The Association Between Depth of the Olfactory Sulcus, Age, Gender and Olfactory Function: An MRI-based Investigation in More Than 1000 Participants

Li Z 1 , Abdul Manan H 2 , Heitmann H 3 , Witte V 4 , Wirkner K 5 , Riedel-Heller S 4 Show all authors , Villringer A 4 , Hummel T 3

Affiliations 

  • 1 Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: zetian.li@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
  • 2 Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Functional Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; Department of Radiology and Intervency, Hospital Pakar Kanak-Kanak (Specialist Children Hospital), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
  • 3 Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
  • 4 Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University Leipzig, Germany
  • 5 Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Neuroscience, 2023 May 21;519:31-37.
PMID: 36934780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.017

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between olfactory sulcus (OS) depth and olfactory function considering age and gender and to provide normative data on OS depth in a population with normal olfactory function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: OS depth was obtained using T1 magnetic resonance imaging scans. Participants (mean age ± sd = 57 ± 16 years, ranging from 20 to 80 years) were screened for olfactory function using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12 test. They were divided into an olfactory dysfunction group (n = 604) and a normosmia group (n = 493). Participants also completed questionnaires measuring depression, anxiety and quality of life.

RESULTS: The right OS was deeper than the left side in all age groups. On the left side, women had deeper OS compared with men, exhibiting a higher degree of symmetry in left and right OS depth in women. Variance of olfactory function was largely determined by age, OS depth explained only minor portions of this variance. Normative data for minimum OS depth was 7.55 mm on the left and 8.78 mm on the right for participants aged between 18 and 35 years (n = 144), 6.47 mm on the left and 6.99 mm on the right for those aged 36-55 years (n = 120), and 5.28 mm on the left and 6.19 mm on the right for participants older than 55 years (n = 222).

CONCLUSION: Considering the limited resolution of the presently used T1 weighted MR scans and the nature of the olfactory screening test, OS depth explained only minor portions of the variance of olfactory function, which was largely determined by age. Age-related normative data of OS depth are presented as a reference for future work.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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