Browse publications by year: 2004

  1. Panneerchelvam S, Thevan KK, KokFai L, Saravanakumar M, Sumathy V, Yuvaneswari KC, et al.
    J Forensic Sci, 2004 Jul;49(4):863-4.
    PMID: 15317219
    MeSH terms: Gene Frequency*; Genetics, Population*; Humans; Malaysia; DNA Fingerprinting/methods; Tandem Repeat Sequences*
  2. Pan CY, So WY, Khalid BA, Mohan V, Thai AC, Zimmet P, et al.
    Diabet Med, 2004 Sep;21(9):1007-13.
    PMID: 15317606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01287.x
    AIM: To describe the clinical, biochemical and immunological characteristics of young-onset diabetes in Asia.
    METHODS: Clinical, biochemical and immunological variables were assessed in 919 newly diagnosed (duration less than 12 months) young onset Asian diabetic patients aged between 12 and 40 years. The subjects constituted 57% Chinese, 29% Indians and 14% Malays, recruited from diabetes centres in China, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia and Singapore.
    RESULTS: The mean age (+/- sd) was 31.6 +/- 7.2 years, with the majority (66%) in the 31-40 years age group. Mean body mass index (BMI) (+/- sd) was 25.3 +/- 5.0 kg/m2 with 47% exceeding the suggested Asian cut-off point for obesity (BMI > or = 25). Ethnic difference in clinical characteristics included BMI, blood pressure, mode of treatment and degree of insulin resistance. Most patients had a clinical presentation of Type 2 diabetes. About 10% had a classical combination of ketotic presentation, presence of autoimmune-markers and documented insulin deficiency indicative of Type 1 diabetes. Forty-eight percent were receiving oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) while 31% were on diet only, 18% were receiving insulin and 2% were on a combination of insulin and OHA.
    CONCLUSION: Young onset diabetes patients in Asia represent a heterogeneous group in terms of their clinical and biochemical characteristics and classical Type 1 diabetes is relatively uncommon. The 5-year follow up study will determine the progress of these patients and help to clarify the natural history.
    MeSH terms: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose/analysis; Blood Pressure/physiology; C-Peptide/blood; Child; China/epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus/ethnology*; Diabetes Mellitus/immunology; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism; Family Health; Female; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/analysis; Hong Kong/epidemiology; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage; India/epidemiology; Insulin Resistance/immunology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Singapore/epidemiology; Body Mass Index
  3. Abraham RR, Upadhya S, Torke S, Ramnarayan K
    Adv Physiol Educ, 2004 Dec;28(1-4):102-4.
    PMID: 15319191
    Medicine is an applied science, interpreting evidence and applying it to real life by using clinical reasoning skills and experience. COPT (clinically oriented physiology teaching) was incorporated in physiology instruction aiming to relate the study of physiology to real-life problems, to generate enthusiasm and motivation for learning, and to demonstrate the vocational relevance of physiology among students by integrating clinical experience with teaching. COPT consisted of two elements: 1) critical-thinking questions (CTQ) and 2) clinical case studies. After a few topics were taught, CTQ and case studies were given as an assignment. Answers were discussed in the next class. Two exams, each of which contained CTQ and recall questions, were conducted, one before (exam 1) and one after (exam 2) the implementation of COPT. Analysis of student performance in the examinations revealed that the students did better in exam 2 (P < 0.0001). Feedback from students indicated that this method was useful and challenging.
    MeSH terms: Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods*; Educational Measurement; Humans; Motivation; Physiology/education*; Teaching/methods*; Thinking
  4. Goh KL
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004 Sep;19 Suppl 3:S22-5.
    PMID: 15324378
    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease in the West, which now appears to be also increasing in prevalence in the Asian Pacific region. The reasons for this changing epidemiology are two-fold: an increased awareness among doctors and patients, and/or a true increase in the prevalence of the disease. Prevalence rates of reflux esophagitis (RE) of up to 16% and prevalence of GERD symptoms of up to 9% have been reported in the Asian population. However, the frequency of strictures and Barrett's esophagus remain very low. Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) appears to be the most common form of GERD among Asian patients accounting for 50-70% of cases with GERD. Among Asian patients differences can also be discerned among different ethnic groups. For example, in Malaysia where a multiracial society exists, RE is significantly more common among Indians compared to Chinese and Malays whereas NERD is more frequently seen in the Indian and Malays compared to the Chinese. The reasons for these differences are not known but may indicate both genetic factors and environmental factors peculiar to the particular racial group. GERD has also been increasing in the region demonstrating a time-lag phenomenon compared to the West. Differing predisposition to GERD among different ethnic groups would mean that such an increase would be more prominent among certain racial groups.
    MeSH terms: Asia/epidemiology; Barrett Esophagus/epidemiology; Esophagitis, Peptic/epidemiology; Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology*; Humans; Pacific Islands/epidemiology; Prevalence
  5. Kong LL, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Aini I, Seow HF
    Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2004 Nov;27(6):433-43.
    PMID: 15325516
    Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with very virulent (vv) infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) UPM94/273 developed lower pathogenicity compared to UPM97/61. Sequence analysis indicated that UPM94/273 is an exceptional vvIBDV. In this study, a SYBR Green I based real-time reverse transcriptase reaction assay was developed to measure viral RNA in the bursae of SPF chickens infected with IBDV. Specificity of the amplified products was confirmed by melting temperature analysis. A linear relationship was observed between the amount of input viral RNA and the threshold values for IBDV-specific product over five log10 dilutions. The viral RNA level following infection with UPM94/273 was significantly higher at day 1 and 2 post-inoculation (p.i.) compared to UPM97/61 infected chickens. However, chickens infected with UPM97/61 had significantly higher numbers of bursal cells undergoing apoptosis compared to UPM94/273 infected chickens. In both groups, the number of apoptotic cells and viral RNA levels peak at day 3 p.i. This study indicates that UPM97/61 and UPM94/273 have different efficiency of replication and percentage of apoptotic cells in bursae during the acute phase of IBDV infection.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Base Sequence; Bursa of Fabricius/pathology; Bursa of Fabricius/virology; Chickens*; DNA, Viral/genetics; Infectious bursal disease virus/genetics; Infectious bursal disease virus/isolation & purification*; Poultry Diseases/pathology*; Poultry Diseases/virology*; RNA, Viral/analysis*; RNA, Viral/genetics; Apoptosis; Birnaviridae Infections/pathology; Birnaviridae Infections/veterinary*; Birnaviridae Infections/virology
  6. Tan GC, Isa MR, Ng SP, Jamil YM
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2004 Oct;30(5):363-7.
    PMID: 15327449
    Microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a recognized entity and is defined as carcinoma with invasion of less than 5 mm penetration of the stroma and seldom metastasized. Our patient was a 70-year-old, multiparous woman who had a microinvasive, cervical, squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor had spread superficially into the entire endometrial cavity up to the fundus, totally replacing the columnar epithelium. This is an extremely rare phenomenon, with fewer than 20 cases reported so far in the literature.
    MeSH terms: Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology; Endometrium/pathology*; Epithelium/pathology; Female; Humans; Malaysia; Neoplasm Invasiveness
  7. Pang YS, Yang YS, Wong LP, Lee TC, Mustafa AM, Mohamed Z, et al.
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2004 Sep;58(3):332-5.
    PMID: 15327595
    Impaired S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation is a well-described genetic polymorphism affecting drug metabolism in humans. Although ethnic differences in its distribution of polymorphism has been described, it is not known whether there is an ethnic heterogeneity of the structure and expression of the CYP2C19 enzyme in the Malaysian population.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics*; Female; Gene Frequency; Humans; Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics*; Malaysia; Male; Omeprazole/analogs & derivatives*; Omeprazole/metabolism; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics*; Polymerase Chain Reaction; 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19
  8. Nissapatorn V, Lee C, Quek KF, Leong CL, Mahmud R, Abdullah KA
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2004 Aug;57(4):160-5.
    PMID: 15329448
    The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among 505 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients was 226 (44.8%; 95% CI 42.64-51.76): 27 (47.4%) and 199 (44.4%) showed Toxoplasma seropositivity with and without toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), respectively (P <0.05). The majority of these patients were in the 25-34 age group (44 versus 39%), male (86 versus 76%), and Chinese (49 versus 53%), though no statistical significance was found between the two. Significant differences between these two groups were noted, however, in terms of marital status, occupation, and present address. The heterosexual exhibited the most frequent behavior at risk for HIV infection, and accounted for 51 and 59% of patients with and without TE, respectively. Only 17/260 (6.5%) and 1/137 (0.7%) of them later acquired TE after receiving primary chemoprophylaxis (cotrimoxazole) and antiretroviral therapy including HAART (P <0.05). Fifty-seven (11.3%) out of those 505 patients were diagnosed with AIDS-related TE. The most common clinical manifestation was headache (56%). The computed tomography scan findings showed most lesions to be multiple (96.4%), hypodense (66.7%), and in the parietal region (39.3%). Twenty-seven (47.4%) patients had chronic (latent) Toxoplasma infection as evidenced by seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma (IgG) antibody. At the time of diagnosis, the range of CD4 cell count was from 0-239 with a median of 25 cells/cumm. We also found that a CD4 count of less than 100 cells/cumm was significantly associated with development of TE (P <0.05). Clinical outcomes showed that among those who survived, 21 (36.8%), 16 (28.1%), and 2 (3.5%) of patients had completed treatment, transferred out, and were lost to follow up, respectively. Unfortunately, 18 (31.6%) of the cases were officially pronounced dead. Overall, 7 (12.3%) patients were detected as recurrent TE in this study.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Toxoplasma/immunology; HIV Infections/complications*; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/complications; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/epidemiology; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/physiopathology; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology*; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology
  9. Rushdan MN, Tay EH, Khoo-Tan HS, Lee KM, Low JH, Ho TH, et al.
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2004 Jul;33(4):467-72.
    PMID: 15329758
    INTRODUCTION: The traditional indications for adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy (RT) for International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) stage Ib1 lymph nodes-negative cervix carcinoma following radical surgery based on histopathological factors, such as deep stromal invasion and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), were often inconsistently applied. The perceived risk of relapse was subjectively determined. This pilot study attempts to determine if the treatment outcome will be affected when the indication for RT is based on the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Risk Score (RS) and the field of adjuvant RT is tailored to the RS.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1997 to 1999, 55 patients with FIGO stage Ib1 lymph nodes-negative cervical carcinoma limited to the cervix were prescribed RT following radical surgery, based on their RS, as follows: RS <40, RT is omitted; RS >40 to <120, modified (smaller) field RT; and RS >120, standard field pelvic RT. Their incidence and site of recurrence were compared with a similar cohort of 40 patients who were treated prior to 1997.

    RESULTS: Prior to 1997, of the 40 patients, 10 patients were given standard field RT. There were 2 (5%) recurrent diseases. The mean duration of follow-up was 61.6 months (range, 1 to 103 months). The RS of 23 of the 30 patients who were not given RT were available. The mean RS was 22 with 5 patients having a score of >40. From 1997 onwards, of the 55 patients, 28 (51%) did not require RT, 13 (23%) were treated with modified (smaller) field RT and 14 (26%) were given standard field RT. There were 2 (3.6%) cases of relapse. The mean duration of follow-up was 36.4 months (range, 5 to 60 months). All patients with a RS of <40 did not suffer any relapse. Their survival outcomes were better when compared to patients who did not have any RT in the GOG Study.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that postoperative adjuvant RT given to patients with a high GOG RS of >120, significantly improved their 5-year recurrence rate and disease-free survival, as compared with the similar group of patients who were without adjuvant therapy in the GOG study. Patients with a GOG risk-score of <40 may be safely spared from adjuvant pelvic RT. The current treatment protocol did not compromise the outcome in patients, compared with the use of a less precise treatment protocol in the past.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Aged; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/radiotherapy*; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery*; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Lymph Nodes/pathology; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Risk Assessment; Disease-Free Survival; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
  10. Chee HL, Kandiah M, Khalid M, Shamsuddin K, Jamaluddin J, Nordin NA, et al.
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2004;13(3):248-54.
    PMID: 15331336
    Factors related to overweight were examined in a cross-sectional survey that included 1612 women workers from 10 large electronics assembly factories in Peninsular Malaysia. Respondents were Malaysian citizens, direct production workers below the supervisory level, and had worked at least a year in the factory where they were presently employed. Heights and weights were taken to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Weights and BMI increased with increasing age. After adjusting for age, odds ratios for overweight were significantly raised for married women in relation to not married women (OR 1.5, 95% CI=1.15-2.02), lower secondary education in relation to higher than upper secondary education (OR 1.8, 95% CI=1.06-3.14), monthly income RM800-999 (OR 1.7, 95% CI=1.21-2.45) and >/=RM1,000 (OR 1.8, 95% CI=1.23-2.72) in relation to
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Income; Malaysia/epidemiology; Middle Aged; Obesity/epidemiology*; Work Schedule Tolerance*; Body Mass Index; Confidence Intervals; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio; Marital Status*
  11. Rahman SA, Chee WS, Yassin Z, Chan SP
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2004;13(3):255-60.
    PMID: 15331337
    Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) were determined in 276 (103 Malays and 173 Chinese) postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 65 years. The level of 25 (OH) D was significantly lower in the postmenopausal Malay women (44.4 +/-10.6 nmol/L) compared to the Chinese women (68.8 +/- 15.7 nmol/L) (P<0.05). There were 27% Malay women with serum 25 (OH) D in the range of 50 - 100 nmol/L (defined as lowered vitamin D status, or hypovitaminosis D) and 71% with levels in the range of 25 - 50 nmol/L (defined as vitamin D insufficiency) compared to 87% and 11% Chinese women respectively. Serum 25 (OH) D was found to significantly correlate with BMI, fat mass and PTH level. Multivariate analyses showed that race has a strong association with vitamin D status. The high prevalence of inadequate levels of serum vitamin D found in our study may have important public health consequences and warrants the development of a strategy to correct this problem in the older adult Malaysian population.
    MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/metabolism; Aged; China/ethnology; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Status; Parathyroid Hormone/blood; Vitamin D/administration & dosage*; Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives*; Vitamin D/blood*; Vitamin D Deficiency/blood; Vitamin D Deficiency/ethnology; Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology*; Diet Records; Body Mass Index; Multivariate Analysis; Postmenopause/blood*
  12. Rahmat A, Kumar V, Fong LM, Endrini S, Sani HA
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2004;13(3):308-11.
    PMID: 15331345
    Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging radicals, thus providing protection to humans against infections and degenerative diseases. Literature shows that the antioxidant activity is high on herbal and vegetable plants. Realizing the fact, this research was carried out to determine total antioxidant activity and the potential anticancer properties in three types of selected local vegetable shoots such as Diplazium esculentum (paku shoot), Manihot utillissima (tapioca shoot) and Sauropous androgynus (cekur manis). The research was also done to determine the effect of boiling, on total antioxidant activity whereby samples of fresh shoots are compared with samples of boiled shoots. In every case, antioxidant activity is compared to alpha-tocopherol and two methods of extraction used are the organic and the aqueous methods. Besides that, two research methods used were the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with absorbance of 500nm and 532nm respectively. Oneway ANOVA test at P<0.05 determines significant differences between various samples. In the cytotoxic study, the ethanolic extract and several cell lines i.e. breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), colon cancer (Caco-2), liver cancer (HepG2) and normal liver (Chang liver) were used. The IC(50)-value was determined by using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant study found that all the samples in both aqueous and organic extraction were significantly different. The total antioxidant activity values of aqueous extract in descending order are as follows: M. utilissima (fresh) >D. esculentum (fresh) >S.androgynus (fresh) > M.utilissima (boiled) > D. esculentum (boiled) > S.androgynus (boiled). It also was found that S.androgynus shoots ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 with the IC50 value of 53.33 micrograms/ml. However, S.androgynus shoots and D. esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cell line. While, the tapioca shoot ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cell line with the IC(50) value of 52.49 micrograms/ml. S.androgynus shoots and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not give an IC(50) value against the MCF-7 cell line. S.androgynus, tapioca and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not show cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 and HepG2. There was no IC(50)-value from any sample against Chang Liver cell line. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of both fresh and boiled samples were higher than alpha-tocopherol, although fresh vegetable shoots were found to be higher in antioxidant activity compared to boiled shoots. This study also suggested that S.androgynus shoots and tapioca shoots have potential as an anticancer agent against certain breast tumours.
    MeSH terms: Ethanol; Antioxidants/pharmacology*; Manihot/chemistry; Cooking/methods*; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Thiobarbiturates/analysis; Thiocyanates/analysis; Vegetables/chemistry*; Plant Shoots/chemistry; Inhibitory Concentration 50; alpha-Tocopherol/pharmacology; Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects*
  13. Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Molla AH
    PMID: 15332668
    A laboratory-scale study was undertaken to evaluate the liquid state bioconversion (LSB) in terms of biodegradation of microbially treated domestic wastewater sludge (biosolids) as well as its kinetics. The potential fungal strains and process factors developed from previous studies were used throughout the study. The results presented in this study showed that an effective biodegradation occurred with the biosolids (sludge cake) accumulated. The maximum biosolids (sludge cake) accumulated (93.8 g/kg of liquid sludge) enriched with the biomass protein (30.2 g/kg of dry biosolids), was achieved which improved the effluent quality by enhancing the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), reducing sugar (RS), soluble protein (SP), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS). The higher reduction of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was observed during bioconversion process. The kinetics results showed that the experimental data were better fitted for the biodegradation efficiency, and biosolids accumulation and biodegradation rate.
    MeSH terms: Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbohydrates/analysis; Kinetics; Oxygen/metabolism; Proteins/analysis; Sewage/chemistry*; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods*; Water Pollutants/metabolism*
  14. Saed K, Noor MJ, Abdullah AG, Salim MR, Nagaoka H, Aya H
    PMID: 15332674
    An evaluation of two commonly used coagulants, alum and ferric chloride was conducted to treat retention pond water using microfiltration. To determine the effectiveness of these coagulants in removing turbidity, color, and total suspended solids two different sets of the experiments were performed. Preliminary test was carried out to evaluate the optimum dosages of coagulants. Optimum turbidity removal was achieved with a 4 and 20 mg/L dosage for ferric chloride and alum, respectively. Generally, coupling microfiltration with coagulation using both alum and ferric chloride exhibited excellent effectiveness for turbidity, color, and total suspended solids removal. The efficiency for alum and ferric chloride for turbidity removal were 96 and 98%, respectively, which was greater than 89% removal using microfiltration alone. Furthermore, microfiltration only demonstrated 81 and 83% removal efficiency for color and total suspended solids removal, respectively. However, microfiltration-coagulation using alum and ferric chloride resulted about 83 and 93% color removal, and 92 and 94% total suspended solids removal, respectively.
    MeSH terms: Alum Compounds/chemistry; Chlorides; Ferric Compounds/chemistry; Filtration; Rain; Water Movements; Water Pollutants/isolation & purification*; Water Purification/methods*
  15. Khoo JJ, Ismail MS, Tiu CC
    Singapore Med J, 2004 Sep;45(9):435-6.
    PMID: 15334288
    While endometriosis is fairly common, endometriosis of the appendix is a very rare occurrence. Correct pre-operative diagnosis is uncommon and definitive diagnosis is established by histology of the appendix. We present a case of endometriosis of the appendix that manifested as acute appendicitis in a 40-year-old woman.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Appendicitis/diagnosis*; Appendix*; Diagnosis, Differential; Endometriosis/diagnosis*; Female; Humans
  16. Pon LW, Kandiah M, Mohd Nasir MT
    Malays J Nutr, 2004 Sep;10(2):131-47.
    PMID: 22691735 MyJurnal
    Body image plays an important role in the management of body weight, especially among female adolescents. This study examined the differences in body image perception, weight management knowledge, eating behaviour and physical activity between overweight and normal weight Malaysian female adolescents. Body mass index screening was done on 588 secondary school students to identify overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) subjects. A BMI-for-age of => 85th percentile and between => 5th and <85th percentile were used as cut-offs for identifying suitable subjects of overweight and normal weight, respectively. Fifty girls identified as being OW were matched for age and ethnicity with 50 NW students. Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographics, eating behaviour and physical activity, a weight management knowledge inventory (WMKI) and the Body Silhouette Chart. The study sample comprised Malays (40%), Chinese (30%) and Indians (30%) with a mean age of 14.76 ± 1.15 years. The majority of them were from families with a monthly household income of less than RM1,000. Significantly more NW subjects (χ2=6.112, p=0.013) than OW subjects had incorrect perception of their current body weight status. The WMKI revealed that more OW subjects (64%) than NW subjects (52%) had a low level of weight management knowledge. Eating behaviour patterns were not significantly different between OW and NW subjects, but more OW subjects skipped one or more daily meals as compared to their NW counterparts (χ2=0.174, p=0.010). Physical activity patterns were similar in both groups. Healthy eating and physical activity promotion programmes in schools should include sound weight management practices.
    Questionnaire: Figure Rating Scale of Stunkard; Weight Management Knowledge Inventory (WMKI)
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Body Image*; Body Weight*; China/ethnology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; India/ethnology; Malaysia; Malaysia/ethnology; Schools
  17. Mohd Sidik S, Rozali A, Shiran MS, Sam AA
    Malays J Nutr, 2004 Sep;10(2):149-58.
    PMID: 22691736 MyJurnal
    Imbalances and deficiencies of nutrients are particularly prevalent among the elderly, resulting in increased risk of illness and impaired outcome, as well as reduced quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the nutritional risk and to determine its association with physical and mental health problems among the elderly in a semiurban community in the District of Hulu Langat, Selangor. Elderly people aged 60 years and above were included in the study, conducted from 11th March to 10th May 2004. Data were collected using a questionnaire-guided interview method. The Nutrition Screening Initiative Checklist (NSI-13) was used to assess the level (low, moderate, high) of nutritional risk of the subjects. The questionnaire also included the Barthel Index, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) and Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ) to identify functional status, depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment respectively, among the respondents. Out of 316 elderly residents, 300 agreed to participate in the study (response rate 94.9%). Respondents aged from 60 to 93 years old and the mean age was 67.08±6.6. Prevalence of moderate and high nutritional risks were 25.3% and 36.3% respectively. Nutritional risks were found to be significantly associated with age (p=0.015), marital status (p=0.00), chronic illness (p=0.000), functional disability (p=0.000) and depressive symptoms (p=0.010). In conclusion, the health status of the elderly strongly depends on their nutritional risk. Age, marital status, chronic illness, functional disability and depressive symptoms are factors to be emphasised when assessing the nutritional risk of the elderly.
    Study site: Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia
    Device, Questionnaire & Scale: Nutrition Screening Initiative Checklist (NSI-13); Barthel Index; Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30); Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ)
    Prevalence data: Depression 6.3%, cognitive impairment 8.3%
    MeSH terms: Aged; Cognition Disorders; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression*; Female; Malaysia; Male; Nutritional Status*; Prevalence
  18. Suzana S, Azhar Y, Fatimah A
    Malays J Nutr, 2004 Sep;10(2):173-82.
    PMID: 22691738 MyJurnal
    A case control study to determine the association of dietary fibre and cancer among Malaysians. It was conducted among 100 newly-diagnosed cancer patients admitted to the Radiotherapy and Oncology Ward, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. A total of 100 controls matched with the cases for age, sex and ethnic origin were selected from the Outpatient Health Clinic in Sentul. The subjects were interviewed to obtain information on their habitual dietary intakes and lifestyles. Family history of cancer, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption were found to be significant risk factors for cancer (p<0.05 for all parameters). The mean intake of total energy was higher among men with nasopharyngeal cancer and women with gastrointestinal cancer as compared to their controls (p<0.05 for both parameters). The percentage of energy contribution from fat was higher among cases (35%) than controls (32.1%). The mean dietary fibre intake among cases (10.86 ± 8.90 g/d) was apparently lower than the controls (13.22 ± 5.99 g/d), with significant differences noted for breast cancer and also nasopharyngeal cancer. Women with low fibre intake (<10g/d) had a 2.2 times higher risk of getting breast cancer. There is a need to educate the public to adhere to a wholesome diet, in particular to increase the consumption of high-fibre food for disease prevention.

    Study site: Radiotherapy and Oncology Ward, Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Outpatient Health Clinic in Sentu
    MeSH terms: Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; China/ethnology; Dietary Fiber*; Hospitals, General; Humans; India/ethnology; Malaysia; Malaysia/ethnology; Neoplasms*; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Case-Control Studies
  19. Kabier BM, Mustafa S, Kharidah M, Suraini AA, Abdul Manap Y
    Malays J Nutr, 2004 Sep;10(2):183-93.
    PMID: 22691739
    The nutritive value of spontaneously fermented brown rice flour medida, a Sudanese cereal thin porridge, is low. This study was carried out to improve the nutritional quality of medida. The flour was soaked and malted at 30◦C to optimise the protein content. Flour malted for two days had the highest protein content. Skim milk was added to the malted brown rice flour medida and fermented using Bifidobacterium longum BB 536. Maximum count of B. longum BB 536 up to 9 log CFU/ ml was attained at 4.6 final fermentation pH. The resultant viscosity was similar to that of the spontaneously fermented brown rice flour medida. There was significant (P< 0.01) increase in both the energy density and the protein content, having increased 12 folds and 24 folds, respectively. The essential amino acids including lysine and methionine were highly augmented. The resultant medida have stable flowing characteristics and meet the whole protein and energy requirements for infants and children aged 1 - 10 years old.
  20. Sim SM
    Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2004 Sep;25(9):1209-19.
    PMID: 15339399
    Traditional pharmacology teaching has focused more on drug instead of therapeutics, such that although pharmacological knowledge is acquired, practical skills in prescribing remain weak. In Malaysia many new medical schools (both public and private) have been set up in the last 12 years due to a change in government policy, resulting in a wide spectrum of medical curricula. Universiti Malaya (UM) being the oldest medical school in Malaysia was deep set in its traditional way of teaching-learning, since its inception in 1962, until a visit from the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom in 1984 triggered off a change of tide. Since then the medical curriculum in UM has undergone two major revisions. The first revised curriculum (1988) aimed to inject more clinical relevance into basic science teaching, through introducing clinical lectures and skills in the paraclinical year. Professional behaviour was also addressed. The second revised curriculum (1998) sought to improve further the integration of knowledge as well as to produce a holistic doctor, viewing the patient as a person instead of a clinical entity. The teaching-learning of pharmacology has gradually moved from factual regurgitation to more clinical reasoning, from lab-based to more patient-oriented approach. As more new medical schools are being set up in Malaysia, exchange of experience in this area of learning will hopefully help us find a happy medium between "the old is best" and "the new is better" type approach so that a pedagogically sound and yet logistically practical curriculum can be found in our local setting, to help produce doctors with good prescribing practice.
    MeSH terms: Curriculum; Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods*; Malaysia; Pharmacology/education*; Teaching; Universities; Problem-Based Learning*
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