Perceived Shame and Stigma, and Other Psychosocial Predictors of Psychological Distress Among Cancer Patients in Malaysia

BACKGROUND: Patients' sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, distress factors, perceived shame and stigma may give rise to psychological distress in cancer patients that bring about further psychosocial impact.

AIMS: (1) to determine the degrees of shame and stigma towards cancer and psychological distress among cancer patients in Malaysia and (2) to examine the clinical and psychosocial predictors of psychological distress.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 217 cancer patients. The participants were administered the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaires, the Malay version of the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS-M) to assess for the degree of cancer shame and stigma, and the Malay version of the Distress Thermometer and Problem List to assess for presence of psychological distress and identify its sources.

RESULTS: There was a significant level of shame and stigma among cancer patients with the total mean SSS-M score of 12.08 (SD = 6.09). Anger (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 11.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.96-86.8, p = 0.001), loss of interest or enjoyment (AOR = 14.84, 95% CI = 2.93-75.20, p = 0.001), loneliness (AOR = 8.10, 95% CI = 1.13-58.02, p = 0.001), feeling of worthlessness or being a burden (AOR = 6.24, 95% CI = 1.32-29.59, p = 0.021), fear (AOR = 4.52, 95% CI = 1.79-11.43, p = 0.001), pain (AOR = 4.07, 95% CI = 1.53-10.82, p = 0.005), financial constraint (AOR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.22-7.13, p = 0.016), and having regret (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.03-3.79, p = 0.039) increased the odds of developing psychological distress.

CONCLUSION: Treating clinicians should monitor for and provide psychosocial interventions for the biopsychosocial factors which may worsen psychological distress among cancer patients.