Socioeconomic Status and Health Outcomes in Malaysian Adults: Findings From the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS)

The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes has garnered significant attention. However, there is a limited amount of research exploring the association between SES and the risk of metabolic syndrome in Malaysian adults. This study aimed to determine the association between SES and risk of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. By using data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), SES was derived through principal component analysis involving six variables. Two different SES components were identified and labeled as "social status" and "wealth status." Among the participants, 36% were diagnosed with hypertension, 18% with obesity, and 21% with diabetes. Adults with high wealth and social status showed a significantly increased risk of obesity. Meanwhile, high social status was significantly associated with a reduction in the risk of hypertension and diabetes. A comprehensive understanding of the associations between SES and noncommunicable diseases could facilitate initiatives that promote healthy lifestyle behaviors, thereby enhancing the holistic well-being of Malaysians.