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Antimicrobial resistance among pilgrims: a retrospective study from two hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Haseeb A 1 , Faidah HS 2 , Bakhsh AR 3 , Malki WH 4 , Elrggal ME 4 , Saleem F 5 Show all authors , Rahman SU 6 , Khan TM 7 , Hassali MA 8

Affiliations 

  • 1 College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  • 2 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 3 King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 4 College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 5 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • 6 Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan
  • 7 School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 45700, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: tahir.mehmood@monash.edu
  • 8 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Int J Infect Dis, 2016 Jun;47:92-4.
PMID: 27312582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To identify commonly reported community-acquired organisms and antimicrobial resistance patterns exhibited by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens among pilgrims visiting emergency care departments in Makkah.
METHOD: The study was designed as a retrospective audit of all patients (pilgrims) admitted to two hospitals and residing in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
RESULTS: Among 374 isolates, Gram-negative pathogens accounted for 280 (75%), while the remaining 94 (25%) were Gram-positive organisms. Among all isolated pathogens, the highest resistance was observed for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin. Most of the organisms were sensitive to tobramycin except Acinetobacter baumannii (n=3, 50%), Escherichia coli (n=4, 57%), and K. pneumoniae (n=6, 46%).
CONCLUSION: Overall, a high resistance was observed for beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, a high resistance was noted for ceftazidime with A. baumannii species (n=16, 77%). However, for quinolones, the highest resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed for E. coli, A. baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and K. pneumoniae.
KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial resistance; Community-acquired organisms; Makkah; Pilgrims

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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