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p53 codon 72 polymorphisms and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer through archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue

Yoke-Kqueen C, Ab Mutalib NS, Sidik SM, Learn-Han L, Geok-Chin T

Oncol Rep, 2012 Mar;27(3):753-63.
PMID: 22159872 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1581

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is classified among the ten most frequent cancers in Malaysia. A common polymorphism at codon 72 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and its influence on cancer risk has been studied for different types of cancer with mixed and inconsistent results with limited published data on the Malaysian population so far. In the present study, the frequency of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in 60 patients with NMSC was investigated from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue obtained from Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM). Additionally, random amplified polymorhic DNA -polymorphic chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was employed for preliminary biomarker development. NMSC FFPE samples (70%) possess Arg/Arg, 20% with Pro/Pro and 10% with Arg/Pro. In total, there was no significant difference in the p53 codon 72 genotypes between histological types of NMSC, gender, race, tumor location and age group. However, there was an apparent age-associated increase in the Arg/Arg genotype but did not reach statistical significance (P=0.235). NMSC types and demographic characteristics did not influence genotype distribution. On the other hand, BCC and SCC distributions are influenced by age group, race and tumor location.
Fulltext Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer Liquid Biopsy-Current Updates on Its Potential in Non-Invasive Detection, Prognosis and as a Predictive Marker

Tieng FYF, Abu N, Lee LH, Ab Mutalib NS

Diagnostics (Basel), 2021 Mar 18;11(3).
PMID: 33803882 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030544

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly-diagnosed cancer in the world and ranked second for cancer-related mortality in humans. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is an indicator for Lynch syndrome (LS), an inherited cancer predisposition, and a prognostic marker which predicts the response to immunotherapy. A recent trend in immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment to provide medical alternatives that have not existed before. It is believed that MSI-high (MSI-H) CRC patients would benefit from immunotherapy due to their increased immune infiltration and higher neo-antigenic loads. MSI testing such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR MSI assay has historically been a tissue-based procedure that involves the testing of adequate tissue with a high concentration of cancer cells, in addition to the requirement for paired normal tissues. The invasive nature and specific prerequisite of such tests might hinder its application when surgery is not an option or when the tissues are insufficient. The application of next-generation sequencing, which is highly sensitive, in combination with liquid biopsy, therefore, presents an interesting possibility worth exploring. This review aimed to discuss the current body of evidence supporting the potential of liquid biopsy as a tool for MSI testing in CRC.
Fulltext Single Cell Transcriptome in Colorectal Cancer-Current Updates on Its Application in Metastasis, Chemoresistance and the Roles of Circulating Tumor Cells

Tieng FYF, Baharudin R, Abu N, Mohd Yunos RI, Lee LH, Ab Mutalib NS

Front Pharmacol, 2020;11:135.
PMID: 32174835 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00135

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common cancer worldwide, a challenge for research, and a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in its development. Previously, bulk transcriptomics analyses were utilized to classify CRC based on its distinct molecular and clinicopathological features for prognosis and diagnosis of patients. The introduction of single-cell transcriptomics completely turned the table by enabling the examination of the expression levels of individual cancer cell within a single tumor. In this review, we highlighted the importance of these single-cell transcriptomics analyses as well as suggesting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as the main focus of single-cell RNA sequencing. Characterization of these cells might reveal the intratumoral heterogeneity present in CRC while providing critical insights into cancer metastasis. To summarize, we believed the analysis of gene expression patterns of CTC from CRC at single-cell resolution holds the potential to provide key information for identification of prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as the development of precise and personalized cancer treatment.
Signatures of gene expression, DNA methylation and microRNAs of hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion

Sulaiman SA, Abu N, Ab-Mutalib NS, Low TY, Jamal R

Future Oncol, 2019 Aug;15(22):2603-2617.
PMID: 31339048 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0909

Aim: Micro and macro vascular invasion (VI) are known as independent predictors of tumor recurrence and poor survival after surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aimed to re-analyze The Cancer Genome Atlas of liver hepatocellular carcinoma datasets to identify the VI-expression signatures. Materials & methods: We filtered The Cancer Genome Atlas liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) datasets into three groups: no VI (NVI = 198); micro VI (MIVI = 89) and macro VI (MAVI = 16). We performed differential gene expression, methylation and microRNA analyses. Results & conclusion: We identified 12 differentially expressed genes and 55 differentially methylated genes in MAVI compared with no VI. The GPD1L gene appeared in all of the comparative analyses. Higher GPD1L expression was associated with VI and poor outcomes in the HCC patients.
Fulltext miR-200c Regulation of Metastases in Ovarian Cancer: Potential Role in Epithelial and Mesenchymal Transition

Sulaiman SA, Ab Mutalib NS, Jamal R

Front Pharmacol, 2016;7:271.
PMID: 27601996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00271

Among the gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer is the most fatal due to its high mortality rate. Most of the identified cases are epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with five distinct subtypes: high-grade serous carcinoma, low-grade serous carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, and clear-cell carcinoma. Lack of an early diagnostic approach, high incidence of tumor relapse and the heterogenous characteristics between each EOC subtypes contribute to the difficulties in developing precise intervention and therapy for the patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs that have been shown to function as tumor suppressors or oncomiRs. The miR-200 family, especially miR-200c, has been shown to be implicated in the metastasis and invasion of ovarian carcinoma due to its functional regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This mini review is aimed to summarize the recent findings of the miR-200c functional role as well as its validated targets in the metastasis cascade of ovarian cancer, with a focus on EMT regulation. The potential of this miRNA in early diagnosis and its dual expression status are also discussed.
Fulltext Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Actionable Targets in Estrogen Receptor Positive and Estrogen Receptor Negative Endometriod Endometrial Cancer

Suhaimi SS, Ab Mutalib NS, Khor SS, Zain RRM, Syafruddin SE, Abu N, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2018;9:750.
PMID: 30057548 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00750

Endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) is the commonest form of endometrial cancer and can be divided into estrogen receptor (ER) positive and negative subtypes. The mutational profiles of EEC have been shown to aid in tailoring treatment; however, little is known about the differences between the gene mutation profiles between these two subtypes. This study aims to investigate the gene mutation profile in ER positive and negative EEC, and to further elucidate the role of WHSC1 mutations in this cancer. EEC and normal endometrial tissues were obtained from 29 patients and subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Ion Ampliseq Comprehensive Cancer PanelTM targeting 409 cancer related. A total of 741 non-synonymous alterations were identified from 272 genes in ER positive subtype while 448 non-synonymous variants were identified from 221 genes in ER negative subtype. PTEN is the most frequently altered gene in ER positive subtype (64%, 7/11) while ARID1A is the most frequently altered gene in ER negative subtype (50%, 4/8). We also identified alterations in ERRB3 (36%, 4/11), GNAS (36%, 4/11), and WHSC1 (27%, 3/11) in the ER positive subtype. WHSC1 R1126H and L1268P were shown to significantly increase cell viability, proliferation, migration, and survival. In addition, reduction in ER expression sensitized EEC-1 cell with WHSC1 L1268P mutant to Fulvestrant treatment. We revealed the mutational spectra of ER positive and ER negative EEC that could lead to better understanding of the biological mechanisms of endometrial cancer and may ultimately result in improvement of treatment options and patient prognosis.
Validation of immunogenic PASD1 peptides against HLA-A*24:02 colorectal cancer

Soh JE, Abu N, Sagap I, Mazlan L, Yahaya A, Mustangin M, et al.

Immunotherapy, 2019 10;11(14):1205-1219.
PMID: 31478431 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0073

Colorectal cancer is the third commonest malignancy in Asia including Malaysia. The immunogenic cancer-testis antigens, which are expressed in a variety of cancers but with limited expression in normal tissues except the testis, represent an attractive approach to improve treatment options for colorectal cancer. We aimed to validate four PASD1 peptides as the immunotherapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. First, PASD1 mRNA and protein expression were determined via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The PASD1 peptides specific to HLA-A*24:02 were investigated using IFN-y-ELISpot assay, followed by the cytolytic and granzyme-B-ELISpot assays to analyze the cytolytic effects of CD8+ T cells. Gene and protein expressions of PASD1 were detected in 20% and 17.3% of colorectal cancer samples, respectively. PASD1(4) peptide was shown to be immunogenic in colorectal cancer samples. CD8+ T cells raised against PASD1(4) peptide were able to lyze HLA-A*24:02+ PASD1+ cells. Our results reveal that PASD1(4) peptide represents a potential target for colorectal cancer.
Challenges and future direction of molecular research in air pollution-related lung cancers

Shahadin MS, Ab Mutalib NS, Latif MT, Greene CM, Hassan T

Lung Cancer, 2018 04;118:69-75.
PMID: 29572006 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.016

Hazardous air pollutants or chemical release into the environment by a variety of natural and/or anthropogenic activities may give adverse effects to human health. Air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), heavy metals and particulate matter (PM) affect number of different human organs, especially the respiratory system. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reported that ambient air pollution is a cause of lung cancer. Recently, the agency has classified outdoor air pollution as well as PM air pollution as Group 1 carcinogens. In addition, several epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between air pollutants to lung cancer risks and mortality. However, there are only a few studies examining the molecular effects of air pollution exposure specifically in lung cancer due to multiple challenges to mimic air pollution exposure in basic experimentation. Another major issue is the lack of adequate adjustments for exposure misclassification as air pollution may differ temporo-spatially and socioeconomically. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the current molecular understanding of air pollution-related lung cancer and potential future direction in this challenging yet important research field.
Fulltext Evaluation of Antioxidative and Cytotoxic Activities of Streptomyces pluripotens MUSC 137 Isolated from Mangrove Soil in Malaysia

Ser HL, Ab Mutalib NS, Yin WF, Chan KG, Goh BH, Lee LH

Front Microbiol, 2015;6:1398.
PMID: 26733951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01398

Streptomyces pluripotens MUSC 137 was isolated from mangrove soil obtained from Tanjung Lumpur, Pahang, Malaysia. We investigated the phylogenetic, genomic, biochemical, and phenotypic characteristics of this strain. Uniquely adapted microorganisms from mangrove habitats have previously yielded compounds of biopharmaceutical interest. In order to examine the bioactivities possessed by the strain, fermentation extract was prepared through solvent extraction method prior to bioactivities screenings. Antioxidant activity was examined via DPPH assay while the cytotoxic effect was assessed by means of examining the activity of the extract against selected human cancer cell lines, namely colon cancer cells (HCT-116, Caco-2, SW480, and HT-29), breast cancer cell (MCF-7), lung cancer cell (A549), prostate cancer cell (DU145), and cervical cancer cell (Ca Ski). The results revealed MUSC 137 possesses significant antioxidant activity and demonstrates cytotoxic effect against several cancer cell lines tested. The results indicated MCF-7 cells were most susceptible to the extract with the lowest IC50 (61.33 ± 17.10 μg/mL), followed by HCT-116 and A549. Additionally, selective index (SI) showed that MUSC 137 extract was less toxic against normal cell lines when compared to MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells. The extract was further subjected to chemical analysis using GC-MS and revealed the presence of deferoxamine and pyrrolizidines related compounds which may account for the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties observed.
Genome sequence of Streptomyces pluripotens MUSC 135(T) exhibiting antibacterial and antioxidant activity

Ser HL, Tan WS, Ab Mutalib NS, Cheng HJ, Yin WF, Chan KG, et al.

Mar Genomics, 2015 Dec;24 Pt 3:281-3.
PMID: 26452302 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.09.010

Isolated from intertidal soil, Streptomyces pluripotens MUSC 135(T) produces a broad-spectrum bacteriocin against the pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC BAA-44(T), Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430(T) and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966(T). Along with antibacterial activity, fermentation studies on strain MUSC 135(T) revealed production of antioxidant(s). The high quality draft genome of MUSC 135(T) comprises 7,480,269 bp with G+C content of 70.00%. Through bioinformatics analysis, 72 gene clusters identified in the genome were associated with the production of secondary metabolites, which may shed light on the identity of these bioactive compounds.
Draft Genome Sequence of Mangrove-Derived Streptomyces sp. MUSC 125 with Antioxidant Potential

Ser HL, Tan WS, Ab Mutalib NS, Yin WF, Chan KG, Goh BH, et al.

Front Microbiol, 2016;7:1470.
PMID: 27695452
Fulltext Genome sequence of Streptomyces mangrovisoli MUSC 149T isolated from intertidal sediments

Ser HL, Tan WS, Ab Mutalib NS, Yin WF, Chan KG, Goh BH, et al.

Braz J Microbiol, 2017 09 06;49(1):13-15.
PMID: 28927873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.01.013

As the largest genus in Actinobacteria family, Streptomyces species have the ability to synthesize numerous compounds of diverse structures with bioactivities. Streptomyces mangrovisoli MUSC 149T was previously isolated as a novel streptomycete from mangrove forest in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The high quality draft genome of MUSC 149T comprises 9,165,825bp with G+C content of 72.5%. Through bioinformatics analysis, 21 gene clusters identified in the genome were associated with the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. The presence of these biosynthetic gene clusters in MUSC 149T suggests the potential exploitation of the strain for production of medically important compounds.
Fulltext Focused Review: Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Potentials of Mangrove-Derived Streptomyces

Ser HL, Tan LT, Law JW, Chan KG, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, et al.

Front Microbiol, 2017;8:2065.
PMID: 29163380 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02065

Human life expectancy is rapidly increasing with an associated increasing burden of chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. However, there is limited progress in finding effective treatment for these conditions. For this reason, members of the genus Streptomyces have been explored extensively over the past decades as these filamentous bacteria are highly efficient in producing bioactive compounds with human health benefits. Being ubiquitous in nature, streptomycetes can be found in both terrestrial and marine environments. Previously, two Streptomyces strains (MUSC 137T and MUM 256) isolated from mangrove sediments in Peninsular Malaysia demonstrated potent antioxidant and cytotoxic activities against several human cancer cell lines on bioactivity screening. These results illustrate the importance of streptomycetes from underexplored regions aside from the terrestrial ecosystem. Here we provide the insights and significance of Streptomyces species in the search of anticancer and/or chemopreventive agents and highlight the impact of next generation sequencing on drug discovery from the Streptomyces arsenal.
Fulltext The Landscape of Tumor-Specific Antigens in Colorectal Cancer

Rus Bakarurraini NAA, Ab Mutalib NS, Jamal R, Abu N

Vaccines (Basel), 2020 Jul 10;8(3).
PMID: 32664247 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030371

Over the last few decades, major efforts in cancer research and treatment have intensified. Apart from standard chemotherapy approaches, immunotherapy has gained substantial traction. Personalized immunotherapy has become an important tool for cancer therapy with the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Traditionally, tumor-associated antigens are used in immunotherapy-based treatments. Nevertheless, these antigens lack specificity and may have increased toxicity. With the advent of next-generation technologies, the identification of new tumor-specific antigens is becoming more important. In colorectal cancer, several tumor-specific antigens were identified and functionally validated. Multiple clinical trials from vaccine-based and adoptive cell therapy utilizing tumor-specific antigens have commenced. Herein, we will summarize the current landscape of tumor-specific antigens particularly in colorectal cancer.
Fulltext Streptomyces sp.-A Treasure Trove of Weapons to Combat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Associated with Biomedical Devices

Pusparajah P, Letchumanan V, Law JW, Ab Mutalib NS, Ong YS, Goh BH, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Aug 28;22(17).
PMID: 34502269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179360

Biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are among the most frequent causes of biomedical device-related infection, which are difficult to treat and are often persistent and recurrent. Thus, new and effective antibiofilm agents are urgently needed. In this article, we review the most relevant literature of the recent years reporting on promising anti-MRSA biofilm agents derived from the genus Streptomyces bacteria, and discuss the potential contribution of these newly reported antibiofilm compounds to the current strategies in preventing biofilm formation and eradicating pre-existing biofilms of the clinically important pathogen MRSA. Many efforts are evidenced to address biofilm-related infections, and some novel strategies have been developed and demonstrated encouraging results in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, more in vivo studies with appropriate biofilm models and well-designed multicenter clinical trials are needed to assess the prospects of these strategies.
Fulltext Deep Transcriptome Sequencing of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients at Diagnosis, Remission and Relapse: Experience in 3 Malaysian Children in a Single Center Study

Osman SH, Abu N, Aziz H, Chow YP, Wan Mohamad Nazarie WF, Ab Mutalib NS, et al.

Front Genet, 2020;11:66.
PMID: 32174960 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00066
Fulltext 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Deciphering the Colorectal Cancer Gut Microbiome: Current Protocols and Workflows

Osman MA, Neoh HM, Ab Mutalib NS, Chin SF, Jamal R

Front Microbiol, 2018;9:767.
PMID: 29755427 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00767

The human gut holds the densest microbiome ecosystem essential in maintaining a healthy host physiology, whereby disruption of this ecosystem has been linked to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies such as the 16S rRNA gene sequencing has enabled characterization of the CRC gut microbiome architecture in an affordable and culture-free approach. Nevertheless, the lack of standardization in handling and storage of biospecimens, nucleic acid extraction, 16S rRNA gene primer selection, length, and depth of sequencing and bioinformatics analyses have contributed to discrepancies found in various published studies of this field. Accurate characterization of the CRC microbiome found in different stages of CRC has the potential to be developed into a screening tool in the clinical setting. This mini review aims to concisely compile all available CRC microbiome studies performed till end of 2016 and to suggest standardized protocols that are crucial in developing a gut microbiome screening panel for CRC.
Fulltext Parvimonas micra, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Akkermansia muciniphila as a four-bacteria biomarker panel of colorectal cancer

Osman MA, Neoh HM, Ab Mutalib NS, Chin SF, Mazlan L, Raja Ali RA, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 02 03;11(1):2925.
PMID: 33536501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82465-0

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been associated with the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). We profiled the microbiome of gut mucosal tissues from 18 CRC patients and 18 non-CRC controls of the UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The results were then validated using a species-specific quantitative PCR in 40 CRC and 20 non-CRC tissues samples from the UMBI-UKMMC Biobank. Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus stomatis and Akkermansia muciniphila were found to be over-represented in our CRC patients compared to non-CRC controls. These four bacteria markers distinguished CRC from controls (AUROC = 0.925) in our validation cohort. We identified bacteria species significantly associated (cut-off value of > 5 fold abundance) with various CRC demographics such as ethnicity, gender and CRC staging; however, due to small sample size of the discovery cohort, these results could not be further verified in our validation cohort. In summary, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus stomatis and Akkermansia muciniphila were enriched in our local CRC patients. Nevertheless, the roles of these bacteria in CRC initiation and progression remains to be investigated.
LOC285629 regulates cell proliferation and motility in colorectal cancer cells

Nasir SN, Abu N, Ab Mutalib NS, Ishak M, Sagap I, Mazlan L, et al.

Clin Transl Oncol, 2018 Jun;20(6):775-784.
PMID: 29098557 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1788-x

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most widely diagnosed cancers in men and women worldwide. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing technologies, many studies have highlighted the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer development. Growing evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs play crucial roles in regulating gene and protein expression and are involved in various cancers, including CRC. The field of lncRNAs is still relatively new and a lot of novel lncRNAs have been discovered, but their functional roles are yet to be elucidated. This study aims to characterize the expression and functional roles of a novel lncRNA in CRC.
METHOD: Several methods were employed to assess the function of LOC285629 such as gene silencing, qPCR, proliferation assay, BrdU assay, transwell migration assay, ELISA and protein profiler.
RESULTS: Via in silico analyses, we identified significant downregulation of LOC285629, a novel lncRNA, across CRC stages. LOC285629 expression was significantly downregulated in advanced stages (Stage III and IV) compared to Stage I (Kruskal-Wallis Test; p = 0.0093). Further in-house validation showed that the expression of LOC285629 was upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines compared to the normal counterparts, but was downregulated in advanced stages. By targeting LOC285629, the viability, proliferative abilities, invasiveness and resistance of colorectal cancer cells towards 5-fluorouracil were reduced. It was also discovered that LOC285629 may regulate cancer progression by targeting several different proteins, namely survivin, BCL-xL, progranulin, PDGF-AA, enolase 2 and p70S6 K.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that LOC285629 may be further developed as a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
Fulltext COVID-19 in Malaysia: exposure assessment and prevention practices among healthcare workers at a teaching hospital

Muhammad Azami NA, Abdul Murad NA, Mohammed Nawi A, Salleh SA, Periyasamy P, Kori N, et al.

J Infect Dev Ctries, 2021 12 31;15(12):1816-1824.
PMID: 35044938 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.15277

INTRODUCTION: During the second wave of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, Malaysia reported several COVID-19 clusters related to healthcare workers. Thus, addressing and understanding the risk of exposure in healthcare workers is important to prevent future infection and reduce secondary COVID-19 transmission within the healthcare settings. In this study, we aim to assess exposure and prevention practices against COVID-19 among healthcare workers at the Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, a university teaching hospital based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
METHODOLOGY: A total of 571 healthcare workers at COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards as well as the emergency department and laboratory staff at COVID-19 testing labs were recruited. The presence of novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and IgM/IgG antibodies were confirmed in all healthcare workers. The healthcare workers responded to an online Google Forms questionnaire that evaluates demographic information and comorbidities, exposure and adherence to infection prevention and control measures against COVID-19. Descriptive analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24.0.
RESULTS: Three healthcare workers (0.5%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, while the remaining 568 (99.5%) were negative. All were negative for IgM and IgG antibodies during recruitment (day 1) and follow-up (day 15). More than 90% of the healthcare workers followed infection prevention and control practices recommendations regardless of whether they have been exposed to occupational risk for COVID-19.
CONCLUSIONS: The healthcare workers' high level of adherence to infection prevention practices at this hospital helped reduce and minimize their occupational exposure to COVID-19.

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