Mitigation of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters during the physical refining process of palm oil by micro and macro laboratory scale refining

Sim BI 1 , Khor YP 1 , Lai OM 2 , Yeoh CB 3 , Wang Y 4 , Liu Y 5 Show all authors , Nehdi IA 6 , Tan CP 7

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 2 Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 3 Department of Analytical & Quality Development Unit, Malaysia Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43300, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 4 JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety (POPS), Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 5 State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
  • 6 Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. BOX 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, El Manar Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies, Tunis El Manar University, P.O. Box 244, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
  • 7 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: tancp@upm.edu.my
Food Chem, 2020 Oct 30;328:127147.
PMID: 32497897 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127147

Abstract

The reduction of the 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) was successfully achieved by the optimization of four processing parameters: phosphoric acid dosage, degumming temperature, bleaching earth dosage, and deodorization temperature by response surface methodology without the need for additional processing steps. The optimized processing conditions were 0.31% phosphoric acid dosage, 50 °C degumming temperature, 3% bleaching earth dosage, and 240 °C deodorization temperature. The optimization resulted in more than 80% and 65% reduction of 3-MCPDE and GE levels, respectively with color and FFA contents maintained in the acceptable range specified by Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia. The optimized refining condition was transferred to macro scale refining units of 1 kg and 3 kg capacities to investigate its successful application during scale-up process.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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