Browse publications by year: 2016

  1. Chaw SH, Foo LL, Chan L, Wong KK, Abdullah S, Lim BK
    Rev Bras Anestesiol, 2016 09 28;67(6):647-650.
    PMID: 27687317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2016.09.003
    Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently described neurological disorder and an increasingly recognized cause of psychosis, movement disorders and autonomic dysfunction. We report 20-year-old Chinese female who presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, recent memory loss, visual hallucinations and abnormal behavior. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis was diagnosed and a computed tomography scan of abdomen reviewed a left adnexal tumor. We describe the first such case report of a patient with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis who was given a bilateral transversus abdominis plane block as the sole anesthetic for removal of ovarian tumor. We also discuss the anesthetic issues associated with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. As discovery of tumor and its removal is the focus of initial treatment in this group of patients, anesthetists will encounter more such cases in the near future.
    MeSH terms: Female; Humans; Nerve Block; Ovarian Neoplasms/complications; Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery; Young Adult
  2. Loh PS, Ariffin MA, Rai V, Lai LL, Chan L, Ramli N
    J Clin Anesth, 2016 Nov;34:216-22.
    PMID: 27687378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.03.074
    STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of sedation with dexmedetomidine compared to propofol for claustrophobic adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in our institution.

    DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, double-blinded study.

    SETTING: University-based tertiary referral center.

    PATIENTS: Thirty claustrophobic adults with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II who were planned for MRI.

    INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to target-controlled infusion propofol or dexmedetomidine loading followed by maintenance dose for procedural sedation.

    MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary end point was adequate reduction in patient anxiety levels to allow successful completion of the MRI sequence. Both methods of sedation adequately reduced anxiety levels in visual analog scale scores and Spielberger Strait Test Anxiety Inventory (P

    MeSH terms: Adult; Aged; Anxiety/drug therapy*; Bradycardia/chemically induced; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage; Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects; Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use*; Hypotension/chemically induced; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/adverse effects; Male; Middle Aged; Phobic Disorders/drug therapy*; Prospective Studies; Time Factors; Propofol/administration & dosage; Propofol/adverse effects; Propofol/therapeutic use*; Conscious Sedation/methods*; Treatment Outcome; Patient Satisfaction; Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage; Dexmedetomidine/adverse effects; Dexmedetomidine/therapeutic use*
  3. Chong SE, Mohammad Zaini RH, Wan Mohd Rubi I, Lim JA
    J Clin Anesth, 2016 Nov;34:612-4.
    PMID: 27687458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.06.035
    Mask ventilation is one of the most important skills in airway management. Difficulty in mask ventilation can become life threatening if it is associated with difficulty in intubation during general anesthesia. We report a potential impossible ventilation condition which was safely and easily overcome with appropriate innovative modification of an Opsite adhesive film.
    MeSH terms: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Bronchoscopy; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/complications*; Female; Goiter, Nodular/complications; Goiter, Nodular/surgery*; Humans; Respiration, Artificial/instrumentation*; Respiration, Artificial/methods; Skin Neoplasms/complications*; Thyroidectomy*; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tracheostomy; Laryngeal Masks*
  4. Tun Firzara AM, Ng CJ
    BMJ Open, 2016 Sep 29;6(9):e011467.
    PMID: 27687897 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011467
    OBJECTIVE: Screening for prostate cancer remains controversial. General practitioners (GPs) play an important role in assisting men to make an informed decision on prostate cancer screening. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practice of prostate cancer screening among private GPs in Malaysia.
    DESIGN: A cross-sectional study.
    SETTING: Private general practices in Selangor, Malaysia.
    PARTICIPANTS: 311 randomly selected full-time private GPs were recruited between September 2013 and January 2014.
    OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaires were distributed to the GPs via postal mail and clinic visits. The main outcomes were: knowledge of prostate cancer risk factors and screening tests; GPs' prostate cancer screening practices; and factors influencing GPs' decision to screen for prostate cancer. Associations between covariates and propensity to screen for prostate cancer were determined using logistic regression.
    RESULTS: The response rate was 65%. The proportion of GPs who overestimated the positive predictive values of prostrate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE) and a combination of PSA and DRE was 63%, 57% and 64%, respectively. About 49.5% of the respondents would routinely screen asymptomatic men for prostate cancer; of them, 94.9% would use PSA to screen. Male GPs who would consider having a PSA test performed on themselves were six times more likely to screen asymptomatic men than GPs who would not have the test (OR=6.88, 95% CI 1.40 to 33.73), after adjusting for age and duration of practice.
    CONCLUSIONS: GPs overestimated the accuracy of PSA in prostate cancer screening. Their intention to screen for prostate cancer themselves predicted their propensity to screen their patients for prostate cancer. This finding highlights the potential of using a new approach to change GPs' screening practices via addressing GPs' own screening behaviour.
    KEYWORDS: PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIMARY CARE
    MeSH terms: Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Malaysia; Mass Screening*; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Private Practice; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostate-Specific Antigen*; General Practitioners; Physicians, Primary Care
  5. Nurliyana AR, Mohd Shariff Z, Mohd Taib MN, Gan WY, Tan KA
    BMC Pediatr, 2016 Sep 29;16(1):160.
    PMID: 27687906
    The first 2 years of life is a critical period of rapid growth and brain development. During this period, nutrition and environmental factors play important roles in growth and cognitive development of a child. This report describes the study protocol of early nutrition, growth and cognitive development of infants from birth to 2 years of age.
    MeSH terms: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Humans; Infant; Malaysia; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Cohort Studies
  6. Bharkavi C, Vivek Kumar S, Ashraf Ali M, Osman H, Muthusubramanian S, Perumal S
    Bioorg Med Chem, 2016 11 15;24(22):5873-5883.
    PMID: 27687968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.044
    A facile stereoselective synthesis of novel dispiro indeno pyrrolidine/pyrrolothiazole-thiochroman hybrids has been achieved by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides, generated in situ from ninhydrin and sarcosine/thiaproline, on a series of 3-benzylidenethiochroman-4-ones. The synthesised compounds were screened for their antimycobacterial, anticancer and AchE inhibition activities. Compound 4l (IC50 1.07μM) has been found to exhibit the most potent antimycobacterial activity compared to cycloserine (12 times), pyrimethamine (37 times) and ethambutol (IC50 <1.56μM) and 6l (IC50=2.87μM) is more active than both cycloserine (4 times) and pyrimethamine (12 times). Three compounds, 4a, 6b and 6i, display good anticancer activity against CCRF-CEM cell lines. Compounds 6g and 4g display maximum AchE inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.10 and 1.16μmol/L respectively.
    MeSH terms: Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry; Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology*; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry; Cell Survival/drug effects; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology*; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemistry; Chromones/pharmacology; Chromones/chemistry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Humans; Indenes/pharmacology; Indenes/chemistry; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Molecular; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects*; Pyrrolidines/pharmacology; Pyrrolidines/chemistry; Spiro Compounds/pharmacology; Spiro Compounds/chemistry; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiazoles/pharmacology; Thiazoles/chemistry; Molecular Structure; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation/drug effects
  7. Young LS, Yap LF, Murray PG
    Nat Rev Cancer, 2016 12;16(12):789-802.
    PMID: 27687982 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.92
    It is more than 50 years since the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first human tumour virus, was discovered. EBV has subsequently been found to be associated with a diverse range of tumours of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Progress in the molecular analysis of EBV has revealed fundamental mechanisms of more general relevance to the oncogenic process. This Timeline article highlights key milestones in the 50-year history of EBV and discusses how this virus provides a paradigm for exploiting insights at the molecular level in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
    MeSH terms: Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology*; Humans; Lymphoma/virology; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/virology; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century
  8. Khan MB, Liew JW, Leong CS, Lau YL
    Parasit Vectors, 2016 Sep 29;9(1):525.
    PMID: 27688040
    Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria which is one of the world's most threatening diseases. Anopheles dirus (sensu stricto) is among the main vectors of malaria in South East Asia. The mosquito innate immune response is the first line of defence against malaria parasites during its development. The immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, a conserved immune signaling pathway, influences anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity in Anopheles gambiae, An. stephensi and An. albimanus. The aim of the study was to determine the role of Rel2, an IMD pathway-controlled NF-kappaβ transcription factor, in An. dirus.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anopheles; Asia; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunity, Innate; Malaria; Parasites; Plasmodium falciparum; Transcription Factors; Signal Transduction; Mosquito Vectors
  9. Tan AH, Low SC, Tan CY, Lim KS, Tan CT, Lim SY
    Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2016 11;32:137-139.
    PMID: 27688197 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.09.019
  10. Rahman NA, Ali Z, Zuharah WF, Fadzly N
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):1-12.
    PMID: 27688847 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.1
    We conducted several aviary experiments to investigate the influence of colours in quantity judgments of two species of birds; house crow (Corvus splendens) and common myna (Acridotheres tristis). Different quantity (in seven different food proportions) of mealworms were presented nonsequentially to all birds using artificially coloured red mealworms, for experiment 1, and using artificially coloured green mealworms, for experiment 2. Both red and green coloured mealworms have no significant effect on house crow's quantity judgments (red:
    MeSH terms: Animals; Color; Food; Judgment; Tenebrio; Crows; Starlings
  11. Ismail A, Rahman F
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):13-24.
    PMID: 27688848 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.2
    This review discussed the current status of the Milky Stork Re-introduction Programme in Malaysia and the challenges it faced. Although it has continued for almost seven years, more challenges appeared as time elapsed mainly due to the arising conflicts between the implementation of conservation policy versus the development projects in Kuala Gula. Hence, the released population is struggling to adapt mainly due to the reduction of suitable habitat for nesting and disturbed foraging areas by the continuous anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the lack of appropriate training among captive storks prior to being released also slows the adaptation of the birds in their new habitat. The increasing pattern of pollution in the area is also highlighted. Several suggestions were given to help improve the current re-introduction programme. These include improvements to the captive training method, improvement of the existing enclosure's condition and environment, protection of remaining mangrove forest, creation of a buffer zone to mitigate the increasing pollution level in the area, close monitoring of the released population, and maintaining continuous support and awareness among the public. Considering the ongoing anthropogenic activities that may impair the status of Kuala Gula as an important bird sanctuary, emphasis should be given to achieve sustainable development throughout the area.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Birds; Conservation of Natural Resources; Malaysia; Ecosystem; Wetlands
  12. Dahari DE, Salleh RM, Mahmud F, Chin LP, Embi N, Sidek HM
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):53-71.
    PMID: 27688851 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.5
    Exploiting natural resources for bioactive compounds is an attractive drug discovery strategy in search for new anti-malarial drugs with novel modes of action. Initial screening efforts in our laboratory revealed two preparations of soil-derived actinomycetes (H11809 and FH025) with potent anti-malarial activities. Both crude extracts showed glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-inhibitory activities in a yeast-based kinase assay. We have previously shown that the GSK3 inhibitor, lithium chloride (LiCl), was able to suppress parasitaemia development in a rodent model of malarial infection. The present study aims to evaluate whether anti-malarial activities of H11809 and FH025 involve the inhibition of GSK3β. The acetone crude extracts of H11809 and FH025 each exerted strong inhibition on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 in vitro with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.57 ± 0.09 and 1.28 ± 0.11 µg/mL, respectively. The tested extracts exhibited Selectivity Index (SI) values exceeding 10 for the 3D7 strain. Both H11809 and FH025 showed dosage-dependent chemo-suppressive activities in vivo and improved animal survivability compared to non-treated infected mice. Western analysis revealed increased phosphorylation of serine (Ser 9) GSK3β (by 6.79 to 6.83-fold) in liver samples from infected mice treated with H11809 or FH025 compared to samples from non-infected or non-treated infected mice. A compound already identified in H11809 (data not shown), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) showed active anti-plasmodial activity against 3D7 (IC50 4.87 ± 1.26 µg/mL which is equivalent to 17.50 µM) and good chemo-suppressive activity in vivo (60.80% chemo-suppression at 300 mg/kg body weight [bw] dosage). DBP administration also resulted in increased phosphorylation of Ser 9 GSK3β compared to controls. Findings from the present study demonstrate that the potent anti-malarial activities of H11809 and FH025 were mediated via inhibition of host GSK3β. In addition, our study suggests that DBP is in part the bioactive component contributing to the anti-malarial activity displayed by H11809 acting through the inhibition of GSK3β.
    MeSH terms: Acetone; Actinomyces; Animals; Antimalarials; Dibutyl Phthalate; Phosphorylation; Plasmodium falciparum; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Serine; Soil; Lithium Chloride; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; Actinobacteria; Mice; Drug Discovery; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
  13. Shi LH, Balakrishnan K, Thiagarajah K, Mohd Ismail NI, Yin OS
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):73-90.
    PMID: 27688852 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.6
    Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be found in fermented foods and cultured milk, and are widely used for the preparation of infant food. They are well-known as "health friendly bacteria", which exhibit various health beneficial properties such as prevention of bowel diseases, improving the immune system, for lactose intolerance and intestinal microbial balance, exhibiting antihypercholesterolemic and antihypertensive effects, alleviation of postmenopausal disorders, and reducing traveller's diarrhoea. Recent studies have also been focused on their uses in treating skin and oral diseases. In addition to that, modulation of the gut-brain by probiotics has been suggested as a novel therapeutic solution for anxiety and depression. Thus, this review discusses on the current probiotics-based products in Malaysia, criteria for selection of probiotics, and evidences obtained from past studies on how probiotics have been used in preventing intestinal disorders via improving the immune system, acting as an antihypercholesterolemic factor, improving oral and dermal health, and performing as anti-anxiety and anti-depressive agents.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Anxiety; Bacteria; Brain; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Diarrhea; Humans; Immune System; Infant; Infant Food; Lactose Intolerance; Malaysia; Milk; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Postmenopause; Probiotics; Cultured Milk Products
  14. Zuharah WF, Thiagaletchumi M, Fadzly N
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):91-102.
    PMID: 27688853 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.7
    The interaction between plants and insects is dynamic, and may favour either the plant or the insect. Plant chemicals are deeply implicated in this relationship and influence insect behaviour. Here, we investigated the oviposition behaviour response of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes based on the colour cues produced by Ipomoea cairica leaves extract. In this study, two sets of oviposition choice experiments were conducted: (1) single solution in a cage; and (2) multiple concentration solutions in a cage. In the single solution experiment, only 1 available oviposition site was offered to 5 gravid females and in the multiple concentration tests, 4 available oviposition sites were offered to 20 gravid females. The tested concentrations were set up at 100 mL of: (1) control (distilled water only); (2) 50 ppm; (3) 150 ppm; and (4) 300 ppm of I. cairica plant extracts. The highest concentration of 300 ppm appeared to show the highest intensity with the darkest colour followed by 150 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations. More gravid females were found drowned in the highest concentration, 300 ppm of acethonilic leaves extract, compared to 150 ppm and 50 ppm of the tested extract. No eggs were found in all tested solutions. The studied extract was found to effectively attract gravid Cx. quinquefasciatus females and subsequently cause mortality and inhibit egg deposition. The interference caused by the acethonilic extract of I. cairica on the oviposition activity of Cx. quinquefasciatus can result in better control of the vector insect.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Color; Cues; Culex; Female; Insect Vectors; Culicidae; Oviposition; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Ipomoea
  15. Yeu NS, Nordin FA, Othman AS
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):103-9.
    PMID: 27688854 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.8
    Five new records of terrestrial and lithophytic orchid species were gathered from Penang Hill, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia namely Bulbophyllum depressum, Goodyera pusilla, Peristylus monticola, Podochilus microphyllus, and Zeuxine gracilis. Checklist of each species is provided and their distribution in Penang Hill is discussed.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Areca; Ascomycota; Malaysia; Songbirds; Orchidaceae; Checklist
  16. Munir MB, Hashim R, Abdul Manaf MS, Nor SA
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):111-25.
    PMID: 27688855 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.9
    This study used a two-phase feeding trial to determine the influence of selected dietary prebiotics and probiotics on growth performance, feed utilisation, and morphological changes in snakehead (Channa striata) fingerlings as well as the duration of these effects over a post-experimental period without supplementation. Triplicate groups of fish (22.46 ±0.17 g) were raised on six different treatment diets: three prebiotics (0.2% β-glucan, 1% galacto-oligosaccharides [GOS], 0.5% mannan-oligosaccharides [MOS]), two probiotics (1% live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae] and 0.01% Lactobacillus acidophilus [LBA] powder) and a control (unsupplemented) diet; there were three replicates for each treatment. All diets contained 40% crude protein and 12% crude lipid. Fish were fed to satiation three times daily. No mortalities were recorded during Phase 1; however, 14% mortality was documented in the control and prebiotic-amended fish during Phase 2. At the end of Phase 1, growth performance and feed utilisation were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the LBA-treated fish, followed by live yeast treatment, compared with all other diets tested. The performance of fish on the three prebiotic diets were not significantly different from one another but was significantly higher than the control diet. During Phase 2 (the post-feeding phase), fish growth continued until the 6th week for the probiotic-based diets but levelled off after four weeks for the fish fed the prebiotic diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in all treatments during the post-feeding period. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ significantly among the tested diets. The visceral somatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) were highest in the LBA-based diet and the control diet, respectively. The body indices were significantly different (p<0.05) between Phases 1 and 2. This study demonstrates that probiotic-based diets have a more positive influence on the growth, feed utilisation, and survival of C. striata fingerlings compared with supplementation with prebiotics.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Diet; Fishes; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lipids; Mannans; Oligosaccharides; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Satiation; Yeast, Dried; Probiotics; beta-Glucans; Prebiotics
  17. Lee KS, Lim YW, Ming LC
    PMID: 27688885 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-016-0081-7
    The proposed Pharmacy Bill of Malaysia which served to consolidate and harmonise the existing pharmacy legislation which has been used for more than 60 years. This new Pharmacy Bill contains 17 parts and a total of 170 legislative sections covering laws governing pharmacy practice, medicinal products classification, registration, sale, supply, licensing etc. Our article could serve as a case study on pharmacy jurisprudence and drug regulation as well as the governance for medicines.
    MeSH terms: Drug and Narcotic Control; Legislation, Pharmacy; Licensure; Malaysia; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacies; Pharmacy
  18. Khairon R, Zin NM, Abdul Rahman M, Basri DF
    Int J Proteomics, 2016;2016:4029172.
    PMID: 27688912 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4029172
    The aim of this study is to analyze the differential proteins in MRSA ATCC 33591 treated with aqueous extract from Q. infectoria gall. Protein extracts were obtained from MRSA cells by sonication and were separated by 2D polyacrylamide gels. Protein spots of interest were extracted from the gels and identified using LC-ESI-QTOF MS. The concentration of Q. infectoria extract used for 2D-gel electrophoresis was subinhibitory concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the extract against MRSA was 19.50 μg/mL with bacteriostatic action at 1x MIC from time-kill assay. However, the extract exhibited dose-dependent manner and was bactericidal at 4x MIC with more than 3 log10 CFU/mL reduction at 4 h. 2D-GE map showed that 18 protein spots were upregulated and another six were downregulated more than twofold (p < 0.05) after treatment with subinhibitory concentration. Out of six proteins being downregulated, four proteins were identified as ferritin and catalase, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase subunit E2, and succinyl-CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta. Seven upregulated proteins which have been successfully identified were 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain protein, formate C-acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase FabZ, NAD dependent epimerase/dehydratase family protein, and phosphopantothenoyl cysteine decarboxylase. It is postulated that the main mechanism of aqueous extract from gall of Q. infectoria was most likely involved in energy metabolism and protein stress.
  19. Kim HD, Chi CS, Desudchit T, Nikanorova M, Visudtibhan A, Nabangchang C, et al.
    Brain Behav, 2016 Sep;6(9):e00505.
    PMID: 27688936
    AIM: To assess the clinical trial and real-world data for adjunctive perampanel in adolescents and develop consensus recommendations to guide the use of perampanel in this population in clinical practice.

    METHODS: In May 2015, 15 epilepsy experts attended a Consensus Development Meeting to assess the clinical trial data for perampanel, specific to the adolescent age group (12-17 years) and develop consensus treatment recommendations.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Analysis of the adolescent subgroup data of three pivotal placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trials investigating perampanel in patients with ongoing focal epileptic seizures despite receiving one to three antiepileptic drugs found that perampanel 4-12 mg was superior to placebo. The tolerability profile of perampanel was generally acceptable. Adolescent patients receiving long-term treatment with perampanel in an open-label extension study maintained improvements in seizure control compared with baseline, with a favorable risk-benefit profile. A phase 2 study showed that perampanel had no clinically important effects on cognitive function, growth, and development.

    CONCLUSION: Perampanel is a welcome addition to the armamentarium of existing antiepileptic drugs as it represents a new approach in the management of epilepsy, with a novel mechanism of action, and the potential to have a considerable impact on the treatment of adolescents with epilepsy.

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