Browse publications by year: 2014

1. Ureteroscopy: the first line treatment for distal located ureteral stones smaller than 10 mm

   Kamarulzaman MN

   Urol J, 2014 Nov 01;11(5):1914.

   PMID: 25361715

   MeSH terms: Female; Humans; Male; Sulfonamides/therapeutic use*; Ureteral Calculi/therapy*; Ureteroscopy*; Watchful Waiting*; Urological Agents/therapeutic use*
2. Pruritic eruption on the chest

   Chwen CC

   J Fam Pract, 2014 Nov;63(11):677-9.

   PMID: 25362492

   Abstract

   The fact that this patient's rash was limited to his chest provided an important diagnostic clue.

   MeSH terms: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Biopsy; Clobetasol/administration & dosage; Clobetasol/analogs & derivatives*; Drug Eruptions/diagnosis*; Dermatologic Agents/administration & dosage; Diagnosis, Differential; Folliculitis/diagnosis*; Histamine Antagonists/administration & dosage; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis*; Skin/pathology; Terfenadine/administration & dosage; Terfenadine/analogs & derivatives*; Treatment Outcome; Acneiform Eruptions/diagnosis*
3. Fulltext Diuretic activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum extract in albino rats

   Asif M, Jabeen Q, Abdul-Majid AM, Atif M

   Pak J Pharm Sci, 2014 Nov;27(6):1811-7.

   PMID: 25362605

   Abstract

   The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum on urinary electrolytes, pH and diuretic activity in normal albino rats. Moreover, acute toxicity of the gum extract was assessed using mice. Albino rats were divided into five groups. Control group received normal saline (10 mg/kg), reference group received furosemide (10 mg/kg) and test groups were given different doses of crude extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) by intra-peritoneal route, respectively. The Graph Pad Prism was used for the statistical analysis and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant diuretic, kaliuretic and natriuretic effects were observed in the treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Diuretic index showed good diuretic activity of the crude extract. Lipschitz values indicated that the crude extract, at the dose of 50 mg/kg, showed 44 % diuretic activity compared to the reference drug. No lethal effects were observed among albino mice even at the higher dose of 3000 mg/kg. It is concluded that aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata oleo gum, at the dose of 50 mg/kg showed significant effects on urinary volume and concentration of urinary electrolytes with no signs of toxicity.

   MeSH terms: Animals; Diuretics/pharmacology*; Electrolytes/urine; Female; Male; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Boswellia*; Rats
4. Fulltext Effects of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fraction on biochemical and morphological alterations of liver in fenitrothion-treated rats

   Jayusman PA, Budin SB, Ghazali AR, Taib IS, Louis SR

   Pak J Pharm Sci, 2014 Nov;27(6):1873-80.

   PMID: 25362611

   Abstract

   Indiscriminate application of organophosphate (OP) pesticides has led to environmental pollution and severe health problems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on biochemical and morphological changes of the liver in rats treated with fenitrothion (FNT), a type of OP pesticide. A total of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; control group, TRF-supplemented group, FNT-treated group and TRF+FNT group. TRF (200 mg/kg) was supplemented 30 minutes prior to FNT (20 mg/kg) administration, both orally for 28 consecutive days. Following 28 days of treatment, plasma biochemical changes and liver morphology were evaluated. The body and absolute liver weights were significantly elevated in TRF+FNT group compared to FNT group. TRF administration significantly decreased the total protein level and restored the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in TRF + FNT group. In contrast, total bilirubin level, γ-glutamyltranferase (GGT) and cholinesterase activity in TRF + FNT group did not significantly differ from FNT group. Administration of TRF also prevented FNT-induced morphological changes of liver as observed by electron microscope. In conclusion, TRF supplementation showed potential protective effect towards biochemical and ultrastructural changes in liver induced by FNT.

   MeSH terms: Animals; Biochemical Phenomena; Fenitrothion/toxicity*; Insecticides/toxicity*; Liver/drug effects*; Liver/physiology; Liver/ultrastructure; Male; Plant Oils/pharmacology*; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism; Tocotrienols/pharmacology*; Tocotrienols/chemistry; Rats
5. Fulltext Anticancer activity of Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume against Dalton's lymphomae in mice model

   Mayakrishnan V, Kannappan P, Shanmugasundaram K, Abdullah N

   Pak J Pharm Sci, 2014 Nov;27(6):1911-7.

   PMID: 25362615

   Abstract

   Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume herbs are commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory and pain in Nigeria. The objective of the present study was to assess the antitumor and antioxidant activity of Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume in mice model. The treatment of Dalton's lymphoma ascites cells induced tumor by the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata was determined at concentration of 100 mg/ kg body weight given orally for 11 days, antitumor activity was assessed by monitoring the mean survival time, body weight, effect on hematological parameters, antioxidant enzyme levels and histopathological evidence. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata increased the survival period of animals, decreased the body weight and also altered many hematological markers and also restored the antioxidant enzymes when compared to the mice of the DLA control group. These findings indicate that the methanolic extract of C. prostrata has anti-tumor activity by preventing the lipid peroxidation and thereby promoting the antioxidant systems in Dalton's lymphoma ascites induced mice. So, these extract could be a natural anticancer agent for human health.

   MeSH terms: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use*; Disease Models, Animal; Lymphoma/drug therapy*; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Amaranthaceae*; Mice
6. Fulltext Nutritional status of adolescents attending the Iranian secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

   Zarei M, Msl H, Mohd Taib MN, Zarei F

   Glob J Health Sci, 2014 Nov;6(6):185-97.

   PMID: 25363094 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p185

   Abstract

   The aim or this study was to determine factors associated with body weight status among Iranian adolescents in the two Secondary Schools run by the Embassy in Kuala Lumpur.

   MeSH terms: Adolescent; Body Image; Body Weight*; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Iran/ethnology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology; Nutritional Status*; Surveys and Questionnaires; Schools; Body Mass Index
7. Fulltext Exploring the willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year in the state of Penang, Malaysia

   Shafie AA, Lim YW, Chua GN, Hassali MA

   Clinicoecon Outcomes Res, 2014;6:473-81.

   PMID: 25364267 DOI: 10.2147/CEOR.S67375

   Abstract

   The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is typically compared with a reference value to support the cost-effectiveness of a decision. One method for estimating this value is to estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). This study was conducted to explore the WTP for a QALY in the Malaysian population.
8. A case of an undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver mimicking a liver abscess

   Hanafiah M, Yahya A, Zuhdi Z, Yaacob Y

   Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 2014 Nov;14(4):e578-81.

   PMID: 25364566

   Abstract

   An undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver is a rare malignant tumour. We highlight the diagnostic dilemma and differential diagnosis of a case involving a large cystic liver lesion in a young adult. A 20-year-old man presented with a large liver lesion to the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in February 2012. The initial clinico-radiological presentations were suggestive of a liver abscess. A total tumour resection was performed and the final histopathological results of the resected specimen indicated an undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver. The ultrasound and computed tomographic images of the tumour were reviewed and found to be contradictory in appearance, as the tumour seemed predominantly solid in the ultrasound image and predominantly cystic in the computed tomographic image. Familiarisation with the imaging appearance of this tumour and a high index of suspicion is therefore crucial in making a successful diagnosis.
9. Fulltext An overview of Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis and collaboration through the Asia Pacific MPS Network

   Cho SY, Sohn YB, Jin DK

   Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2014 Aug;3(3):79-86.

   PMID: 25364648 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01013

   Abstract

   Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a constellation of disorders characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in tissues and organs. This accumulation results in the deterioration and degeneration of multiple organs. This paper describes the general distribution of types of MPS in patients, their clinical characteristics and genotypes, the development of animal studies and preclinical studies, enzyme replacement therapy in South Korea, and the development of idursulfase beta and clinical trials on idursulfase beta in South Korea. In addition, this paper discusses academic collaboration among specialists in MPS care in the Asia-Pacific region, which includes Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and South Korea, through an organization called the Asia-Pacific MPS Network (APMN). The Asia-Pacific MPS Registry, an electronic remote data entry system, has been developed by key doctors in the APMN. Rare diseases require international cooperation and collaboration to elucidate their mechanisms and carry out clinical trials; therefore, an organization such as the APMN is required. Furthermore, international collaboration among Asian countries and countries around the world will be of utmost importance in the future.
10. Fulltext Flow past a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid using two-phase model

    Zaimi K, Ishak A, Pop I

    PLoS One, 2014;9(11):e111743.

    PMID: 25365118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111743

    Abstract

    The steady two-dimensional flow and heat transfer over a stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid is investigated using Buongiorno's nanofluid model. Different from the previously published papers, in the present study we consider the case when the nanofluid particle fraction on the boundary is passively rather than actively controlled, which make the model more physically realistic. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by a shooting method. The effects of some governing parameters on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are graphically presented and discussed. Dual solutions are found to exist in a certain range of the suction and stretching/shrinking parameters. Results also indicate that both the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number increase with increasing values of the suction parameter.

    MeSH terms: Models, Chemical*; Permeability; Nanoparticles/chemistry*
11. Manual therapy researchers are misled by natural history and placebo effects

    Menke JM

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014 Nov 1;39(23):1997.

    PMID: 25365716 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000585

    MeSH terms: Humans; Low Back Pain/therapy*
12. A new species of Leptolalax from Sarawak, Western Borneo (Anura: Megophryidae)

    Matsui M, Zainudin R, Nishikawa K

    Zoolog Sci, 2014 Nov;31(11):773-9.

    PMID: 25366161 DOI: 10.2108/zs140137

    Abstract

    A new megophryid species is described from southwestern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. In appearance, Leptolalax marmoratus sp. nov. is most similar to L. hamidi also from southwestern Sarawak, but differs from it by mtDNA sequence, larger body size, and higher dominant frequency of advertisement call. The assumption that more than one species of Leptolalax coexist at one locality in Borneo is supported. The finding of the new species raises the species number of Leptolalax known from Borneo to nine, and the island is thought to be one of the diversification centers of the genus.

    MeSH terms: Animals; Anura/anatomy & histology*; Anura/classification*; Anura/genetics; Anura/physiology; Female; Malaysia; Male; Phylogeny; Species Specificity; Animal Distribution
13. Fulltext Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia infection among indigenous communities in rural Malaysia

    Choy SH, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Nasr NN, Sulaiman M, Lim YA, et al.

    Sci Rep, 2014;4:6909.

    PMID: 25366301 DOI: 10.1038/srep06909

    Abstract

    This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia infection among indigenous people in rural Malaysia. Faecal samples were collected from 1,330 participants from seven states of Malaysia and examined by wet mount and formalin-ether sedimentation methods while demographic, socioeconomic and environmental information was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. The overall prevalence of Giardia infection was 11.6% and was significantly higher among those aged ≤ 12 years compared to their older counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression identified age of ≤ 12 years, lacking of toilet at household, not washing hands before eating, not washing hands after playing with animals, not boiling water before consumption, bathing in the river, and not wearing shoes when outside as the significant risk factors of Giardia infection among these communities. Based on a multilocus genotyping approach (including tpi, gdh and bg gene sequences), 69 isolates were identified as assemblage A, and 69 as assemblage B. No association between the assemblages and presence of symptoms was found. Providing proper sanitation, as well as provision of clean drinking water and proper health education regarding good personal hygiene practices will help significantly in reducing the prevalence and burden of Giardia infection in these communities.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardiasis/epidemiology*; Humans; Infant; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Protozoan Proteins/genetics; Prevalence; Multivariate Analysis; Giardia lamblia/genetics; Young Adult
14. Fulltext The clinical utility window for acute kidney injury biomarkers in the critically ill

    Ralib AM, Pickering JW, Shaw GM, Than MP, George PM, Endre ZH

    Crit Care, 2014;18(6):601.

    PMID: 25366893 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0601-2

    Abstract

    INTRODUCTION: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) biomarker utility depends on sample timing after the onset of renal injury. We compared biomarker performance on arrival in the emergency department (ED) with subsequent performance in the intensive care unit (ICU).
    METHODS: Urinary and plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), and urinary Cystatin C (CysC), alkaline phosphatase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), α- and π-Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), and albumin were measured on ED presentation, and at 0, 4, 8, and 16 hours, and days 2, 4 and 7 in the ICU in patients after cardiac arrest, sustained or profound hypotension or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. AKI was defined as plasma creatinine increase ≥ 26.5 μmol/l within 48 hours or ≥ 50% within 7 days.
    RESULTS: n total, 45 of 77 patients developed AKI. Most AKI patients had elevated urinary NGAL, and plasma NGAL and CysC in the period 6 to 24 hours post presentation. Biomarker performance in the ICU was similar or better than when measured earlier in the ED. Plasma NGAL diagnosed AKI at all sampling times, urinary NGAL, plasma and urinary CysC up to 48 hours, GGT 4 to 12 hours, and π-GST 8 to 12 hours post insult. Thirty-one patients died or required dialysis. Peak 24-hour urinary NGAL and albumin independently predicted 30-day mortality and dialysis; odds ratios 2.87 (1.32 to 6.26), and 2.72 (1.14 to 6.48), respectively. Urinary NGAL improved risk prediction by 11% (IDI event of 0.06 (0.002 to 0.19) and IDI non-event of 0.04 (0.002 to 0.12)).
    CONCLUSION: Early measurement in the ED has utility, but not better AKI diagnostic performance than later ICU measurement. Plasma NGAL diagnosed AKI at all time points. Urinary NGAL best predicted mortality or dialysis compared to other biomarkers.
    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610001012066. Registered 12 February 2010.

    MeSH terms: Acute-Phase Proteins/urine*; Aged; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Intensive Care Units/standards; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Prospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/blood*; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/urine*; Time Factors; Biomarkers/blood; Biomarkers/urine; Critical Illness*; Lipocalins/blood*; Lipocalins/urine*; Cystatin C/urine*; Acute Kidney Injury/blood*; Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis; Acute Kidney Injury/urine*
15. A review of the use of Piper betel in oxidative stress disorders

    Lee CY, Nurul Zaidah AS, Nur Amalina G, Muhammad Azree E, Das S, Zar CT

    Clin Ter, 2014;165(5):269-77.

    PMID: 25366948 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2014.1758

    Abstract

    Increase in prevalence of disease related oxidative stress disorders have been on the rise in the entire world since the past decades. Significant positive effects with few antioxidant properties in the modern drugs pave for the alternative medicines in managing the disease. Piper betel (P. betel), a herb, is known to possess high anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-cancer and neuroprotective property. This review focused on the effect of P. betel on diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer. P. betel proved to show positive effects with specific outcomes towards these diseases. Moreover, the promising effect of P. betel in vitro studies was also highlighted in the present review. It is believed that the findings obtained in this review will draw the attention of the medical professionals and general public towards P. betel and it will open the door for further detailed research.
16. An evaluation of knowledge and skill on cricoid pressure among emergency personnel

    Hanizah N, Affirul CA, Fadzlon MY

    Clin Ter, 2014;165(5):e336-41.

    PMID: 25366949 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2014.1759

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Cricoid pressure (CP) is a step during rapid sequence induction. Previous studies showed a poor clinical application of CP despite a reasonable theoretical knowledge of CP. This study aims to evaluate the proficiency and knowledge retention on CP among the emergency staff in the Emergency Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is questionnaire-based observational comparative study. Once the questionnaire is filled, the application of CP is tested on an airway model and competency level is documented. An education hand out is passed to all participants after the procedure. The improvement and knowledge retention were assess after 2 month.

    RESULTS: A total of 81 completed surveys were returned comprises of of 34 medical officers, 23 staff nurses and 24 assistant medical officers. 75.3% subjects have work experience more than a year but only 59.3% of them were trained in CP application. A total of 69.1% participants passed the pre educational handout test and 100% passed the post educational handout test. However, for pre educational handout phase, 81.5% participants passed the theory part while only 42% passed the practical component. In post educational handout phase, the number of respondents who passed both components was 97.5% and 63% respectively. There are positive correlation between designation and working experience with overall passes in this study.

    CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical knowledge of CP is satisfactory but clinical application is poor especially in the pre educational handout phase. The educational handout is proved to improve the knowledge transfer and retention with regards to CP.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel*; Clinical Competence/standards*; Cricoid Cartilage/metabolism*; Emergency Medicine/methods; Female; Humans; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Male; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Emergency Nursing/methods*; Respiratory Aspiration/etiology
17. Fulltext Effect of germinated brown rice extracts on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

    Lim SM, Goh YM, Kuan WB, Loh SP

    Lipids Health Dis, 2014 Nov 03;13:169.

    PMID: 25367070 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-169

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: This study investigated anti-obesity effects of seven different solvent (n-hexane, toluene, dicholoromethane, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, 80% methanol and deionized water) extracts of germinated brown rice (GBR) on pancreatic lipase activity, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

    METHODS: GBR were extracted separately by employing different solvents with ultrasound-assisted. Pancreatic lipase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) to p-nitrophenol at 405 nm. Adipogenesis and lipolysis were assayed in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by using Oil Red O staining and glycerol release measurement.

    RESULTS: GBR extract using hexane showed the highest inhibitory effect (13.58 ± 0.860%) at concentration of 200 μg/ml followed by hexane extract at 100 μg/ml (9.98 ± 1.048%) while ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest (2.62 ± 0.677%) at concentration of 200 μg/ml on pancreatic lipase activity. Water extract at 300 μg/ml showed 61.55 ± 3.824% of Oil Red O staining material (OROSM), a marker of adipogenesis. It significantly decrease (p 

    MeSH terms: Animals; Cell Survival/drug effects; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Lipase/antagonists & inhibitors; Lipase/metabolism*; Lipolysis/drug effects*; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Oryza/chemistry; Triglycerides; Adipocytes/drug effects; Adipocytes/enzymology*; Germination; Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology*; 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipogenesis/drug effects*; Mice
18. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor diversity in Malay subethnic groups of Peninsular Malaysia

    NurWaliyuddin HZ, Edinur HA, Norazmi MN, Sundararajulu P, Chambers GK, Zafarina Z

    Int J Immunogenet, 2014 Dec;41(6):472-9.

    PMID: 25367623 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12161

    Abstract

    The KIR system shows variation at both gene content and allelic level across individual genome and populations. This variation reflects its role in immunity and has become a significant tool for population comparisons. In this study, we investigate KIR gene content in 120 unrelated individuals from the four Malay subethnic groups (Kelantan, Jawa, Banjar and Pattani Malays). Genotyping using commercial polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) kits revealed a total of 34 different KIR genotypes; 17 for Kelantan, 15 for Banjar, 14 for Jawa and 13 for Pattani Malays. Two new variants observed in Banjar Malays have not previously been reported. Genotype AA and haplotype A were the most common in Jawa (0.47 and 0.65, respectively), Banjar (0.37 and 0.52, respectively) and Pattani (0.40 and 0.60, respectively) Malays. In contrast, Kelantan Malays were observed to have slightly higher frequency (0.43) of genotype BB as compared with the others. Based on the KIR genes distribution, Jawa, Pattani and Banjar subethnic groups showed greater similarity and are discrete from Kelantan Malays. A principal component plot carried out using KIR gene carrier frequency shows that the four Malay subethnic groups are clustered together with other South-East Asian populations. Overall, our observation on prevalence of KIR gene content demonstrates genetic affinities between the four Malay subethnic groups and supports the common origins of the Austronesian-speaking people.

    MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/genetics*; Gene Frequency; Geography; Haplotypes/genetics; Humans; Malaysia; Genetic Variation*; Principal Component Analysis; Receptors, KIR/genetics*
19. Fulltext A taxonomic index, with names of descriptive authorities of termite genera and species: an accompaniment to Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (Bignell DE, Roisin Y, Lo N, Editors. 2011. Springer, Dordrecht. 576 pp.)

    Bignell DE, Jones DT

    J Insect Sci, 2014;14:81.

    PMID: 25368037 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.81

    Abstract

    Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (Bignell DE, Roisin Y, Lo N, (Editors), Springer, Dordrecht, 576pp, ISBN 978-90-481-3976-7, e-ISBN 978-90-481-3977-4, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4) was published in 2011. With the agreement of the publishers, we give a taxonomic index of the book comprising 494 termite entries, 103 entries of other multicellular animal species mentioned as associates or predators of termites, with 9 fungal, 60 protist, and 64 prokaryote identities, which are listed as termite symbionts (sensu stricto). In addition, we add descriptive authorities for living (and some fossil) termite genera and species. Higher taxonomic groupings for termites are indicated by 25 code numbers. Microorganisms (prokaryotes, protists, and fungi) are listed separately, using broad modern taxonomic affiliations from the contemporary literature of bacteriology, protozoology, and mycology.

    MeSH terms: Abstracting and Indexing as Topic*; Animals; Symbiosis; Isoptera/classification*; Isoptera/microbiology; Food Chain
20. Fulltext Larvicidal efficacy of different plant parts of railway creeper, Ipomoea cairica Extract Against Dengue Vector Mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

    AhbiRami R, Zuharah WF, Thiagaletchumi M, Subramaniam S, Sundarasekar J

    J Insect Sci, 2014;14:180.

    PMID: 25368088 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu042

    Abstract

    Natural insecticides from plant origin against mosquito vectors have been the main concern for research due to their high level of eco-safety. Control of mosquitoes in their larval stages are an ideal method since Aedes larvae are aquatic, thus it is easier to deal with them in this habitat. The present study was specifically conducted to explore the larvicidal efficacy of different plant parts of Ipomoea cairica (L.) or railway creeper crude extract obtained using two different solvents; methanol and acetone against late third-stage larvae of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Plant materials of I. cairica leaf, flower, and stem were segregated, airdried, powdered, and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. Larvicidal bioassays were performed by using World Health Organization standard larval susceptibility test method for each species which were conducted separately for different concentration ranging from 10 to 450 ppm. Both acetone and methanol extracts showed 100% mortality at highest concentration tested (450 ppm) after 24 h of exposure. Results from factorial ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences in larvicidal effects between mosquito species, solvent used and plant parts (F=5.71, df=2, P<0.05). The acetone extract of I. cairica leaf showed the most effective larvicidal action in Ae. aegypti with LC50 of 101.94 ppm followed by Ae. albopictus with LC50 of 105.59 ppm compared with other fractions of I. cairica extract obtained from flower, stem, and when methanol are used as solvent. The larvae of Ae. aegypti appeared to be more susceptible to I. cairica extract with lower LC50 value compared with Ae. albopictus (F=8.83, df=1, P<0.05). Therefore, this study suggests that the acetone extract of I. cairica leaf can be considered as plant-derived insecticide for the control of Aedes mosquitoes. This study quantified the larvicidal property of I. cairica extract, providing information on lethal concentration that may have potential for a more eco-friendly Aedes mosquito control program.

    MeSH terms: Aedes*; Animals; Dengue/transmission; Insect Vectors*; Insecticides/analysis*; Larva; Plant Extracts/chemistry; Toxicity Tests; Ipomoea/chemistry*; Plant Components, Aerial