METHODS: All adult patients admitted to the forensic wards who were able to understand Malay or English language and give written informed consent were included. Participants were assessed using the Conners Adult Attention-Deficit Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (for presence of adult ADHD and a history of childhood ADHD) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (for psychiatric comorbidities). Sociodemographic and offence-related data were also collected.

RESULTS: Of 199 patients admitted, 120 were included for analysis. The mean age of participants was 36.3 years. 94.2% were men. 81.7% were single, divorced, or separated. 25% had a history of childhood ADHD. The prevalence of adult ADHD was 15.8%. The persistence rate was 63%. Among the 19 participants with adult ADHD, the most common psychiatric comorbidities were substance dependence (68.4%), lifetime depression (63.2%), and generalised anxiety disorder (47.4%). Compared with participants without ADHD, participants with adult ADHD were less likely to be married (0% vs 21.8%, p = 0.022) and more likely to have alcohol abuse (15.8% vs 2%, p = 0.028), lifetime manic/hypomanic episodes (42.1% vs 7.9%, p = 0.001), and generalised anxiety disorder (47.4% vs 19.8%, p = 0.017), and were of younger age at first offence (21.8 years vs 26.9 years, p = 0.021).

METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. All participants who fulfilled the requirements of the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Study instruments included a demographic data questionnaire, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Trail Making Tests, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Digit Span. Bivariate analyses were done using chi-square for categorical data and t-test for continuous data and multiple logistic regression analysis was done to identify predictors of employment status.

RESULTS: A total of 95 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Among the sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive variables studied marital status, educational level, mean scores of negative symptoms, Digit Span and RAVLT and Trail Making Tests were found to show significant association with employment status on bivariate analyses. However, when entered into a logistic regression model, only cognitive variables ie. Trail A and B, Digit Span and RAVLT were significant predictors of employment status.

METHODS: We enrolled 67 participants allocated into 3 groups to receive virtual reality exposure therapy, standard stress management, or wait-list group. The virtual reality exposure therapy group received a total of a 30-minute exposure to a virtual reality environment over 2 weeks. The standard stress management group received a stress management program once during the study period.

RESULTS: The results showed a heterogeneous sample, whereby a significantly younger, less-working years, and higher anxiety baseline score were found in the virtual reality exposure therapy group compared to standard stress management and wait-list groups. Nonetheless, the virtual reality exposure therapy group showed a reduction in depression, anxiety, and stress score (P < .001). The standard stress management group showed a reduction in anxiety score only (P = .002), whereas no significant changes were observed in the wait-list group. For positive emotion, all 3 groups showed significant improvement.

Methods: A multidisciplinary group of experts from six ASEAN member states convened for two face-to-face meetings to discuss barriers and possible recommendations for optimizing NCD management, focused on cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders, in the region. Multiple approaches, ie, analysis of insights from the meetings and a review of existing literature on NCD programs in the ASEAN region were followed. The proposed recommendations were also based on selected successful interventions in ASEAN member states, thus providing actionable strategies.

Results: The gaps identified in NCD management for cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders in the ASEAN region were classified into gaps relating to policies and to clinical and public health practice. The proposed solutions addressing policy gaps include fostering multisectoral public-private partnerships, employing "whole-of-government" and "whole-of-society" approaches and promoting "health-in-all policies approach" to manage issues with financing, accessibility, efficiency and quality of health services. Whereas proposed solutions to bridge clinical and public health practice gaps entail strengthening primary care services, building the capacity of trained healthcare workers and employing collaborative care for holistic management of patients.