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Health and ecological hazards due to natural radioactivity in soil from mining areas of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Aliyu AS, Ibrahim U, Akpa CT, Garba NN, Ramli AT

Isotopes Environ Health Stud, 2015;51(3):448-68.
PMID: 25848858 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1026339

Nasarawa State is located in north central Nigeria and it is known as Nigeria's home of solid minerals. It is endowed with barite, copper, zinc, tantalite and granite. Continuous releases of mining waste and tailings into the biosphere may result in a build-up of radionuclides in air, water and soil. This work therefore aims to measure the activity concentration levels of primordial radionuclides in the soil/sediment samples collected from selected mines of the mining areas of Nasarawa State. The paper also assesses the radiological and radio ecological impacts of mining activities on the residents of mining areas and their environment. The activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides ((226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K) in the surface soils/sediment samples were determined using sodium iodide-thallium gamma spectroscopy. Seven major mines were considered with 21 samples taken from each of the mines for radiochemistry analysis. The human health hazard assessment was conducted using regulatory methodologies set by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, while the radio ecological impact assessment was conducted using the ERICA tool v. 1.2. The result shows that the activity concentrations of (40)K in the water ways of the Akiri copper and the Azara barite mines are 60 and 67% higher than the world average value for (40)K, respectively. In all mines, the annual effective dose rates (mSv y(-1)) were less than unity, and a maximum annual gonadal dose of 0.58 mSv y(-1) is received at the Akiri copper mine, which is almost twice the world average value for gonadal dose. The external hazard indices for all the mines were less than unity. Our results also show that mollusc-gastropod, insect larvae, mollusc-bivalve and zooplankton are the freshwater biotas with the highest dose rates ranging from 5 to 7 µGy h(-1). These higher dose rates could be associated with zinc and copper mining at Abuni and Akiri, respectively. The most exposed terrestrial reference organisms are lichen and bryophytes. In all cases, the radio ecological risks are not likely to be discernible. This paper presents a pioneer data for ecological risk from ionizing contaminants due to mining activity in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Its methodology could be adopted for future work on radioecology of mining.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure*
Staff and ambient radiation dose resulting from therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures

Alkhorayef M, Sulieman A, Mohamed-Ahmed M, Al-Mohammed HI, Alkhomashi N, Sam AK, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2018 Nov;141:270-274.
PMID: 30145016 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.07.014

With associated cure rates in excess of 90%, targeted 131I radioactive iodine therapy has clearly improved thyroid cancer survival. Thus said, potential radiation risks to staff represent a particular concern, current study seeking to determine the radiation exposure of staff from 131I patients during hospitalization, also estimating accumulated dose and related risk to staff during preparation of the radioactive iodine. In present study made over the three-month period 1st February to 1st May 2017, a total of 69 patient treatments were investigated (comprising a cohort of 46 females and 23 males), this being a patient treatment load typically reflective of the workload at the particular centre for such treatments. The patients were administered sodium iodide 131I, retained in capsules containing activities ranging from 370 to 5550 MBq at the time of calibration, radioiodine activity depends on many factors such as gender, clinical indication, body mass index and age. The staff radiation dose arising from each patient treatment was measured on three consecutive days subsequent to capsule administration. In units of µSv, the mean and dose-rates range at distances from the patients of 5 cm, 1 m and 2 m were 209 ± 73 (165-294), 6.8 ± 2 (5.3-9.5) and 0.9 ± 0.3 (0.7-1.2). The annual dose (also measured in units of µSv), based on annual records of doses, for medical physicists, technologists and nurses were 604, 680 and 1000 µSv respectively. In regard to current practice and workload, staff exposures were all found to be below the annual dose limit for radiation workers.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Patient Exposure during Fluoroscopy-guided Pacemaker Implantation Procedures

Alkhorayef M, Sulieman A, Babikir E, Daar E, Alnaaimi M, Alduaij M, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2018 Aug;138:14-17.
PMID: 28830729 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.08.010

A pacemaker, which is used for heart resynchronization with electrical impulses, is used to manage many clinical conditions. Recently, the frequency of pacemaker implantation procedures has increased to more than 50% worldwide. During this procedure, patients can be exposed to excessive radiation exposure. Wide range of doses has been reported in previous studies, suggesting that optimization of this procedure has not been fulfilled yet. The current study evaluated patient radiation exposure during cardiac pacemaker procedures and quantified the patient effective dose. A total of 145 procedures were performed for five pacemaker procedures (VVI, VVIR, VVD, VVDR, and DDDR) at two hospitals. Patient doses were measured using the kerma-area product meter. Effective doses were estimated using software based on Monte Carlo simulation from the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB, now The Health Protection Agency). The effective dose values were used to estimate cancer risk from the pacemaker procedure. Patient demographic data and exposure parameters for fluoroscopy and radiography were quantified. The mean patient doses ± SD per procedure (Gycm2) for VVI, VVIR, VVD, VVDR, and DDDR were 1.52 ± 0.13 (1.43-1.61), 3.28 ± 2.34 (0.29-8.73), 3.04 ± 1.67 (1.57-4.86), 6.04 ± 2.326 3.29-8.58), and 8.8 ± 3.6 (4.5-26.20), respectively. The overall patient effective dose was 1.1mSv per procedure. It is obvious that the DDDR procedure exposed patients to the highest radiation dose. Patient dose variation can be attributed to procedure type, exposure parameter settings, and fluoroscopy time. The results of this study showed that patient doses during different pacemaker procedures are lower compared to previous reported values. Patient risk from pacemaker procedure is low, compared to other cardiac interventional procedures. Patients' exposures were mainly influenced by the type of procedures and the clinical indication.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure/analysis; Radiation Exposure/prevention & control
SCATTER RADIATION IN THE FLUOROSCOPY-GUIDED INTERVENTIONAL ROOM

Bohari A, Hashim S, Mohd Mustafa SN

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2020 Jun 24;188(3):397-402.
PMID: 31950168 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz299

Radiation scattered throughout the room during fluoroscopy-guided interventional (FGI) procedures was quantified at different locations using nanoDot optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters. All the tube angulation imaging shows that the radiation spectrum resembled a single peak distribution. The left anterior oblique 90° shows the highest single peak distribution (28.65 mSv/h). The single peak distribution for standard anteroposterior, left anterior oblique 45° and right anterior oblique 45° imaging was 13.32, 22.99 and 17.40 mSv/h, respectively. All tube angulation shows that the position of the interventional radiologist experienced a higher radiation level compared to other staffs. The doses of radiation varied widely around the perimeter of the patient's table and changed in accordance to imaging angles during procedures. Knowledge pertaining to radiation exposure levels is integral in order to avoid adverse risks, particularly among staff.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure*
Fulltext Role of radiosynovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and hemophilic arthropathies

Das B

Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2007 Oct;3(4):e45.
PMID: 21614297 DOI: 10.2349/biij.3.4.e45

Radiosynovectomy is a novel method of treatment for several acute and chronic inflammatory joint disorders. A small amount of a beta-emitting radionuclide is injected into the affected joint delivering a radiation dose of 70 to 100 Gy to the synovia. The proliferative tissue is destroyed, secretion of fluid and accumulation of inflammation causing cellular compounds stops and the joint surfaces become fibrosed, providing long term symptom relief. The radionuclides are injected in colloidal form so that they remain in the synovium and are not transported by lymphatic vessels causing radiation exposure to other organs. Complete reduction of knee joint swelling has been seen in above 40% and pain relief in 88% of patients. Wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle and hip joints showed significant improvement in 50-60% and restoration of normal function and long term pain relief has been achieved in about 70% of small finger joints. In hemophilic arthropathies complete cessation of bleeding in about 60% and improved mobility in 75% of patients has been reported.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext Measurement of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic flux in the vicinity of the overhead high voltage transmission line in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Faizal Mohamed, Irman Abdul Rahman, Ngu, Thieng Kui, Syazwani Mohd Fadzil, Firdaus Pozi, Amran Ab. Majid, et al.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2017;14(2):1-10.
MyJurnal

Electricity has become one of the necessities for human daily activities. The presence of electric
current produces electromagnetic fields (EMF) at extremely low frequency (ELF). The problem arises
when scientists suggests a possible connection between ELF exposure to human health and safety.
Concerned about the safety and health of students and staff, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
took the initiative to identify possible ELF sources and measure their exposure in various locations
around the UKM main campus in Bangi. This paper reports the results obtained from the monitoring
of the magnetic flux density at three identified locations in the vicinity of the overhead high-voltage
transmission line which transverses the university compound and compare the maximum value results
with the exposure limit suggested by the International Committee on Non Ionising Radiation
Protection (ICNIRP) for ELF. Measurements were done with an (Extech) Three Axis
Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Meter (Model 430826) to determine the magnetic flux density. The
lateral profile method was applied as the standard measurement methodology. Results showed that the
maximum value of the magnetic flux density was 12.5 mG, which is below the suggested ICNIRP
public exposure limit of 1000 mG, or in percentage ratio, 1.25% of ICNIRP public exposure limit.
Results from the statistical Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference in the
distributions of the magnetic flux densities at the different locations (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the
measured locations are still safe for people in short-term exposure. However, long-term exposure
measurements still need to be done to provide concrete data on the ELF-emission levels in UKM.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
THE CONSISTENCY OF EXPOSURE INDICATOR VALUES IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS

Jamil A, Mohd MI, Zain NM

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2018 Dec 01;182(4):413-418.
PMID: 29767799 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy082

After years of establishment of computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR), manufacturers have introduced exposure indicator/index (EI) as a feedback mechanism for patient dose. However, EI consistency is uncertain for CR. Most manufacturers recommended EI values in a range of numbers for all examination, instead of giving the exact range for a specific body part, raising a concern of inappropriate exposure given to the patient in clinical practice. The aims of this study were to investigate the EI consistency in DR systems produced in constant exposure parameters and clinical condition, and to determine the interaction between the anatomical part and EI. A phantom study of skull, chest, abdomen and hand was carried out and four systems were used for comparison-Fuji CR, Carestream CR, Siemens DR and Carestream DR. For each projection, the phantom positioning and exposure parameters were set according to the standard clinical practice. All exposure parameters and clinical conditions were kept constant. Twenty (20) exposures were taken for each projection and the EI was recorded. Findings showed that EI is not consistent in DR systems despite constant exposure parameters and clinical condition except in Siemens DR, through skull examination. Statistical analysis showed a significant interaction between anatomical parts and EI values (P < 0.05). EI alone was proven to be less reliable to provide technologist a correct feedback on exposure level. The interaction between anatomical parts and EI values intensifies the need for an anatomical-specific EI values set by all manufacturers for accurate feedback on the exposure parameters used and the detector entrance dose.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure/analysis*
Evaluation occupationally radiation exposure during diagnostic imaging examinations

Johary YH, Albarakati S, AlSohaim A, Aamry A, Aamri H, Tamam N, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2023 Mar;193:110648.
PMID: 36669265 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110648

Occupational radiation exposure can occur due to various human activities, including the use of radiation in medicine. Occupationally exposed personnel surpassing 7.4 millions, and respresent the biggest single group of employees who are exposed to artificial radiation sources at work. This study compares the occupational radiation dose levels for 145 workers in four different hospitals located in the Aseer region in Saudi Arabia. The occupational exposure was quantified using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100). The levels of annual occupational exposures in targeted hospitals were calculated and compared with the levels of the international atomic energy agency (IAEA) Safety Standards. An average yearly cumulative dose for the two consecutive years. The average, highest and lowest resulted occupational doses under examination in this work is 1.42, 3.9 mSv and 0.72 for workers in various diagnostic radiology procedures. The resulted annual effective dose were within the IAEA approved yearly dose limit for occupational exposure of workers over 18, which is 20 mSv. Staff should be monitored on a regular basis, according to current practice, because their annual exposure may surpass 15% of the annual effective doses.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure*
Basal Cell Carcinoma Surgery in general practice: Is there a role for the local General Practitioner?

Keah SH, Ng SC

Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):10-21.
PMID: 33329859

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common disease of the skin caused principally by prolonged solar radiation exposure. It is normally a malignancy with favorable prognostic features and is potentially curable by standard excision. In White populations with high disease incidence, general practitioners (GPs) play a vital role in diagnosing and managing BCC, including surgical excision. Dedicated care at the primary care level by adequately trained GPs is conceivably cost effective for the health system and more convenient for the patient. In Asia and other parts of the world with low incidence, this valuable role of GPs may appear to be inconsequential. In this regard, any justification for the involvement of local GPs in BCC surgery is debatable. This article aims to provide a clinical update on essential information relevant to BCC surgery and advance understanding of the intricate issues of making a treatment decision at the primary care level.
Case Report: Madam Tan, a 71-year-old Malaysian Chinese lady, otherwise healthy, presented to her local GP with a complaint of a nodule over the left cheek that had been there for more than a decade. Her concern was that the lesion was growing and had become conspicuous. She had spent most of her life as a farmer working in her orchard.Upon examination, she had an obvious dome-shaped nodule over the left cheek measuring approximately 1.8 cm in diameter. The lesion was firm, pigmented, well-demarcated, and slightly ulcerated at the top. Clinically, she was diagnosed with a pigmented nodular basal cell carcinoma of the left cheek. Examination of the systems was unremarkable.She requested that the consulting GP remove the growth. The cost for specialist treatment and waiting time at the local hospital were her concerns.
Clinical Questions: Can the basal cell skin cancer be excised safely and effectively in the local primary care setting? What are the crucial preoperative concerns?

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Evaluation of radionuclides transfer from soil-to-edible flora and estimation of radiological dose to the Malaysian populace

Khandaker MU, Mohd Nasir NL, Asaduzzaman K, Olatunji MA, Amin YM, Kassim HA, et al.

Chemosphere, 2016 Jul;154:528-536.
PMID: 27085312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.121

Malaysia, a rapidly growing industrial country, is susceptible to pollution via large-scale industrial engagements and associated human activities. One particular concern is the potential impact upon the quality of locally resourced vegetables, foodstuffs that contain important nutrients necessary for good health, forming an essential part of the Malaysian diet. As a part of this, it is of importance for there to be accurate knowledge of radioactive material uptake in these vegetables, not least in respect of any public health detriment. Herein, using HPGe γ-ray spectrometry, quantification has been performed of naturally occurring radionuclides in common edible vegetables and their associated soils. From samples analyses, the soil activity concentration ranges (in units of Bq/kg) for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K were respectively 1.33-30.90, 0.48-26.80, 7.99-136.5 while in vegetable samples the ranges were 0.64-3.80, 0.21-6.91, 85.53-463.8. Using the corresponding activities, the transfer factors (TFs) from soil-to-vegetables were estimated, the transfers being greatest for (40)K, an expected outcome given the essentiality of this element in support of vigorous growth. The TFs of (226)Ra and (232)Th were found to be in accord with available literature data, the values indicating the mobility of these radionuclides to be low in the studied soils. Committed effective dose and the associated life-time cancer risk was estimated, being found to be below the permissible limit proposed by UNSCEAR. Results for the studied media show that the prevalent activities and mobilities pose no significant threat to human health, the edible vegetables being safe for consumption.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure/adverse effects*
Evaluation of radiological risks due to natural radioactivity around Lynas Advanced Material Plant environment, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Kolo MT, Aziz SA, Khandaker MU, Asaduzzaman K, Amin YM

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015 Sep;22(17):13127-36.
PMID: 25925148 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4577-5

Understanding the public awareness concerning the Lynas Advanced Material Plant (LAMP), an Australian rare earths processing plant located in Malaysia, a radiological study in soil and water samples collected at random surrounding the LAMP environment was undertaken using HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry. The mean soil activities for (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K were found to be 6.56 ± 0.20, 10.62 ± 0.42, and 41.02 ± 0.67 Bq/kg, respectively, while for water samples were 0.33 ± 0.05, 0.18 ± 0.04, and 4.72 ± 0.29 Bq/l, respectively. The studied areas show typical local level of radioactivity from natural background radiation. The mean gamma absorbed dose rate in soils at 1 m above the ground was found to be 11.16 nGy/h. Assuming a 20 % outdoor occupancy factor, the corresponding annual effective dose showed a mean value of 0.014 mSv year(-1), significantly lower than the worldwide average value of 0.07 mSv year(-1) for the annual outdoor effective dose as reported by UNSCEAR (2000). Some other representative radiation indices such as activity utilization index (AUI), H ex, H in, excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), and annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) were derived and also compared with the world average values. Statistical analysis performed on the obtained data showed a strong positive correlation between the radiological variables and (226)Ra and (232)Th.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext Transparent Blend of Poly(Methylmethacrylate)/Cellulose Acetate Butyrate for the Protection from Ultraviolet

Mahmood Raouf R, Abdul Wahab Z, Azowa Ibrahim N, Abidin Talib Z, Chieng BW

Polymers (Basel), 2016 Apr 14;8(4).
PMID: 30979233 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040128

The use of transparent polymers as an alternative to glass has become widespread. However, the direct exposure of these materials to climatic conditions of sunlight and heat decrease the lifetime cost of these products. The aim of this study was to minimize the harm caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure to transparent poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), which usually leads to changes in the physical and chemical properties of these materials and reduced performance. This was achieved using environmentally friendly cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). The optical, morphological, and thermal properties of CAB blended with transparent PMMA was studied using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results show that CAB was able to reduce the effects of UV radiation by making PMMA more transparent to UV light, thereby preventing the negative effects of trapped radiation within the compositional structure, while maintaining the amorphous structure of the blend. The results also show that CAB blended with PMMA led to some properties commensurate with the requirements of research in terms of a slight increase in the value of the modulus and the glass transition temperature for the PMMA/CAB blend.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext Structural and optical properties of lead-boro-tellurrite glasses induced by gamma-ray

Mustafa IS, Kamari HM, Yusoff WM, Aziz SA, Rahman AA

Int J Mol Sci, 2013;14(2):3201-14.
PMID: 23380963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023201

Spectrophotometric studies of lead borotellurite glasses were carried out before and after gamma irradiation exposure. The increasing peak on the TeO(4) bi-pyramidal arrangement and TeO(3+1) (or distorted TeO(4)) is due to augmentation of irradiation dose which is attributed to an increase in degree of disorder of the amorphous phase. The structures of lead tellurate contain Pb(3)TeO(6) consisting of TeO(3) trigonal pyramid connected by PbO(4) tetragonal forming a three-dimensional network. The decrease of glass rigidity is due to irradiation process which is supported by the XRD diffractograms results. The decreasing values of absorption edge indicate that red shift effect occur after irradiation processes. A shift in the optical absorption edge attributed to an increase of the conjugation length. The values of optical band gap, E(opt) were calculated and found to be dependent on the glass composition and radiation exposure. Generally, an increase and decrease in Urbach's energy can be considered as being due to an increase in defects within glass network.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Radiation Exposure in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a Fourteen-Year Review at a Tertiary Care Centre in Malaysia

Naidu J, Wong Zh, Palaniappan Sh, Ngiu ChS, Yaacob NY, Abdul Hamid H, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2017 04 01;18(4):933-939.
PMID: 28545190

Background and Aims: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are subjected to a large amount of ionizing
radiation during the course of their illness. This may increase their risk of malignancy to a greater level than that due
to the disease itself. In Caucasian patients with Crohn’s disease, this has been well documented and recommendations
are in place to avoid high radiation imaging protocols. However, there are limited data available on radiation exposure
in Asian IBD patients.We therefore sought to identify total radiation exposure and any differences between ethnically
diverse ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients at our centre along with determining factors that may
contribute to any variation. Methods: The cumulative effective dose (CED) was calculated retrospectively from 2000
to 2014 using data from our online radiology database and patients’ medical records. Total CED in the IBD population
was measured. High exposure was defined as a radiation dose of greater than 0.2mSv (equivalent to slightly less than
½ a year of background radiation). Results: A total of 112 cases of IBD (36 CD and 76 UC) were reviewed. Our CD
patients were diagnosed at an earlier age than our UC cases (mean age 26.1 vs 45.7). The total CED in our IBD population
was 8.53 (95% CI: 4.53-12.52). Patients with CD were exposed to significantly higher radiation compared to those
with UC. The mean CED was 18.6 (7.30-29.87) and 3.65 (1.74-5.56, p=0.01) for CD and UC patients respectively. 2
patients were diagnosed as having a malignancy during follow up with respective CED values of 1.76mSv and 10mSv.
Conclusions: CD patients, particularly those with complicated disease, received a higher frequency of diagnostic
imaging over a shorter period when compared to UC patients. Usage of low radiation imaging protocols should be
encouraged in IBD patients to reduce their risk of consequent malignancy.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
EVALUATION OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN IRRIGATION AND DRINKING WATERS FROM THE EASTERN PART OF OMAN AND ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE DOSES TO OMANIS

Nasser SM, Khandaker MU, Bradley DA, Isinkaye MO

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2019 Oct 01;184(3-4):422-425.
PMID: 31038706 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz088

The present study concerns measurement of the radon concentration in drinking and irrigation waters obtained from the eastern part of Oman, in particular in regard to water quality assessment of the region. The samples were collected from different places covering most types of water sources in the region. A passive and time-integrated track etch detector (LR-115 type II) combined with a high-resolution optical microscope has been used to obtain the radon concentration in the studied samples. Values of dissolved radon in water varied among the water sources; the highest concentration of radon was found to be 363 Bq m-3 in a drinking water sample while well water used for irrigation showed the lowest value, at 140 Bq m-3. Measured data for all water sources are below the permissible limit of 11.1 kBq m-3 recommended by the US-EPA. Annual effective doses for the studied samples were in the range 0.38-0.99 μSv y-1 which is significantly less than the action level recommended by the WHO (0.1 mSv y-1), indicating that the water sources in the Jalan BBH region of Oman are safe to use. The obtained data may serve as a reference for any future radiological study of the waterbody of this region.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure/analysis*
Fulltext Contribution of Selangor and Johor clay bricks towards the natural radioactivity exposure to dweller

Na’im Syauqi Hamzah, Redzuwan Yahaya, Amran Ab. Majid, Muhammad Samudi Yasir, Ismail Bahari

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2010;2010(1):40-48.
MyJurnal

At present, soil and mineral based building material such as bricks are one of the main components in building construction in Malaysia. This building material is a direct source of radiation exposure since it contains naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). In this study, clay brick samples used were obtained from 7 factories in Selangor and Johore, Malaysia. The activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K in these samples of clay bricks were determined using a comparative method and was analysed using gamma spectrometry with HPGe detector. The mean values of activity concentrations for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were found to be in the range of 39.04 ± 0.88 Bqkg-1 - 73.61 ± 5.32 Bqkg-1, 43.38 ± 2.60 Bqkg-1 - 73.45 ± 1.51 Bqkg-1, and 381.54 ± 11.39 Bqkg-1 - 699.63 ± 15.82 Bqkg-1, respectively. The radiation hazard of NORM in the samples was estimated by calculating the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin). Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) determined was in the range of 151.90 Bqkg-1 - 194.22 Bqkg-1 which is lower than the limit of 370 Bqkg-1 (equivalent to 1.5 mSvyr-1 ) recommended in the NEA-OECD report in 1979, whereas external hazard index (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin) were between 0.20 – 0.26 and 0.52 - 0.71 respectively. The annual effective dose rate exposure to a dweller received from the clay bricks was calculated to be in the range of 0.35 ± 0.18 mSvy-1 - 0.43 ± 0.09 mSvy-1.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext A rare presentation of gliosarcoma in a young adult

Nor Haizura Abd Rani, Fadhli Mustaffa, Chuan Wui Teoh, Flora Li Tze Chong, Nornazirah Azizan, Firdaus Hayati, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):75-75.
MyJurnal

Introduction:Gliosarcoma is a rare malignant brain tumor. The clinical presentation is acute with rapid progression of symptoms. Commonly affecting the elderly, it is rare to happen in youngsters. Case description: A 28-year-old radiographer presented to us with two episodes of unprovoked seizure. He denied any medical illnesses, or trauma, fall, motor vehicle accident and fever prior to these attacks. The computed tomography (CT) of brain was normal. He was managed as epilepsy and remained symptom-free for 3 years until the unprovoked seizure recurred. Another CT of brain performed and revealed a right parietal intracranial mass. This finding was supported by magnetic reso-nance imaging scan. The histologic examination showed a biphasic pattern of glial with predominant sarcomatous component giving a diagnosis of gliosarcoma of the brain. He had completed six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy and was asymptomatic during clinic follow up with no tumor recurrence. Conclusion: Individuals with high risk of radiation exposure particularly radiographer as in our case requires a special attention when it comes to the diagnosis of malignancy. Despite of indolent clinical presentations, a close monitoring is needed to avoid mismanagement and subsequent morbidities.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext Radiotracer injector: an industrial application (RIIA)

Noraishah, O., Mohd Arif, H., Fadil Ismail, Nurliyana Abdullah, Mior Ahmad Khusaini, Mohamad Rabaie, S., et al.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2011;2011(2):100-104.
MyJurnal

The radiotracer injector is meant for transferring liquid radiotracer in the system for industrial radiotracer application with minimal radiation exposure to the operator. The motivation of its invention is coming from the experience of the workers who are very concern about the radiation safety while handling with the radioactive source. The idea ensuring the operation while handling the radioactive source is fast and safe without interrupting the efficiency and efficacy of the process. Thus, semi automated device assisting with pneumatic technology is applied for its invention.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext Repeat rate analysis of lower limb radiograph for digital radiography in general radiography at Pantai Klang hospital Selangor

Nur Aishah Jusnaidi, Nurul Fadhlina Ismail

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2020;5(2):112-116.
MyJurnal

Assessing the repeat rate is crucial to reduce unnecessary dose to the patient by identifying the major cause for repeating the x-rays exposure to the patient and apply corrective measures. To analyse the repeat rate of routine lower limb projections in direct digital radiography (DR) from general radiology department of Pantai Klang Hospital. 26 months retrospective repeated radiograph was acquired from Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) at Hospital Pantai Klang. The retrieved radiographs were grouped based on the reason for the i radiographs being rejected which are incorrect positioning, incorrect collimation, patient movement, incorrect exposure factors, artefact, and other reasons. Total repeated radiographs retrieved for basic lower limbs projections were 13616. Knee was the highest repeted examination and the lowest repeat rate was tibia fibula. (repeat rate: knee = 1.04%, tibia fibula = 0.57%). incorrect positioning is the major causes for repeat exposure for all examinations type, followed by incorrect collimation, other categories, centring ray error, incorrect exposure factors and artifact.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure
Fulltext A comparison study of radiation effective dose in ECG-Gated Coronary CT Angiography and calcium scoring examinations performed with a dual-source CT scanner

Sabarudin A, Siong TW, Chin AW, Hoong NK, Karim MKA

Sci Rep, 2019 03 13;9(1):4374.
PMID: 30867480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40758-5

In this report we have evaluated radiation effective dose received by patients during ECG-gated CCTA examinations based on gender, heart rate, tube voltage protocol and body mass index (BMI). A total of 1,824 patients were retrospectively recruited (1,139 men and 685 women) and they were divided into Group 1 (CCTA with calcium scoring), Group 2 (CCTA without calcium scoring) and Group 3 (only calcium scoring), where the association between gender, heart rate, tube voltage protocol and body mass index (BMI) were analysed. Examinations were performed using a retrospective ECG-gated CCTA protocol and the effective doses were calculated from the dose length product with a conversion coefficient of 0.026 mSv.mGy-1cm-1. No significant differences were observed in the mean effective dose between gender in all groups. The mean estimated dose was significantly higher when the heart rate was lower in Group 1 (p

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Exposure

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