Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 38 in total

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  1. Fulltext Clinacanthus nutans Extracts Are Antioxidant with Antiproliferative Effect on Cultured Human Cancer Cell Lines
    Yong YK, Tan JJ, Teh SS, Mah SH, Ee GC, Chiong HS, et al.
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:462751.
    PMID: 23533485 DOI: 10.1155/2013/462751
    Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves (CN) have been used in traditional medicine but the therapeutic potential has not been explored for cancer prevention and treatment. Current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of CN, extracted in chloroform, methanol, and water, on cancer cell lines. Antioxidant properties of CN were evaluated using DPPH, galvinoxyl, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide based radical scavenging assays, whereas the tumoricidal effect was tested on HepG2, IMR32, NCL-H23, SNU-1, Hela, LS-174T, K562, Raji, and IMR32 cancer cells using MTT assay. Our data showed that CN in chloroform extract was a good antioxidant against DPPH and galvinoxyl radicals, but less effective in negating nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals. Chloroform extract exerted the highest antiproliferative effect on K-562 (91.28 ± 0.03%) and Raji cell lines (88.97 ± 1.07%) at 100  μ g/ml and the other five cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, but not on IMR-32 cells. Fourteen known compounds were identified in chloroform extract, which was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectra analysis. In conclusion, CN extracts possess antioxidant and antiproliferative properties against cultured cancer cell lines, suggesting an alternate adjunctive regimen for cancer prevention or treatment.
  2. Synthesis of benzylated amine-substituted xanthone derivatives and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
    Wong KW, Teh SS, Law KP, Ismail IS, Sato K, Mase N, et al.
    Arch Pharm (Weinheim), 2023 Jan;356(1):e2200418.
    PMID: 36285691 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200418
    Oxidative stress and its constant companion, inflammation, play a critical part in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic illnesses. The discovery of new multi-targeted drug candidates with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties is deemed necessary. Thus, a series of novel xanthone derivatives with halogenated benzyl (4b-4d, 4f-4h) and methoxylated benzyl groups (4e) attached to the butoxy amine substituent were synthesized in this study. The synthesized xanthone derivatives exhibited stronger antioxidant activity against H2 O2 scavenging than the standard drug, α-tocopherol, but weaker towards DPPH scavenging and ferrous ion chelation. Besides that, 4b-4d, 4f-4h demonstrated good anti-inflammatory activities through NO production inhibition towards lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and showed 2-4 times stronger effects than the standard drug, diclofenac sodium. Moreover, compound 4b with two brominated benzyl groups attached to the butoxy amine substituent suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, significantly. Structure-activity relationship elucidated that the halogenated benzylamine substituent plays an important role in contributing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of xanthones. In summary, xanthone 4b was identified as a potential lead compound to be further developed into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs. Thus, further studies on the related mechanisms of action of 4b are recommended.
  3. Synthesis of 1-hydroxy-3-O-substituted xanthone derivatives and their structure-activity relationship on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect
    Vanessa VV, Teh SS, Lam KW, Mah SH
    Nat Prod Res, 2023;37(17):2849-2861.
    PMID: 36398788 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2137800
    This study focused on the synthesis of 1,3-dihydroxyxanthone (1) and its new derivatives with alkyl (2a-2f), alkenyl (2 g-2k), alkynyl (2 l-2n), and alkylated phenyl (2o-2r) groups at C3 position. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by MS, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopic data. All the substituted xanthones (2a-2r) showed significantly stronger acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities than 1. Compounds 2g and 2j exhibited the strongest activities with the IC50 values of 20.8 and 21.5 μM and their enzyme kinetic analyses indicated a mixed-mode inhibition. Molecular docking study revealed that 2g binds favourably to the active site of AChE via π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding from the xanthone ring, in addition to π-alkyl interaction from the substituent group. These xanthone derivatives are potential lead compounds to be further developed into Alzheimer's disease drugs.
  4. Fulltext In vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Mesua beccariana (Baill.) Kosterm., Mesua ferrea Linn., and Mesua congestiflora extracts
    Teh SS, Ee GC, Mah SH, Yong YK, Lim YM, Rahmani M, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:517072.
    PMID: 24089682 DOI: 10.1155/2013/517072
    The in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the extracts of Mesua beccariana, M. ferrea, and M. congestiflora against Raji, SNU-1, HeLa, LS-174T, NCI-H23, SK-MEL-28, Hep-G2, IMR-32, and K562 were achieved using MTT assay. The methanol extracts of Mesua beccariana showed its potency towards the proliferation of B-lymphoma cell (Raji). In addition, only the nonpolar to semipolar extracts (hexane to ethyl acetate) of the three Mesua species indicated cytotoxic effects on the tested panel of human cancer cell lines. Antioxidant assays were evaluated using DPPH scavenging radical assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method. The methanol extracts of M. beccariana and M. ferrea showed high antioxidant activities with low EC₅₀ values of 12.70 and 9.77  μg/mL, respectively, which are comparable to that of ascorbic acid (EC₅₀ = 5.62  μg/mL). Antibacterial tests were carried out using four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria on Mesua beccariana extracts. All the extracts showed negative results in the inhibition of Gram negative bacteria. Nevertheless, methanol extracts showed some activities against Gram positive bacteria which are Bacillus cereus, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), while the hexane extract also contributed some activities towards Bacillus cereus.
  5. Fulltext Intravitreal ranibizumab in the management of stage 2B Coats disease in a young adult Malay man
    Teh SS, Ahem A, Bastion ML
    BMJ Case Rep, 2013;2013.
    PMID: 23774706 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009697
    This paper describes a rare case of Coats disease with late presentation in a young adult. The condition improved with a combination of focal photocoagulation, cryotherapy and intravitreal ranibizumab.
  6. Fulltext Mesua beccariana (Clusiaceae), a source of potential anti-cancer lead compounds in drug discovery
    Teh SS, Cheng Lian Ee G, Mah SH, Lim YM, Rahmani M
    Molecules, 2012 Sep 10;17(9):10791-800.
    PMID: 22964497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910791
    An investigation on biologically active secondary metabolites from the stem bark of Mesua beccariana was carried out. A new cyclodione, mesuadione, along with several known constituents which are beccamarin, 2,5-dihydroxy-1,3,4-trimethoxy anthraquinone, 4-methoxy-1,3,5-trihydroxyanthraquinone, betulinic acid and stigmasterol were obtained from this ongoing research. Structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D-NMR, GC-MS, IR and UV techniques. Preliminary tests of the in vitro cytotoxic activities of all the isolated metabolites against a panel of human cancer cell lines Raji (lymphoma), SNU-1 (gastric carcinoma), K562 (erythroleukemia cells), LS-174T (colorectal adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervical cells), SK-MEL-28 (malignant melanoma cells), NCI-H23 (lung adenocarcinoma), IMR-32 (neuroblastoma) and Hep-G2 (hepatocellular liver carcinoma) were carried out using an MTT assay. Mesuadione, beccamarin, betulinic acid and stigmasterol displayed strong inhibition of Raji cell proliferation, while the proliferation rate of SK-MEL-28 and HeLa were strongly inhibited by stigmasterol and beccamarin, indicating these secondary metabolites could be anti-cancer lead compounds in drug discovery.
  7. Enhanced growth of lactobacilli in soymilk upon immobilization on agrowastes
    Teh SS, Ahmad R, Wan-Abdullah WN, Liong MT
    J Food Sci, 2010 Apr;75(3):M155-64.
    PMID: 20492305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01538.x
    Cell immobilization is an alternative to microencapsulation for the maintenance of cells in a liquid medium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of agrowastes from durian (Durio zibethinus), cempedak (Artocarpus champeden), and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) as immobilizers for lactobacilli grown in soymilk. Rinds from the agrowastes were separated from the skin, dried, and ground (150 microm) to form powders and used as immobilizers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that lactobacilli cells were attached and bound to the surface of the immobilizers. Immobilized cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 1331, L. acidophilus FTDC 2631, L. acidophilus FTDC 2333, L. acidophilus FTDC 1733, and L. bulgaricus FTCC 0411 were inoculated into soymilk, stored at room temperature (25 degrees C) and growth properties were evaluated over 168 h. Soymilk inoculated with nonimmobilized cells was used as the control. Utilization of substrates, concentrations of lactic and acetic acids, and changes in pH were evaluated in soymilk over 186 h. Immobilized lactobacilli showed significantly better growth (P < 0.05) compared to the control, accompanied by higher production of lactic and acetic acids in soymilk. Soymilk containing immobilized cells showed greater reduction of soy sugars such as stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, fructose, and glucose compared to the control (P < 0.05).
  8. Evaluation of agrowastes as immobilizers for probiotics in soy milk
    Teh SS, Ahmad R, Wan-Abdullah WN, Liong MT
    J Agric Food Chem, 2009 Nov 11;57(21):10187-98.
    PMID: 19821558 DOI: 10.1021/jf902003a
    The objective of this study was to evaluate agricultural wastes as immobilizers for probiotics in liquid foods, such as soy milk. Probiotic strains were initially evaluated for acid and bile tolerance and the ability to produce alpha-galactosidase. Rinds of durian, mangosteen, and jackfruit were dried, ground, and sterilized prior to immobilization of selected strains ( Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 1331, L. acidophilus FTDC 2631, L. acidophilus FTDC 2333, L. acidophilus FTDC 1733, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus FTCC 0411). Immobilized cells were inoculated into soy milk, and growth properties were evaluated over 168 h at 37 degrees C. Soy milk containing free cells without agrowastes was used as the control. Immobilized probiotics showed increased growth, greater reduction of stachyose, sucrose, and glucose, higher production of lactic and acetic acids, and lower pH in soy milk compared to the control. The results illustrated that agrowastes could be used for the immobilization of probiotics with enhanced growth, utilization of substrates, and production of organic acids.
  9. Fulltext Cytotoxicity and structure-activity relationships of xanthone derivatives from Mesua beccariana, Mesua ferrea and Mesua congestiflora towards nine human cancer cell lines
    Teh SS, Ee GC, Mah SH, Lim YM, Ahmad Z
    Molecules, 2013 Feb 04;18(2):1985-94.
    PMID: 23381024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021985
    The cytotoxic structure-activity relationships among a series of xanthone derivatives from Mesua beccariana, Mesua ferrea and Mesua congestiflora were studied. Eleven xanthone derivatives identified as mesuarianone (1), mesuasinone (2), mesuaferrin A (3), mesuaferrin B (4), mesuaferrin C (5), 6-deoxyjacareubin (6), caloxanthone C (7), macluraxanthone (8), 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (9), tovopyrifolin C (10) and α-mangostin (11) were isolated from the three Mesua species. The human cancer cell lines tested were Raji, SNU-1, K562, LS-174T, SK-MEL-28, IMR-32, HeLa, Hep G2 and NCI-H23. Mesuaferrin A (3), macluraxanthone (8) and α-mangostin (11) showed strong cytotoxicities as they possess significant inhibitory effects against all the cell lines. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that the diprenyl, dipyrano and prenylated pyrano substituent groups of the xanthone derivatives contributed towards the cytotoxicities.
  10. Quality assessment of refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein
    Teh SS, Lau HLN
    Food Chem, 2021 Mar 15;340:127912.
    PMID: 32916404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127912
    Palm-pressed mesocarp oil has been found to contain plenty of naturally occurring valuable phytonutrients. The application and study of the oil are limited, therefore, quality assessment of refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein (PPMO) is deemed necessary to provide data in widening the applications as a niche products or raw material for the nutraceutical industry. Results showed that refined PPMO has comparable physicochemical properties and oxidative stability with commercial cooking oil, palm olein (PO). The food safety parameters and contaminants (PAH, 3-MCPD ester, 2-MCPD ester, glycidyl ester and trace metals) analyses proven that refined PPMO is safe to be consumed. Besides, refined PPMO contains remarkably greater concentrations of phytonutrients including carotenoids, phytosterols, squalene and vitamin E than PO, postulating its protective health benefits. The overall quality assessment of refined PPMO showed that it is suitable for human consumption and it is a good source for food applications and dietary nutritional supplements.
  11. Fulltext Palm-Pressed Mesocarp Fibre Oil as an Alternative Carrier Oil in Emulsion
    Teh SS, Lau HLN, Mah SH
    J Oleo Sci, 2019 Aug 01;68(8):803-808.
    PMID: 31292345 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19098
    Refined palm-pressed mesocarp fibre oil (PPFO), which can be obtained from one of the by-products of palm oil milling, palm-pressed mesocarp fibre, is categorized as palm sludge oil. So far, it has been given less attention and underutilized until some recent scientific reports revealing its high content of phytonutrients, carotenoids and vitamin E, which have been proven scientifically to possess anti-oxidant activity. The study evaluated the stability of PPFO as a carrier for plant-based emulsion. PPFO was extracted and examined for its positional distribution of fatty acids, saturation levels and iodine value (IV) using NMR spectroscopy. The PPFO-based emulsion was then prepared and subjected to stability tests, including temperature variation, centrifuge test, cycle test, pH and slip melting point for 28 days. Phase separation was observed from PPFO-based emulsion stored at 40℃ from day-21 onwards while no creaming found in all the palm olein-based emulsions stored at the three storage temperatures. Nevertheless, results indicated that the PPFO-based emulsion passed all the tests above showing insignificant phase separation (p > 0.05) compared with those of palm olein commonly used in emulsion preparation. The findings suggested that PPFO enriched with valuable phytonutrients could be used as an alternative carrier oil in emulsion formulation, which is an important component in personal care products.
  12. Fulltext Stability Evaluations of Different Types of Vegetable Oil-based Emulsions
    Teh SS, Mah SH
    J Oleo Sci, 2018;67(11):1381-1387.
    PMID: 30404958 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18067
    The study was aimed at evaluating the effects of vegetable oils on emulsion stability. Palm olein (POo), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SAF), grape seed oil (GSO), soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO) with different degree of saturation levels were chosen as major ingredient of oil phases. All the emulsions were stored at 4℃, 27℃ and 40℃ for 35 days and subjected to all the stability tests, including temperature variation, centrifuge test, cycle test, pH and slip melting point. The results indicated that POo exhibited the highest stability, followed by SAF, OO, GSO, SFO and SBO. In addition, the results implied that the degree of saturation levels of vegetable oils does give significant effect on emulsion stability based on the centrifuge testing for an approximate 30% usage level of oil. The POo-based emulsion exhibited good emulsion stability throughout the experimental period indicated that POo could be a good carrier oil for various applications in cosmetic industry.
  13. Fulltext Antioxidant Potential of Red Palm-Pressed Mesocarp Olein
    Teh SS, Mah SH, Lau HLN, Teng KT, Loganathan R
    J Oleo Sci, 2021 Dec 03;70(12):1719-1729.
    PMID: 34759109 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21147
    Oxidative stress occurs due to the imbalance amount of the free radicals and antioxidants in human body which often associated with numerous chronic diseases. The antioxidant properties of red palm-pressed mesocarp olein (PPMO) have not been widely studied. Therefore, antioxidant properties of PPMO relative to commercially available edible oils, namely red palm olein (RPO), palm olein (PO), extra virgin olive oil (OO) and extra virgin coconut oil (CNO) were studied. PPMO exhibited significant higher phytonutrients which more than 2-fold compared to the edible oils. Overall, antioxidant screening indicated that PPMO has significantly higher antioxidant activities than RPO, PO and CNO in term of DPPH, H2O2, NO scavenging and FIC; and significantly higher H2O2 and FIC than OO. The outcomes of this study reveal that PPMO is as good as commercially available edible oil, also a good source for food applications and dietary nutritional supplements. More importantly, the utilization of PPMO could mitigate oil palm waste problem and results in positive environmental impact.
  14. Fulltext Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products
    Teh SS, Hock Ong AS, Mah SH
    J Oleo Sci, 2017;66(11):1183-1191.
    PMID: 29093377 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17078
    The environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) have been a concern due to the water pollution and greenhouse gases emissions. Thus, this study was conducted to recover the value-added products from POME source before being discharged. The samples, before (X) and after (Y) the pre-recovery system in the clarification tank were sampled and analysed and proximate analysis indicated that both samples are energy rich source of food due to high contents of fats and carbohydrates. GCMS analysis showed that the oil extracts contain predominantly palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids. Regiospecific analysis of oil extracts by quantitative 13C-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that both oil extracts contain similar degree of saturation of fatty acids at sn-2 and sn-1,3 positions. The samples are rich in various phytonutrients, pro-vitamin A, vitamin E, squalene and phytosterols, thus contributing to exceptionally high total flavonoid contents and moderate antioxidant activities. Overall, samples X and Y are good alternative food sources, besides reducing the environmental impact of POME.
  15. A new coumarin from stem bark of Calophyllum wallichianum
    Tee KH, Ee GCL, Ismail IS, Karunakaran T, Teh SS, Jong VYM, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2018 Nov;32(21):2565-2570.
    PMID: 29355031 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1428588
    A phytochemical study carried out on the plant, Calophyllum wallichianum has led to the isolation of a new coumarin, wallimarin T (1) and a known coumarin, calanolide E (2) along with two common triterpenes, friedelin (3) and stigmasterol (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated with the aid of spectroscopic analyses such as FT-IR, GC-MS, and NMR. MIC assay against the Bacillus bacteria were conducted on the extracts and this gave MIC values ranging from 0.313 to 1.25 mg/mL. Compound 2 was weakly inhibitory towards the Bacilli strains with MIC values ranging from 0.25-0.50 mg/mL. Wallimarin T (1) was not active towards all four bacteria. Overall, the extracts exhibited weak bactericidal properties whereas compound 2 was not bactericidal on the tested bacteria. The hexane and chloroform extracts of the plant were found to be inhibitors to the growth of Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis.
  16. Fulltext Two new chemical constituents from the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana
    See I, Ee GC, Teh SS, Kadir AA, Daud S
    Molecules, 2014 Jun 04;19(6):7308-16.
    PMID: 24901833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067308
    A detailed chemical study on the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana resulted in the successful isolation of one new prenylated xanthone, mangaxanthone B (1), one new benzophenone, mangaphenone (2), and two known xanthones, mangostanin (3) and mangostenol (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated through analysis of their spectroscopic data obtained using 1D and 2D NMR and MS techniques.
  17. Cytotoxic activity of phytochemicals from Garcinia mangostana L. and G. benthamiana (Planch. & Triana) Pipoly against breast cancer cells
    See I, Ee GCL, Jong VYM, Teh SS, Acuña CLC, Mah SH
    Nat Prod Res, 2020 Oct 23.
    PMID: 33094642 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1836629
    Four xanthones, α-mangostin (1), β-mangostin (2), mangostenol (3), mangaxanthone B (4), three benzophenones, mangaphenone (5), benthamianone (6), congestiflorone (7) and one sterol, stigmasterol (8) were isolated from the stem barks of Garcinia mangostana L. and G. benthamiana (Planch. & Triana) Pipoly. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 exhibited significant cytotoxicity through MTT assay towards MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with the IC50 values range from 4.4 to 12.0 µM. Remarkably, mangaphenone (5) showed non-cytotoxicity against normal Vero cells, revealing its potential as lead compound for anti-breast cancer drug. Structure-activity relationship postulated that the prenyl and hydroxyl groups present in xanthones are important in promoting anti-proliferative effects. Molecular docking simulation study of 1, 2, 4 and 5 with 2OCF and 4PIV implied that the induction of apoptosis for both cancer cells involve ER and FAS signaling pathways. Future study on the lead optimization of 5 is highly recommended.
  18. Model-based process intensification of dilute acid pre-hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch biomass for pretreatment and furfural production
    Ouyang D, Liu T, Astimar AA, Lau HLN, Teh SS, Nursyairah J, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2023 Jan 13;372:128626.
    PMID: 36642202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128626
    A novel process for simultaneous production of furfural and pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) by dilute acid pre-hydrolysis was developed based on non-isothermal kinetic modeling. Mass transfer analysis suggested that the internal diffusion could be neglected as diffusion time of sulfuric acid in EFB particles was significantly shorter than the pre-hydrolysis period, whereas the heating stage could not be neglected due to a significant part of xylan was solubilized at the stage. A strategy for increasing furfural yield was developed by intermittent discharging of steam, resulting in 71.4 % furfural yield. The pretreated solids showed good enzymatic digestibility. 136.3 g/L glucose corresponding to 81.6 % yield was obtained by high-solid loading hydrolysis. 95.4 g furfural and 212 g glucose could be obtained from 1 kg dry EFB. Therefore, non-isothermal effects on polysaccharide hydrolysis and pentose decomposition should be considered carefully for an efficient process design of EFB biorefining.
  19. Calophyllum inophyllum and Calophyllum soulattri source of anti-proliferative xanthones and their structure-activity relationships
    Mah SH, Ee GC, Teh SS, Sukari MA
    Nat Prod Res, 2015;29(1):98-101.
    PMID: 25229947 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.959949
    Extensive chromatographic isolation and purification of the extracts of the stem bark of Calophyllum inophyllum and Calophyllum soulattri have resulted in 11 xanthones. C. inophyllum gave inophinnin (1), inophinone (2), pyranojacareubin (5), rheediaxanthone A (6), macluraxanthone (7) and 4-hydroxyxanthone (8), while C. soulattri afforded soulattrin (3), phylattrin (4), caloxanthone C (9), brasixanthone B (10) and trapezifolixanthone (11). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses such as 1D and 2D NMR, GC-MS, IR and UV. Cytotoxicity screening (MTT assay) carried out in vitro on all the xanthones using five human cancer cell lines indicated good activities for some of these xanthones. The structure-activity relationship study revealed that the inhibitory activities exhibited by these xanthone derivatives to be closely related to the existence and nature of the pyrano and the prenyl substituent groups on their skeleton.
  20. Fulltext Anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinergic and cytotoxic effects of Sida rhombifolia
    Mah SH, Teh SS, Ee GC
    Pharm Biol, 2017 Dec;55(1):920-928.
    PMID: 28152649 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285322
    CONTEXT: Sida (Malvaceae) has been used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea, malarial, gastrointestinal dysentery, fevers, asthma and inflammation.

    OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and anti-cholinergic activities of Sida rhombifolia Linn. whole plant for the first time.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: S. rhombifolia whole plant was extracted by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The plant extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH, FIC and FRAP), anti-inflammatory (NO and protein denaturation inhibitions), cytotoxic (MTT) and anti-cholinesterase (AChE) properties in a range of concentrations to obtain IC50 values. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the n-hexane extract.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most significant antioxidant activities by scavenging DPPH radicals and ferrous ions with EC50 of 380.5 and 263.4 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, the n-hexane extract showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 of 52.16 and 146.03 μg/mL for NO and protein denaturation inhibition assays, respectively. The same extract also revealed the strongest effects in anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic tests at the concentration of 100 μg/mL, AChE enzyme inhibition was 58.55% and human cancer cells, SNU-1 and Hep G2 inhibition was 68.52% and 47.82%, respectively. The phytochemicals present in the n-hexane extract are palmitic acid, linoleic acid and γ-sitosterol.

    CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the n-hexane extract possessed relatively high pharmacological activities in anti-inflammation, cytotoxicity and anti-cholinesterase assays. Thus, further work on the detail mechanism of the bioactive phytochemicals which contribute to the biological properties are strongly recommended.

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