Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 25 in total

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  1. Abd Rahim IN, Mohd Kasim NA, Omar E, Abd Muid S, Nawawi H
    Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 2023 Apr 06;28(4):70.
    PMID: 37114545 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2804070
    BACKGROUND: Various methods were used to induce atherosclerosis in rabbits. One of the most common methods used is high-cholesterol diet (HCD) feeding. However, the exact amount and duration of HCD feeding to induce early and established atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits (NZWR) continue to be debated among researchers. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of 1% HCD feeding in inducing early and established atherosclerosis lesions in NZWR.

    METHODS: A total of 50 g/kg/day of 1% HCD was fed to three to four months old male rabbits weighing 1.8 to 2.0 kg for four and eight weeks to induce early and established atherosclerosis respectively. The body weight and lipid profile were measured at baseline and post-HCD intervention. Following euthanasia, the aorta was excised and prepared for histology and immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the stages of atherosclerosis.

    RESULTS: The mean body weight of the rabbits in early and established atherosclerosis groups increased significantly up to 17.5% (p = 0.026) and 19.75% (p = 0.019) respectively compared to baseline. The total cholesterol level dramatically elevated up to 13-fold (p = 0.005) and 38-fold (p = 0.013) compared to baseline, after four and eight weeks of 1% HCD feeding respectively. The low-density lipoprotein level significantly increased up to 42-fold (p = 0.006) and 128-fold (p = 0.011) compared to baseline, after four and eight weeks of 1% HCD feeding respectively. Rabbits fed with four and eight weeks 1% HCD significantly developed 5.79% (p = 0.008) and 21.52% (p = 0.008) aortic lesion areas compared to the control group. Histological evaluation in the aorta showed accumulation of foam cells in early atherosclerosis group and formation of fibrous plaque and lipid core in the established atherosclerosis group. Rabbits fed with eight weeks HCD showed higher tissue expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, e-selectin, IL-6, IL-8, NF-κBp65, and MMP-12 compared to four weeks of HCD intervention.

    CONCLUSIONS: A total of 50 g/kg/day of 1% HCD for four and eight weeks is sufficient to induce early and established atherosclerosis in NZWR respectively. The consistent results through this method could facilitate researchers in inducing early and established atherosclerosis in NZWR.

  2. Abd Rahim IN, Mohd Kasim NA, Omar E, Abdul Muid S, Nawawi H
    PLoS One, 2024;19(1):e0295212.
    PMID: 38207245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295212
    Previous research has shown that natural medications pose health risks, especially in subjects with comorbidities. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of saffron ethanolic extract (SEE) administration in early and established atherosclerotic rabbits. Rabbits were given a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 4 and 8 weeks to induce early and established atherosclerosis respectively, and then they were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg/day SEE. The body weight of the animals was recorded. Blood samples were collected at baseline, pre-treatment, and post-treatment for hematological studies, lipid profiles, and biochemical profiles. Tissue specimens of the vital organs were subjected to histological examination. The above parameters were significantly altered post-intervention with 4 and 8 weeks of HCD. No significant differences in body weight were observed in all the groups post-treatment with 50 and 100mg/kg of SEE compared to pre-treatment. However, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, serum urea, and glucose significantly decreased post-treatment with 50 and 100mg/kg/day SEE compared to pre-treatment in early and established atherosclerosis groups. Hematological parameters that were affected post-intervention with HCD returned to their baseline values post-treatment with 50 and 100mg/kg/day SEE. There was a significant improvement in the vital organs post-treatment with 50 and 100mg/kg SEE. SEE can safely be administered without causing harmful effects on the hematological, biochemical profiles, and vital organs. Notably, SEE exerts hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects on atherosclerotic conditions. Further clinical trials are warranted to ensure the safety of saffron administration in patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases.
  3. Abdul-Razak S, Rahmat R, Mohd Kasim A, Rahman TA, Muid S, Nasir NM, et al.
    BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 2017 Oct 16;17(1):264.
    PMID: 29037163 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0694-z
    BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a genetic disorder with a high risk of developing premature coronary artery disease that should be diagnosed as early as possible. Several clinical diagnostic criteria for FH are available, with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Criteria (DLCC) being widely used. Information regarding diagnostic performances of the other criteria against the DLCC is scarce. We aimed to examine the diagnostic performance of the Simon-Broom (SB) Register criteria, the US Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Deaths (US MEDPED) and the Japanese FH Management Criteria (JFHMC) compared to the DLCC.

    METHODS: Seven hundered fifty five individuals from specialist clinics and community health screenings with LDL-c level ≥ 4.0 mmol/L were selected and diagnosed as FH using the DLCC, the SB Register criteria, the US MEDPED and the JFHMC. The sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, positive and negative predictive values of individuals screened with the SB register criteria, US MEDPED and JFHMC were assessed against the DLCC.

    RESULTS: We found the SB register criteria identified more individuals with FH compared to the US MEDPED and the JFHMC (212 vs. 105 vs. 195; p 

  4. Alicezah MK, Razali R, Rahman T, Hoh BP, Suhana NH, Muid S, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2014 Aug;36(2):131-7.
    PMID: 25194536 MyJurnal
    We report a rare case of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), a 22-year-old Malay woman who presented initially with minor soft tissue injury due to a cycling accident. She was then incidentally found to have severe xanthelasma and hypercholesterolemia (serum TC 15.3 mmol/L and LDL-C 13.9 mmol/L). She was referred to the Specialized Lipid Clinic and was diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) based on the Simon Broome (SB) diagnostic criteria. There was a family history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in that three siblings had sudden cardiac death, and of consanguineous marriage in that her parents are cousins. DNA screening of LDLR and APOB genes was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), followed by Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC). Homozygous mutation C255S in Exon 5 of her LDLR gene was found. There was no mutation was found in Exon 26 and Exon 29 of the APOB gene. This report is to emphasize the importance of identifying patients with FH and cascade screening through established diagnostic criteria and genetic studies in order to ensure early detection and early treatment intervention to minimize the risk of developing CHD and related complications.
  5. Harun NH, Froemming GRA, Mohd Ismail A, Nawawi H, Mokhtar SS, Abd Muid S
    Int J Mol Sci, 2022 Nov 23;23(23).
    PMID: 36498945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314616
    Low mineralization activity by human osteoblast cells (HOBs) indicates abnormal bone remodeling that potentially leads to osteoporosis. Oxidation, the most prominent form of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) modification, is suggested to affect bone mineralization through the inflammatory pathway. Adiponectin, which possesses anti-inflammatory activity, is postulated to have the ability to suppress the detrimental effects of oxidized HDL (oxHDL). This study aimed to investigate the effects of HDL before and after oxidation on markers of mineralization and inflammation. The protective effects of adiponectin on demineralization and inflammation induced by oxHDL were also investigated. OxHDL at 100 µg/mL protein had the highest inhibitory effect on mineralization, followed by lower calcium incorporation. OxHDL also had significantly lower expression of a mineralization marker (COL1A2) and higher expression of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and RELA proto-oncogene, NF-κβ (p65)) compared to the unstimulated control group. These findings suggest that oxHDL reduces the mineralization activity of HOBs by increasing the expression of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, co-incubation of adiponectin and oxHDL in HOBs resulted in higher expression of mineralization markers (ALPL, COL1A2, BGLAP, and RUNX2) and significantly reduced all targeted inflammatory markers compared to the oxHDL groups. On the contrary, HDL increased the expression of mineralization markers (COL1A2 and STAT-3) and exhibited lower expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), proving the protective effect of HDL beyond the reverse cholesterol transport activity.
  6. Kapitonova MY, Muid S, Froemming GR, Yusoff WN, Othman S, Ali AM, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2012 Dec;34(2):103-13.
    PMID: 23424772 MyJurnal
    Microgravity, hypergravity, vibration, ionizing radiation and temperature fluctuations are major factors of outer space flight affecting human organs and tissues. There are several reports on the effect of space flight on different human cell types of mesenchymal origin while information regarding changes to vascular endothelial cells is scarce. Ultrastructural and cytophysiological features of macrovascular endothelial cells in outer space flight and their persistence during subsequent culturing were demonstrated in the present investigation. At the end of the space flight, endothelial cells displayed profound changes indicating cytoskeletal lesions and increased cell membrane permeability. Readapted cells of subsequent passages exhibited persisting cytoskeletal changes, decreased metabolism and cell growth indicating cellular senescence.
  7. Liew CY, Husaini A, Hussain H, Muid S, Liew KC, Roslan HA
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011 Jun;27(6):1457-68.
    PMID: 25187145 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0598-x
    White rot fungi are good lignin degraders and have the potential to be used in industry. In the present work, Phellinus sp., Daedalea sp., Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus coccineus were selected due to their relatively high ligninolytic enzyme activity, and grown on Acacia mangium wood chips under solid state fermentation. Results obtained showed that manganese peroxidase produced is far more compared to lignin peroxidase, suggesting that MnP might be the predominating enzymes causing lignin degradation in Acacia mangium wood chips. Cellulase enzyme assays showed that no significant cellulase activity was detected in the enzyme preparation of T. versicolor and Phellinus sp. This low cellulolytic activity further suggests that these two white rot strains are of more interest in lignin degradation. The results on lignin losses showed 20-30% of lignin breakdown at 60 days of biodegradation. The highest lignin loss was found in Acacia mangium biotreated with T. versicolor after 60 days and recorded 26.9%, corresponding to the percentage of their wood weight loss recorded followed by P. coccineus. In general, lignin degradation was only significant from 20 days onwards. The overall percentage of lignin weight loss was within the range of 1.02-26.90% over the biodegradation periods. Microscopic observations conducted using scanning electron microscope showed that T. versicolor, P. coccineus, Daedalea sp. and Phellinus sp. had caused lignin degradation in Acacia mangium wood chips.
  8. Mohd Ariff A, Abu Bakar NA, Abd Muid S, Omar E, Ismail NH, Ali AM, et al.
    BMC Complement Med Ther, 2020 Feb 17;20(1):56.
    PMID: 32066426 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2844-6
    BACKGROUND: Ficus deltoidea (FD) has been shown to have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant properties. However, its effects on key events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are unknown.

    AIM: To investigate the endothelial activation, inflammation, monocyte-endothelial cell binding and oxidative stress effects of four FD varieties.

    METHODS: Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were incubated with different concentrations of aqueous ethanolic extracts of FD var. trengganuensis (FDT), var. kunstleri (FDK), var. deltoidea (FDD) and var. intermedia (FDI), together with LPS. Protein and gene expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p50 and p65 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured using ELISA and QuantiGene plex, respectively. Adhesion of monocyte to HCAEC and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by Rose Bengal staining and 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay.

    RESULTS: FDK exhibited the highest inhibition of biomarkers in relation to endothelial activation and inflammation, second in reducing monocyte binding (17.3%) compared to other varieties. FDK (25.6%) was also the most potent at decreasing ROS production.

    CONCLUSION: FD has anti-atherogenic effects, possibly mediated by NF-κB and eNOS pathways; with FDK being the most potent variety. It is potentially beneficial in mitigating atherogenesis.

  9. Muid S, Froemming GR, Ali AM, Nawawi H
    Malays J Pathol, 2013 Dec;35(2):165-76.
    PMID: 24362480 MyJurnal
    The effects of spaceflight on cardiovascular health are not necessarily seen immediately after astronauts have returned but can be delayed. It is important to investigate the long term effects of spaceflight on protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial activation as a predictor for the development of atherosclerosis and potential cardiovascular problems. The objectives of this study were to investigate the (a) protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial activation, (b) expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) 3 months post-space flight travel compared to ground controls. HUVEC cultured on microcarriers in fluid processing apparatus were flown to the International Space Station (ISS) by the Soyuz TMA-11 rocket. After landing, the cells were detached from microcarriers and recultured in T-25 cm(2) culture flasks (Revived HUVEC). Soluble protein expression of IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and e-selectin were measured by ELISA. Gene expression of these markers and in addition NFκB, STAT-3 and eNOS were measured. Spaceflight induced IL-6 and ICAM-1 remain elevated even after 3 months post spaceflight travel and this is mediated via STAT-3 pathway. The downregulation of eNOS expression in revived HUVEC cells suggests a reduced protection of the cells and the surrounding vessels against future insults that may lead to atherosclerosis. It would be crucial to explore preventive measures, in relation to atherosclerosis and its related complications.
  10. Muid S, Abu Bakar NA, Abdul Rahman T, Tengku Ismail TS, Kholin SF, Suvorov AV, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Dec;41(3):283-292.
    PMID: 31901913
    INTRODUCTION: Apart from inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, other key components in the development of atherogenesis include prothrombogenesis and oxidative stress. The effects of long-term confinement and isolation, exposure to radiation and different gravity forces during space travel could potentially increase the long-term risk of atherosclerosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study determining the status of prothrombogenesis and oxidative stress in six cosmonauts subjected to the longest duration of confined isolation period of 520 days in preparation for prospective undetermined manned space travel to Mars.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This collaborative research between the National Space Agency (ANGKASA), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia and Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), Russia was conducted at the Russian Academy of Sciences IBMP, Moscow, Russia. Six multi-national cosmonauts were assigned to live in a ground-based confined module for 520 days. Standard exercise and diet regime were instituted throughout the isolation phase. Six age, ethnic and gender-matched healthy, free-living ground controls were recruited in parallel. Serial serum and whole blood were analysed for biomarkers of prothrombogenesis [plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and homocysteine] and oxidative stress [oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA)].

    RESULTS: There were significantly lower concentrations of PAI-1 and homocysteine in cosmonauts during confinement compared to the controls. There were no significant differences seen in the concentrations of biomarkers of oxidative stress during confinement but there was a significant percentage change increment for serum MDA in cosmonauts.

    CONCLUSION: Long-term confinement decreased the risk of prothrombogenesis and this could be attributed to the exercise and diet regime which includes omega-3 fatty acids supplementation given to the crew members during their confinement period. However, oxidative damage could not be excluded and may be attributed to the influence of psychological stress during this prolonged confinement.

  11. Muid S, Froemming GR, Rahman T, Ali AM, Nawawi HM
    Food Nutr Res, 2016;60:31526.
    PMID: 27396399 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31526
    BACKGROUND: Tocotrienols (TCTs) are more potent antioxidants than α-tocopherol (TOC). However, the effectiveness and mechanism of the action of TCT isomers as anti-atherosclerotic agents in stimulated human endothelial cells under inflammatory conditions are not well established.

    AIMS: 1) To compare the effects of different TCT isomers on inflammation, endothelial activation, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 2) To identify the two most potent TCT isomers in stimulated human endothelial cells. 3) To investigate the effects of TCT isomers on NFκB activation, and protein and gene expression levels in stimulated human endothelial cells.

    METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with various concentrations of TCT isomers or α-TOC (0.3-10 µM), together with lipopolysaccharides for 16 h. Supernatant cells were collected and measured for protein and gene expression of cytokines (interleukin-6, or IL-6; tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or TNF-α), adhesion molecules (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, or ICAM-1; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or VCAM-1; and e-selectin), eNOS, and NFκB.

    RESULTS: δ-TCT is the most potent TCT isomer in the inhibition of IL-6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and NFκB, and it is the second potent in inhibiting e-selectin and eNOS. γ-TCT isomer is the most potent isomer in inhibiting e-selectin and eNOS, and it is the second most potent in inhibiting is IL-6, VCAM-1, and NFκB. For ICAM-1 protein expression, the most potent is δ-TCT followed by α-TCT. α- and β-TCT inhibit IL-6 at the highest concentration (10 µM) but enhance IL-6 at lower concentrations. γ-TCT markedly increases eNOS expression by 8-11-fold at higher concentrations (5-10 µM) but exhibits neutral effects at lower concentrations.

    CONCLUSION: δ- and γ-TCT are the two most potent TCT isomers in terms of the inhibition of inflammation and endothelial activation whilst enhancing eNOS, possibly mediated via the NFκB pathway. Hence, there is a great potential for TCT isomers as anti-atherosclerotic agents.

  12. Muid, S., Hamid, Z., Nawawi, H.
    MyJurnal
    The beneficial effects of Palm Tocotrienol Rich Fraction (TRF) in the reduction of cholesterol and oxidative stress in human especially in Non-Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (NFH) patients are still lacking and need to be further investigated. In this clinical trial, 37 NFH patients were recruited and randomized to either Palmvitee (60 mg/day TRF) [NFHe; n= 12) and atorvastatin 10 mg/day (NFHs; n=25). Fasting serum lipids, F2 -isoprostanes, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at baseline (BL), 2 weeks and 12 weeks. NFHe group showed significant reduction in Total cholesterol, TC, LDL, MDA, F2 – isoprostanes and ox-LDL at 12 weeks compared to BL. NFHs group showed a reduction in TC, LDL and TG, MDA and F2 – isoprostanes in 12 weeks compared to the BL. NFHs had greater % change reduction of TC, LDL, TG and MDA than NFHe in 12 weeks. Despite that, NFHe and NFHs had comparable % reduction of F2–isoprostanes in 12 weeks. NFHe had greater % change reduction of ox-LDL than NFHs. In conclusion, TRF reduces cholesterol level in NFH patients even though it is not as efficient as statins. The ability of TRF in the reduction of oxidative stress especially F2-isoprostanes is comparable with statins. TRF has a great potential in the prevention of atherosclerosis in part not only due to its cholesterol lowering activity, but perhaps more effective as a potent antioxidant.
  13. Muid, S., Froemming, G.R.A., Rahman, T.H., Ali, A.M., Nawawi, H.
    MyJurnal
    The anti-atherosclerotics activity of tocotrienols (TCT) compared to alpha-Tocopherol (α-TOC) in in vitro study is not much being reported especially in human endothelial cells. The aim of the present study was to study the effects of TTMF, TCT and α-TOC on monocytes adherence to stimulated endothelial cells and to investigate the correlation between monocytes adherence and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells treated with TTMF, pure TCT isomers and α-TOC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with TTMF, TCT isomers and α-TOC (0.3-10 µM) together with lipopolysaccharide, LPS (1 μg/ml). Monocytes adherence was measured by Rose Bengal staining. Soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and e-selectin and NFκB binding were measured by ELISA. TTMF and TCT isomers inhibit monocytes adhesion to LPS-stimulated HUVECs but not α-TOC. δ-TCT exhibit the highest % inhibition of monocytes adhesion compared to the other TCT isomers. Only TCT isomers show positive correlation of monocytes adhesion with certain adhesion molecules and NFκB but not TTMF and α-TOC. In conclusion, TTMF and TCT isomers exhibit reduction of adhesion of monocytes to LPS stimulated endothelial cells. The reduction of monocytes adhesion by TCT isomers especially δ-TCT are positively correlated with reduction of adhesion molecules and NFκB deactivation. It can be suggested that TCT especially the δ-TCT isomers is beneficial in the prevention of early atherogenesis in human.
  14. Muid, S., Froemming, G.R.A., Ali, A.M., Nawawi, H.
    MyJurnal
    Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured on microcarrier beads to accommodate different experiment apparatus such as rotating wall vessel. In this study, fluid operating apparatus (FPA) was used. However, the effect of inflammation and endothelial activation biomarkers in HUVECs cultured on different culture surface and containers are not well established. The effects of temperature changes on these biomarkers in HUVECs grown in FPA, a spaceflight hardware, are still unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial activation biomarkers in (i) HUVECs cultured on microcarrier beads in conventional culture flask (CCFMC) vs. conventional culture flask (CCF) (ii) HUVECs cultured on microcarrier in FPA (FPAMC) vs. CCFMC and (iii) HUVEC cultured in FPAMC with ideal temperature (37°C) (FPAMC) vs. simulated space travel temperature(25-37°C), (FPAMC-ST). sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1protein expression in HUVECs grown in CCFMC were higher than CCF. FPAMC had higher IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, e-selectin, NFκB and eNOS gene expression than in CCFMC. FPAMC-ST had higher ICAM-1 and e-selectin protein expression than FPAMC- in ideal temperature. HUVECs are cultured onto microcarrier in simulated space flight temperature compared with ideal temperature had higher protein expression of sICAM-1 and e-selectin but the protein and gene expression of other biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation are comparable. This suggests that differences in culture surface and container are have an impact on the expression of inflammation and adhesion molecule by HUVECs.
  15. Muid, S., Ali, A.M., Yusoff, K., Nawawi, H.M.
    MyJurnal
    Vitamin E is known to have potent antioxidant activity and plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress, a pivotal step in atherogenesis. However, several randomised clinical trials using α-tocopherol have failed to demonstrate consistent beneficial effects of antioxidants against atherosclerosis and clinical endpoints. Tocotrienol, a vitamin E compound analogue is shown to have more potent antioxidant activity compared to tocopherol. Finding the optimal anti-oxidative dose is crucial and may effectively be applied for cardioprotection in human. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal dose of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) with highest antioxidant activity in vitro using the ferric thiocyanate (FTC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2’, 7’- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) assays. It was found that TRF exhibited potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities with an IC50 of 22.10 + 0.01 µg/ml. In all assays, TRF had optimal antioxidant activity at moderate concentrations (10-100 µg/ml). In conclusion, TRF has potent antioxidant activity, which is optimal at moderate concentrations.
  16. Nafikudin M, Nawawi H, Muid S, Annuar R, Yusoff K, Khalid BAK
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Dec;58(5):647-52.
    PMID: 15190648
    Ultrasonographic measurements of the intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid arteries (CCA) were taken in 50 patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and 57 patients with non-familial hypercholesterolemia (NFH). The lipid profile, body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) of each patient were recorded. In FH patients, the IMT was significantly higher in overweight and elevated WHR subgroups compared to the normal with significant correlations between BMI and WHR to the IMT. In NFH patients, the IMT was significantly higher in the elevated WHR compared to the normal subgroup but the correlations between either BMI or WHR to IMT were insignificant. These suggest that the environmentally modified anthropometric indices may have an effect on atherosclerosis in genetically determined hypercholesterolaemia in FH patients.
  17. Rahman TA, Hassim NF, Zulkafli N, Muid S, Kornain NK, Nawawi H
    Food Nutr Res, 2016;60:31525.
    PMID: 27799085 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31525
    Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary artery disease -related deaths worldwide. The atheroprotective properties of pure tocotrienols (T3) in the absence of alpha-tocopherol (α-TCP) in vitamin E has not been extensively examined.
  18. Razak, A.A., Omar, E., Muid, S., Nawawi, H.
    MyJurnal
    Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis. Antioxidants have a potential role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. The effects of palm oil-derived tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation on inflammation are not well established. This study aims to investigate the effects of TRF supplementation on the inflammatory biomarkers and adhesion molecules in severe atherosclerosis. A total of 28 New Zealand white rabbits were given 1% high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for five months and randomised from the second month onwards into one of five intervention groups: Placebo, TRF 15, 30, 60 and 90 mg/kg/day. Treatment was given for three months and the animals were fed HCD throughout the duration. At the end of the study, the aortas were obtained, stained with Sudan IV, fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and immunostained for tissue intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), E-selectin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The amount of atherosclerotic lesions was not significantly different between the groups and compared to placebo. Qualitative analysis showed lower trend of ICAM-1, IL-6, E-selectin and NF-κB but higher trend of SMA tissue expression in TRF-treated groups especially at low dose of TRF (TRF-15) compared to placebo. Quantitative analysis showed lower ICAM-1 and E-select in positivity in TRF-15 compared to placebo group (25.1 ± 7.4 % vs. 3.8 ± 2.0 %, 23.2 ±6.5 % vs. 4.2± 2.1 %, respectively, p
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