS: A modified English version of Talley's bowel disease questionnaire was developed in collaboration with various research teams in accordance with the Rome II criteria. This instrument was translated into the local languages of the following nine Asian regions: China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. From September to December 2001, newly enrolled outpatients attending 14 GI or medical clinics in these regions were invited to complete the questionnaire. From these respondents, patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders fulfilling the '12 weeks out of 12 months' criteria were separated for further analysis. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify symptom clusters or factors. These factors were compared with the existing classification of functional GI diseases derived from the Rome II criteria.

    RESULTS: Factor analysis of symptoms from 1012 functional GI patients supported the Rome II classification of the following groups of functional GI disorders: diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, functional dyspepsia, functional abdominal pain syndrome, functional heartburn, and functional vomiting. Functional diarrhea was combined with functional anorectal disorders, and globus merged with functional dysphagia into one factor. Some of the functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating and belching symptoms were loaded into one factor.

    CONCLUSIONS: Factor analysis of symptoms from a sample of Asian patients with functional GI disorders partially supported the use of the Rome II classification.
    MeSH terms: Asia/epidemiology; Colonic Diseases, Functional/diagnosis; Colonic Diseases, Functional/epidemiology; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis*; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Surveys and Questionnaires
  3. Samat SB, Evans CJ
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2003;103(4):341-7.
    PMID: 12797557
    For the specific absorbed dose constant for 60Co photons, three values quoted directly in the literature and two derived indirectly from published information are reported. The three publications giving the direct values mentioned no medium of absorption, whereas the other two specify tissue. A database of the specific absorbed dose constant is generated for each of 14 media namely air, water, bone and 11 types of soft tissue. These values are consistent with the three directly quoted values plus one of the indirectly obtained values. Air is found to be unlikely as the medium for the first three; and appropriate media for these are suggested. For the other two values, the generated database suggests that one is too small to be accurate; while the other is correct for tissue (as stated in the publication). An apparent error of 10(3) is identified in one of the values directly quoted.
    MeSH terms: Air; Bone and Bones; Cobalt Radioisotopes*; Humans; Monte Carlo Method; Quality Control; Radiation Dosage*; Radiometry/methods*; Tissue Distribution; Water; Reproducibility of Results; Photons
  4. Chan PW, Abdel-Latif ME
    Acta Paediatr, 2003 Apr;92(4):481-5.
    PMID: 12801117
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) chest infection is a common cause of hospitalization in the very young child. The aim of this study was to determine the direct cost of resource utilization in the treatment of children hospitalized with RSV chest infection and the potential cost-savings with passive immunization for high-risk infants. An audit of the hospital resource consumption and its costs was performed for 216 children aged < 24 mo admitted with RSV chest infection between 1995 and 1997. The cost-saving potential of passive immunization using monoclonal RSV antibodies during the RSV season was determined by assuming an 0.55 efficacy in hospitalization reduction when administered to "high-risk" infants according to the guidelines outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). The hospital treatment cost of 1064 bed-days amounted to USD 64 277.70. Each child occupied a median of 4.0 bed-days at a median cost of USD 169.99 (IQ1 128.08, IQ3 248.47). Children, who were ex-premature or with an underlying illness were more likely to have a longer hospital stay, higher treatment costs and need for intensive care. Ten (42%) of 24 ex-premature infants fulfilled the recommended criteria for passive immunization. Its use resulted in an incremental cost of USD 31.39 to a potential cost saving of USD 0.91 per infant for each hospital day saved.

    CONCLUSION: Ex-prematurity and the presence of an underlying illness results in escalation of the direct treatment cost of RSV chest infection. Current guidelines for use of passive RSV immunization do not appear to be cost-effective if adopted for Malaysian infants.

    MeSH terms: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Critical Care/economics; Developing Countries/economics*; Hospitalization/economics*; Humans; Immunization, Passive/economics*; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Length of Stay/economics; Malaysia; National Health Programs/economics; Severity of Illness Index; Cost Savings/economics; Hospital Costs*; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/economics*; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/therapy*
  5. Yii MK
    ANZ J Surg, 2003 Jun;73(6):393-5.
    PMID: 12801335
    Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are common in the Caucasian population. Apart from reported differences in the occurrence of AAA in the black and white populations, there are few studies on the incidence of AAA in the Asian population.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Comorbidity; Incidence; Treatment Outcome; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/ethnology; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/epidemiology*
  6. Menon DK
    Fertil Steril, 2003 Jun;79 Suppl 3:1659-61.
    PMID: 12801577
    OBJECTIVE: To document for the first time the successful treatment using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) of anabolic steroid-induced azoospermia that was persistent despite 1 year of cessation from steroid use.

    DESIGN: Clinical case report.

    SETTINGS: Tertiary referral center for infertility.

    PATIENT(S): A married couple with primary subfertility secondary to azoospermia and male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The husband was a bodybuilder who admitted to have used the anabolic steroids testosterone cypionate, methandrostenolone, oxandrolone, testosterone propionate, oxymetholone, nandrolone decanoate, and methenolone enanthate.

    INTERVENTION(S): Twice-weekly injections of 10,000 IU of hCG (Profasi; Serono) and daily injections of 75 IU of hMG (Humegon; Organon) for 3 months.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Semen analyses, pregnancy.

    RESULT(S): Semen analyses returned to normal after 3 months of treatment. The couple conceived spontaneously 7 months later.

    CONCLUSION(S): Steroid-induced azoospermia that is persistent after cessation of steroid use can be treated successfully with hCG and hMG.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use*; Humans; Male; Menotropins/therapeutic use*; Oligospermia/chemically induced; Oligospermia/drug therapy*; Anabolic Agents/adverse effects*
  7. Banjade DP, Raj TA, Ng BS, Xavier S, Tajuddin AA, Shukri A
    Med Dosim, 2003;28(2):73-8.
    PMID: 12804703
    Verification of tumor dose for patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy is an important part of quality assurance programs in radiation oncology. Among the various methods available, entrance dose in vivo is one reliable method used to verify the tumor dose delivered to a patient. In this work, entrance dose measurements using LiF:Mg;Ti and LiF:Mg;Cu;P thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) without buildup cap was carried out. The TLDs were calibrated at the surface of a water equivalent phantom against the maximum dose, using 6- and 10-MV photon and 9-MeV electron beams. The calibration geometry was such that the TLDs were placed on the surface of the "solid-water" phantom and a calibrated ionization chamber was positioned inside the phantom at calibration depth. The calibrated TLDs were then utilized to measure the entrance dose during the treatment of actual patients. Measurements were also carried out in the same phantom simultaneously to check the stability of the system. The dose measured in the phantom using the TLDs calibrated for entrance dose to 6-and 10-MV photon beams was found to be close to the dose determined by the treatment planning system (TPS) with discrepancies of not more than 4.1% (mean 1.3%). Consequently, the measured entrance dose during dose delivery to the actual patients with a prescribed geometry was found to be compatible with a maximum discrepancy of 5.7% (mean 2.2%) when comparison was made with the dose determined by the TPS. Likewise, the measured entrance dose for electron beams in the phantom and in actual patients using the calibrated TLDs were also found to be close, with maximum discrepancies of 3.2% (mean 2.0%) and 4.8% (mean 2.3%), respectively. Careful implementation of this technique provides vital information with an ability to confidently accept treatment algorithms derived by the TPS or to re-evaluate the parameters when necessary.
    MeSH terms: Algorithms; Calibration; Humans; Pelvic Neoplasms/radiotherapy*; Radiometry/instrumentation*; Radiometry/methods*; Radiotherapy Dosage; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thermoluminescent Dosimetry/instrumentation*; Thermoluminescent Dosimetry/methods*; Thoracic Neoplasms/radiotherapy*; Reproducibility of Results*; Phantoms, Imaging
  8. Kam TS, Sim KM
    Phytochemistry, 2003 Jul;63(5):625-9.
    PMID: 12809725
    Four bisindole alkaloids, viz., 19'(S)-hydroxyconodurine, conodurinine, 19'(S)-hydroxyconoduramine, and 19'(S)-hydroxyervahanine A, in addition to conodurine and ervahanine A, were obtained from the leaf and stem-bark extracts of Tabernaemontana corymbosa. The structures of the new alkaloids were determined using NMR and MS analysis.
    MeSH terms: Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Alkaloids/chemistry*; Bridged Compounds/isolation & purification; Bridged Compounds/chemistry; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Indole Alkaloids/isolation & purification; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry; Tabernaemontana/chemistry*
  9. Singh C, Ibrahim S, Pang KS, Shanti S
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2003 Jun;11(1):94-6.
    PMID: 12810979
    We report a case of a 13-year-old girl with an osteosarcoma of the right humerus, which had been diagnosed as an aneurysmal bone cyst at our institution. She underwent curettage and bone grafting of the lesion, which resulted in implantation metastasis of the tumour to the ilium. She died 15 months after presentation owing to pulmonary metastases. This report highlights the possibility of metastasis occurring by direct implantation to a graft donor site. We strongly recommend that a biopsy be performed in cases of presumed benign lesions before proceeding with the definitive surgery.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Bone Neoplasms/surgery*; Female; Humans; Humerus/surgery*; Ilium/transplantation*; Neoplasm Seeding*; Osteosarcoma/surgery*; Bone Transplantation/adverse effects*
  10. Nirthanan S, Charpantier E, Gopalakrishnakone P, Gwee MC, Khoo HE, Cheah LS, et al.
    Br J Pharmacol, 2003 Jun;139(4):832-44.
    PMID: 12813007
    1 Candoxin (MW 7334.6), a novel toxin isolated from the venom of the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus, belongs to the poorly characterized subfamily of nonconventional three-finger toxins present in Elapid venoms. The current study details the pharmacological effects of candoxin at the neuromuscular junction. 2 Candoxin produces a novel pattern of neuromuscular blockade in isolated nerve-muscle preparations and the tibialis anterior muscle of anaesthetized rats. In contrast to the virtually irreversible postsynaptic neuromuscular blockade produced by curaremimetic alpha-neurotoxins, the neuromuscular blockade produced by candoxin was rapidly and completely reversed by washing or by the addition of the anticholinesterase neostigmine. 3 Candoxin also produced significant train-of-four fade during the onset of and recovery from neuromuscular blockade, both, in vitro and in vivo. The fade phenomenon has been attributed to a blockade of putative presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that mediate a positive feedback mechanism and maintain adequate transmitter release during rapid repetitive stimulation. In this respect, candoxin closely resembles the neuromuscular blocking effects of d-tubocurarine, and differs markedly from curaremimetic alpha-neurotoxins that produce little or no fade. 4 Electrophysiological experiments confirmed that candoxin produced a readily reversible blockade (IC(50) approximately 10 nM) of oocyte-expressed muscle (alphabetagammadelta) nAChRs. Like alpha-conotoxin MI, well known for its preferential binding to the alpha/delta interface of the muscle (alphabetagammadelta) nAChR, candoxin also demonstrated a biphasic concentration-response inhibition curve with a high- (IC(50) approximately 2.2 nM) and a low- (IC(50) approximately 98 nM) affinity component, suggesting that it may exhibit differential affinities for the two binding sites on the muscle (alphabetagammadelta) receptor. In contrast, curaremimetic alpha-neurotoxins have been reported to antagonize both binding sites with equal affinity.
    MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Cytotoxins/pharmacokinetics*; Cytotoxins/chemistry*; Diaphragm/drug effects; Diaphragm/innervation; Electric Stimulation; Guinea Pigs; Malaysia; Male; Muscle Contraction/drug effects; Muscle Contraction/physiology; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects*; Neuromuscular Junction/physiology; Neurotoxins/pharmacokinetics*; Neurotoxins/chemistry; Oocytes/cytology; Oocytes/drug effects; Oocytes/metabolism; Phrenic Nerve/drug effects; Phrenic Nerve/physiology; Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects; Snake Venoms*; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Bungarus/metabolism*; Neuromuscular Blockade; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Mice; Rats
  11. Lang CC, Jamal SK, Mohamed Z, Mustafa MR, Mustafa AM, Lee TC
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2003 Jun;55(6):588-90.
    PMID: 12814453
    AIMS: Nafcillin (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, USA) has been reported to induce the metabolism of cyclosporin and warfarin, which are known substrates of cytochrome P-450 (CYP). However, there has not been any report to date on its possible interaction with nifedipine, an index substrate of the enzyme, CYP3A4.

    METHODS: Nine healthy normotensive subjects participated in this randomized placebo-controlled two-way crossover study examining the effects of 5 days' pretreatment of nafcillin 500 mg or placebo four times daily on the pharmacokinetics of an oral dose of nifedipine 10 mg. Plasma nifedipine concentrations were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectro.

    RESULTS: The area under the plasma nifedipine concentration-time curve (AUC0-alpha) in nafcillin-pretreated subjects (80.9 +/- 32.9 micro g l-1 h-1) was significantly decreased compared with subjects who received only nifedipine (216.4 +/- 93.2 micro g l-1 h-1) (P < 0.001). Total plasma clearance of nifedipine (CL/F) was significantly increased with nafcillin pretreatment (138.5 +/- 42.0 l h-1 vs 56.5 +/- 32.0 l h-1) (P < 0.002).

    CONCLUSIONS: The results show that nafcillin pretreatment markedly increased the clearance of nifedipine and suggest that nafcillin is a potent inducer of CYP enzyme.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Drug Interactions; Humans; Male; Nafcillin/blood; Nafcillin/pharmacokinetics*; Nifedipine/blood; Nifedipine/pharmacokinetics*; Penicillins/blood; Penicillins/pharmacokinetics*; Cross-Over Studies
  12. Molnár K, Shaharom-Harrison F, Székely C
    Syst Parasitol, 2003 May;55(1):11-8.
    PMID: 12815211
    Ninety-five specimens of 14 freshwater fish species from small streams in the Kuala Terengganu district and the Lake Kenyir Reservoir, Malaysia, were surveyed for coccidian infections. Six fish species proved to be infected with apicomplexans belonging to the genus Goussia. In all of these fishes Goussia species were found in unsporulated and semisporulated stages. Oöcysts of four species inhabiting the intestinal epithelium became sporulated in tap-water within 24 hours. In two fish species sporulation failed and only unsporulated oöcysts were recorded in the intestine. Three of the intestinal species finishing sporulation proved to be new to science and were described as Goussia malayensis n. sp., G. bettae n. sp. and G. pogonognathi n. sp. from Apocheilus panchax, Betta splendens and Hemirhamphodon pogonognatus, respectively. The fourth species, found in Trichogaster pectoralis, was identified as G. trichogasteri Székely & Molnár, 1992, a species known from aquarium-cultured T. trichopterus.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Fish Diseases/epidemiology; Fish Diseases/parasitology*; Fishes; Fresh Water; Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Protozoan Infections, Animal/epidemiology; Protozoan Infections, Animal/parasitology*; Prevalence; Apicomplexa/ultrastructure*; Oocysts/ultrastructure
  13. Lim LH
    Syst Parasitol, 2003 Jun;55(2):115-26.
    PMID: 12815222
    Four new species of Calydiscoides Young, 1969 are described from three species of nemipterids caught off Kemaman, Terengganu, on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia: C. monogrammae n. sp. from Scolopsis monogramma; C. conus n. sp. from S. magaritifer; C. scolopsidis n. sp. from S. margaritifer and S. monogramma; and C. kemamanensis n. sp. from Pentapodus setosus. The present investigation reveals that the squamodiscs (lamellodiscs) are composed of 10-12 short, complete, interlocking and concentric tubular lamellae. The innermost lamella is attached to a pair of adductor muscles.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Fishes/parasitology*; Malaysia; Oceans and Seas; Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology*; Platyhelminths/classification*; Species Specificity
  14. Siar CH, Toh CG, Romanos G, Swaminathan D, Ong AH, Yaacob H, et al.
    J. Periodontol., 2003 May;74(5):571-8.
    PMID: 12816287
    Today, one critical goal in implant placement is the achievement of optimal soft tissue integration. Reports thus far have demonstrated successful soft tissue preservation in delayed loaded implants placed in anterior jaws. The aim of this study was to histomorphometrically examine the soft tissues around immediately loaded implants placed in the macaque posterior mandible.
    MeSH terms: Dental Abutments; Alveolar Process/pathology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Connective Tissue/pathology; Crowns; Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods; Epithelial Attachment/pathology; Gingiva/pathology; Macaca fascicularis; Mandible/pathology; Mandible/surgery*; Periodontium/pathology*; Wound Healing; Dental Implants*; Osseointegration; Weight-Bearing; Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported
  15. Abdullah F, Adeeb S
    Heart Surg Forum, 2003;6(3):E50-1.
    PMID: 12821439
    An alternative technique of superior vena cava obstruction bypass using bovine pericardial conduit is described. The patient in this case had recurrent bilateral thrombophlebitis and thrombosed saphenous veins. Most of the surgical techniques reported in the literature so far have described the use of polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) graft, polytetrafluoroethylene graft, autologous pericardial patch, and spiral vein graft. The use of synthetic grafts has been plagued with high rates of thrombosis. The pathology, clinical presentation, surgical technique, and outcome are discussed.
    MeSH terms: Anticoagulants/therapeutic use; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Saphenous Vein; Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/drug therapy; Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/surgery*; Suture Techniques; Thrombophlebitis/complications; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation/methods*
  16. Norazah A, Lim VK, Rohani MY, Alfizah H, Koh YT, Kamel AG
    Epidemiol Infect, 2003 Jun;130(3):407-11.
    PMID: 12825724
    This study was conducted to determine the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Malaysian hospitals. A total of 264 MRSA isolates from eight hospitals were subjected to typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI restricted DNA. Antibiotic disk susceptibility testing was also carried out to determine their resistance patterns. Thirty-one PFGE pattern types were identified. Three major pattern types A, ZC and K were found with type A the predominant profile in c. 80% of strains and present in all hospitals. Unlike type A, other DNA pattern types were unique to the hospitals in which they were isolated. PFGE type A also consisted of strains that were multiply antibiotic resistant. The presence of a single predominant PFGE type in Malaysian hospitals is an important finding which suggests that inter-hospital spread of MRSA had occurred frequently and regularly.
    MeSH terms: Cross Infection/microbiology; Cross Infection/epidemiology*; DNA, Bacterial/genetics; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology*; Staphylococcus aureus/classification; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics*; Methicillin Resistance/genetics*; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Molecular Epidemiology; Drug Resistance, Multiple
  17. Herrero LJ, Lee CS, Hurrelbrink RJ, Chua BH, Chua KB, McMinn PC
    Arch Virol, 2003 Jul;148(7):1369-85.
    PMID: 12827466
    Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae) has been responsible for sporadic cases and outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like disease in Europe, the U.S.A., Australia and Asia. Recently, there has been an increase in EV71 activity in the Asia-Pacific region, with many outbreaks of HFMD associated with brainstem encephalitis manifesting as neurogenic pulmonary oedema with a high case fatality rate. In 1997, and again in 2000, EV71 outbreaks occurred in peninsular Malaysia. Variations in VP1 gene sequences have been shown to divide all known EV71 field isolates into three distinct genogroups (A, B and C). Consequently we examined the VP1 gene sequences of 43 EV71 strains isolated in peninsular Malaysia between 1997 and 2000 in order to determine the genogroup prevalence over the period. In this study we show that four subgenogroups (B3, B4, C1 and C2) of EV71 circulated in peninsular Malaysia between 1997 and 2000. Subgenogroups B3, B4 and C1 have been identified as the primary cause of the outbreaks of EV71 in peninsular Malaysia. Subgenogroup C1 also displayed endemic circulation from 1997 to 2000 and subgenogroup C2 was present at a low level during the 1997 outbreak.
    MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology*; Enterovirus/classification; Enterovirus/genetics*; Enterovirus/pathogenicity; Genotype; Geography; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/mortality; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology*; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Phylogeny; Incidence; Consensus Sequence; Sequence Alignment; Molecular Epidemiology/methods; DNA Primers; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
  18. Deurenberg-Yap M, Deurenberg P
    Nutr Rev, 2003 May;61(5 Pt 2):S80-7.
    PMID: 12828197
    This paper describes body composition and dietary intakes of the three major ethnic groups residing in Singapore and how these are related to cardiovascular risk factors in these groups. When the relationship between body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and body fat percentage was studied, Singaporeans were found to have higher percentage of body fat compared with Caucasians with the same BMI. At BMIs that are much lower than WHO-recommended cut-off values for obesity, both the absolute and relative risks of developing cardiovascular risk factors are markedly elevated for all three ethnic groups. The excessive fat accumulation and increased risks at lower BMIs signal a need to re-examine cut-off values for obesity among Chinese, Malays, and Indians.
    MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue; Body Composition; Cardiovascular Diseases; China/ethnology; Diet; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; India/ethnology; Malaysia/ethnology; Male; Reference Values; Risk Factors; Singapore; World Health Organization*; Body Mass Index*; European Continental Ancestry Group; Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  19. Panneerchelvam S, Norazmi MN
    Malays J Med Sci, 2003 Jul;10(2):20-6.
    PMID: 23386793 MyJurnal
    The incredible power of DNA technology as an identification tool had brought a tremendous change in crimnal justice . DNA data base is an information resource for the forensic DNA typing community with details on commonly used short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers. This article discusses the essential steps in compilation of COmbined DNA Index System (CODIS) on validated polymerase chain amplified STRs and their use in crime detection.
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