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  1. A molecular epidemiological study targeting the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus isolates from China
    Meng SL, Yan JX, Xu GL, Nadin-Davis SA, Ming PG, Liu SY, et al.
    Virus Res, 2007 Mar;124(1-2):125-38.
    PMID: 17129631
    A group of 31 rabies viruses (RABVs), recovered primarily from dogs, one deer and one human case, were collected from various areas in China between 1989 and 2006. Complete G gene sequences determined for these isolates indicated identities of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of >or=87% and 93.8%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of these and some additional Chinese isolates clearly supported the placement of all Chinese viruses in Lyssavirus genotype 1 and divided all Chinese isolates between four distinct groups (I-IV). Several variants identified within the most commonly encountered group I were distributed according to their geographical origins. A comparison of representative Chinese viruses with other isolates retrieved world-wide indicated a close evolutionary relationship between China group I and II viruses and those of Indonesia while China group III viruses formed an outlying branch to variants from Malaysia and Thailand. China group IV viruses were closely related to several vaccine strains. The predicted glycoprotein sequences of these RABVs variants are presented and discussed with respect to the utility of the anti-rabies biologicals currently employed in China.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  2. An unbiased approach for analysis of protein glycosylation and application to influenza vaccine hemagglutinin
    An Y, Cipollo JF
    Anal Biochem, 2011 Aug 1;415(1):67-80.
    PMID: 21545787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.018
    Here a mass spectrometry-based platform for the analysis of glycoproteins is presented. Glycopeptides and released glycans are analyzed, the former by quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (QoTOF LC/MS) and the latter by permethylation analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-TOF MS. QoTOF LC/MS analysis reveals the stochastic distribution of glycoforms at occupied sequons, and the latter provides a semiquantitative assessment of overall protein glycosylation. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was used for unbiased enrichment of glycopeptides and was validated using five model N-glycoproteins bearing a wide array of glycans, including high-mannose, complex, and hybrid subtypes such as sulfo and sialyl forms. Sialyl and especially sulfated glycans are difficult to analyze because these substitutions are labile. The conditions used here allow detection of these compounds quantitatively, intact, and in the context of overall glycosylation. As a test case, we analyzed influenza B/Malaysia/2506/2004 hemagglutinin, a component of the 2006-2007 influenza vaccine. It bears 11 glycosylation sites. Approximately 90% of its glycans are high mannose, and 10% are present as complex and hybrid types, including those with sulfate. The stochastic distribution of glycoforms at glycosylation sites is revealed. This platform should have wide applications to glycoproteins in basic sciences and industry because no apparent bias for any glycoforms is observed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  3. Dihydropyrimidones: As novel class of β-glucuronidase inhibitors
    Ali F, Khan KM, Salar U, Iqbal S, Taha M, Ismail NH, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem, 2016 08 15;24(16):3624-35.
    PMID: 27325448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.002
    Dihydropyrimidones 1-37 were synthesized via a 'one-pot' three component reaction according to well-known Biginelli reaction by utilizing Cu(NO3)2·3H2O as catalyst, and screened for their in vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. It is worth mentioning that amongst the active molecules, compounds 8 (IC50=28.16±.056μM), 9 (IC50=18.16±0.41μM), 10 (IC50=22.14±0.43μM), 13 (IC50=34.16±0.65μM), 14 (IC50=17.60±0.35μM), 15 (IC50=15.19±0.30μM), 16 (IC50=27.16±0.48μM), 17 (IC50=48.16±1.06μM), 22 (IC50=40.16±0.85μM), 23 (IC50=44.16±0.86μM), 24 (IC50=47.16±0.92μM), 25 (IC50=18.19±0.34μM), 26 (IC50=33.14±0.68μM), 27 (IC50=44.16±0.94μM), 28 (IC50=24.16±0.50μM), 29 (IC50=34.24±0.47μM), 31 (IC50=14.11±0.21μM) and 32 (IC50=9.38±0.15μM) found to be more potent than the standard d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50=48.4±1.25μM). Molecular docking study was conducted to establish the structure-activity relationship (SAR) which demonstrated that a number of structural features of dihydropyrimidone derivatives were involved to exhibit the inhibitory potential. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as (1)H, (13)C NMR, EIMS and HREI-MS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  4. Fulltext Effect of different purification techniques on the characteristics of heteropolysaccharide-protein biopolymer from durian (Durio zibethinus) seed
    Amid BT, Mirhosseini H
    Molecules, 2012 Sep 10;17(9):10875-92.
    PMID: 22964503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910875
    Natural biopolymers from plant sources contain many impurities (e.g., fat, protein, fiber, natural pigment and endogenous enzymes), therefore, an efficient purification process is recommended to minimize these impurities and consequently improve the functional properties of the biopolymer. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different purification techniques on the yield, protein content, solubility, water- and oil-holding capacity of a heteropolysaccharide-protein biopolymer obtained from durian seed. Four different purification methods using different chemicals and solvents (i.e., A (isopropanol and ethanol), B (isopropanol and acetone), C (saturated barium hydroxide), and D (Fehling solution)] to liberate the purified biopolymer from its crude form were compared. In most cases, the purification process significantly (p < 0.05) improved the physicochemical properties of heteropolysaccharide-protein biopolymer from durian fruit seed. The present work showed that the precipitation using isopropanol and acetone (Method B) resulted in the highest purification yield among all the tested purification techniques. The precipitation using saturated barium hydroxide (Method C) led to induce the highest solubility and relatively high capacity of water absorption. The current study reveals that the precipitation using Fehling solution (Method D) most efficiently eliminates the protein fraction, thus providing more pure biopolymer suitable for biological applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  5. Evaluation of bisindole as potent β-glucuronidase inhibitors: synthesis and in silico based studies
    Khan KM, Rahim F, Wadood A, Taha M, Khan M, Naureen S, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2014 Apr 1;24(7):1825-9.
    PMID: 24602903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.015
    Bisindole analogs 1-17 were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. Out of seventeen compounds, the analog 1 (IC50=1.62±0.04 μM), 6 (IC50=1.86±0.05 μM), 10 (IC50=2.80±0.29 μM), 9 (IC50=3.10±0.28 μM), 14 (IC50=4.30±0.08 μM), 2 (IC50=18.40±0.09 μM), 19 (IC50=19.90±1.05 μM), 4 (IC50=20.90±0.62 μM), 7 (IC50=21.50±0.77 μM), and 3 (IC50=22.30±0.02 μM) showed superior β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity than the standard (d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone, IC50=48.40±1.25 μM). In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding interactions of bisindole derivatives with the enzyme. This study has identified a new class of potent β-glucouronidase inhibitors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  6. Fulltext Evaluation of the interaction between potent small molecules against the Nipah virus Glycoprotein in Malaysia and Bangladesh strains, accompanied by the human Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-B3 receptors; a simulation approach
    Ebrahimi M, Alijanianzadeh M
    Mol Divers, 2024 Apr;28(2):851-874.
    PMID: 36808582 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10624-8
    Malaysia reported the first human case of Nipah virus (NiV) in late September 1998 with encephalitis and respiratory symptoms. As a result of viral genomic mutations, two main strains (NiV-Malaysia and NiV-Bangladesh) have spread around the world. There are no licensed molecular therapeutics available for this biosafety level 4 pathogen. NiV attachment glycoprotein plays a critical role in viral transmission through its human receptors (Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-B3), so identifying small molecules that can be repurposed to inhibit them is crucial to developing anti-NiV drugs. Consequently, in this study annealing simulations, pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics were used to evaluate seven potential drugs (Pemirolast, Nitrofurantoin, Isoniazid Pyruvate, Eriodictyol, Cepharanthine, Ergoloid, and Hypericin) against NiV-G, Ephrin-B2, and Ephrin-B3 receptors. Based on the annealing analysis, Pemirolast for efnb2 protein and Isoniazid Pyruvate for efnb3 receptor were repurposed as the most promising small molecule candidates. Furthermore, Hypericin and Cepharanthine, with notable interaction values, are the top Glycoprotein inhibitors in Malaysia and Bangladesh strains, respectively. In addition, docking calculations revealed that their binding affinity scores are related to efnb2-pem (- 7.1 kcal/mol), efnb3-iso (- 5.8 kcal/mol), gm-hyp (- 9.6 kcal/mol), gb-ceph (- 9.2 kcal/mol). Finally, our computational research minimizes the time-consuming aspects and provides options for dealing with any new variants of Nipah virus that might emerge in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  7. Expression of a codon-optimised recombinant Ara h 2.02 peanut allergen in Escherichia coli
    Lew MH, Lim RL
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2016 Jan;100(2):661-71.
    PMID: 26411458 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6953-y
    Current diagnostic tools for peanut allergy using crude peanut extract showed low predictive value and reduced specificity for detection of peanut allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). The Ara h 2.02, an isoform of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2, contains three IgE epitope recognition sequence of 'DPYSPS' and may be a better reagent for component resolve diagnosis. This research aimed to generate a codon-optimised Ara h 2.02 gene for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and allergenicity study of this recombinant protein. The codon-optimised gene was generated by PCR using overlapping primers and cloned into the pET-28a (+) expression vector. Moderate expression of a 22.5 kDa 6xhistidine-tagged recombinant Ara h 2.02 protein (6xHis-rAra h 2.02) in BL21 (DE3) host cells was observed upon induction with 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The insoluble recombinant protein was purified under denaturing condition using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography and refolded by dialysis in decreasing urea concentration, amounting to a yield of 74 mg/l of expression culture. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and immunoblot analysis confirmed the production of the recombinant 6xHis-rAra h 2.02. The refolded recombinant 6xHis-rAra h 2.02, with or without adjuvant, was able to elicit comparable level of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 in sensitised Balb/c mice. In addition, the specific IgE antibodies raised against the recombinant protein were able to recognise the native Ara h 2 protein, demonstrating its allergenicity and potential as a reagent for diagnosis and therapeutic study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  8. Genetic diversity of Chinese rabies viruses: evidence for the presence of two distinct clades in China
    Zhang YZ, Xiong CL, Lin XD, Zhou DJ, Jiang RJ, Xiao QY, et al.
    Infect Genet Evol, 2009 Jan;9(1):87-96.
    PMID: 19041424 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.10.014
    There have been three major rabies epidemics in China since the 1950s. To gain more insights into the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses (RVs) for the third (the current) epidemic, we isolated RV from dogs and humans in major endemic areas, and characterized these isolates genetically by sequencing the entire glycoprotein (G) gene and the G-L non-coding region. These sequences were also compared phylogenetically with RVs isolated in China during previous epidemics and those around the world. Comparison of the entire G genes among the Chinese isolates revealed up to 21.8% divergence at the nucleotide level and 17.8% at the amino acid level. The available Chinese isolates could be divided into two distinct clades, each of which could be further divided into six lineages. Viruses in clade I include most of the Chinese viruses as well as viruses from southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The viruses in the other clade were found infrequently in China, but are closely related to viruses distributed worldwide among terrestrial animals. Interestingly, most of the viruses isolated during the past 10 years belong to lineage A viruses within clade I whereas most of the viruses isolated before 1996 belong to other lineages within clades I and II. Our results indicated that lineages A viruses have been predominant during the past 10 years and thus are largely responsible for the third and the current epidemic in China. Our results also suggested that the Chinese RV isolates in clade I share a common recent ancestor with those circulating in southeast Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  9. Human Milk Fat Globule Membrane Contains Hundreds of Abundantly Expressed and Nutritionally Beneficial Proteins That Are Generally Lacking in Caprine Milk
    Juvarajah T, Wan-Ibrahim WI, Ashrafzadeh A, Othman S, Hashim OH, Fung SY, et al.
    Breastfeed Med, 2018 11;13(9):631-637.
    PMID: 30362820 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0057
    BACKGROUND: Bioactive proteins from milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) play extensive roles in cellular processes and defense mechanisms in infants. The aims of this study were to identify differences in protein compositions in human and caprine MFGM using proteomics and evaluate possible nutritional benefits of caprine milk toward an infant's growth, as an alternative when breastfeeding or human milk administration is not possible or inadequate.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human and caprine MFGM proteins were isolated and analyzed, initially by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and subsequently by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This was then followed by database search and gene ontology analysis. In general, this method selectively analyzed the abundantly expressed proteins in milk MFGM.

    RESULTS: Human MFGM contains relatively more abundant bioactive proteins compared with caprine. While a total of 128 abundant proteins were detected in the human MFGM, only 42 were found in that of the caprine. Seven of the bioactive proteins were apparently found to coexist in both human and caprine MFGM.

    RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Among the commonly detected MFGM proteins, lactotransferrin, beta-casein, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, and butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 were highly expressed in human MFGM. On the other hand, alpha-S1-casein and EGF factor 8 protein, which are also nutritionally beneficial, were found in abundance in caprine MFGM. The large number of human MFGM abundant proteins that were generally lacking in caprine appeared to mainly support human metabolic and developmental processes.

    CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated superiority of human MFGM by having more than one hundred nutritionally beneficial and abundantly expressed proteins, which are clearly lacking in caprine MFGM. The minor similarity in the abundantly expressed bioactive proteins in caprine MFGM, which was detected further, suggests that it is still nutritionally beneficial, and therefore should be included when caprine milk-based formula is used as an alternative.

    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  10. Identification of hub glycogenes and their nsSNP analysis from mouse RNA-Seq data
    Firoz A, Malik A, Singh SK, Jha V, Ali A
    Gene, 2015 Dec 15;574(2):235-46.
    PMID: 26260015 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.012
    Glycogenes regulate a large number of biological processes such as cancer and development. In this work, we created an interaction network of 923 glycogenes to detect potential hubs from different mouse tissues using RNA-Seq data. DAVID functional cluster analysis revealed enrichment of immune response, glycoprotein and cholesterol metabolic processes. We also explored nsSNPs that may modify the expression and function of identified hubs using computational methods. We observe that the number of nsSNPs predicted by any two methods to affect protein function is 4, 7 and 2 for FLT1, NID2 and TNFRSF1B. Residues in the native and mutant proteins were analyzed for solvent accessibility and secondary structure change. Analysis of hubs can help in determining their degree of conservation and understanding their functions in biological processes. The nsSNPs proposed in this work may be further targeted through experimental methods for understanding structural and functional relationships of hub mutants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  11. Identification of potential complementary serum biomarkers to differentiate prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia using gel- and lectin-based proteomics analyses
    Jayapalan JJ, Ng KL, Razack AH, Hashim OH
    Electrophoresis, 2012 Jul;33(12):1855-62.
    PMID: 22740474 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100608
    Diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is currently much reliant on the invasive and time-consuming transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate gland, particularly in light of the inefficient use of prostate-specific antigen as its biomarker. In the present study, we have profiled the sera of patients with PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using the gel- and lectin-based proteomics methods and demonstrated the significant differential expression of apolipoprotein AII, complement C3 beta chain fragment, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 fragment, transthyretin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and high molecular weight kininogen (light chain) between the two groups of patients' samples. Our data are suggestive of the potential use of the serum proteins as complementary biomarkers to effectively discriminate PCa from BPH, although this requires further extensive validation on clinically representative populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  12. Inhibitory effect of compounds from Goniothalamus tapis Miq. and Goniothalamus uvaroides King on platelet-activating factor receptor binding
    Moharam BA, Jantan I, Jalil J, Ahmad F
    Phytother Res, 2012 May;26(5):687-91.
    PMID: 22002630 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3620
    Phytochemical investigation on the bark of Goniothalamus tapis Miq. and G. uvaroides King has resulted in the isolation of eight styryl-lactones, (-)-cryptomeridiol, liriodenine, 3-methyl-1H-benz[f]indole-4,9-dione, (-)-stigmasterol and dimethyl terephthalate. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were evaluated for their effect on platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding on rabbit platelets using (3) H-PAF as a ligand. Among the compounds tested, (-)-cryptomeridiol, (+)-goniothalamin and (+)-isoaltholactone exhibited a significant and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on PAF receptor binding, with inhibitory concentration (IC)(50) values of 17.5, 19.7 and 46.5 µm, respectively. The inhibitory effects of the first two compounds were comparable to that obtained from the positive control, cedrol. The results indicated that these compounds were strong PAF receptor binding inhibitors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
  13. Molecular characteristics of the Nipah virus glycoproteins
    Diederich S, Maisner A
    Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2007 Apr;1102:39-50.
    PMID: 17470910
    Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus, which emerged in 1998 from fruit bats in Malaysia and caused an outbreak of severe respiratory disease in pigs and fatal encephalitis in humans with high mortality rates. In contrast to most paramyxoviruses, NiV can infect a large variety of mammalian species. Due to this broad host range, its zoonotic potential, its high pathogenicity for humans, and the lack of effective vaccines or therapeutics, NiV was classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen. This article provides an overview of the molecular characteristics of NiV focusing on the structure, functions, and unique biological properties of the two NiV surface glycoproteins, the receptor-binding G protein, and the fusion protein F. Since viral glycoproteins are major determinants for cell tropism and virus spread, a detailed knowledge of these proteins can help to understand the molecular basis of viral pathogenicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  14. Multi-step molecular docking and dynamics simulation-based screening of large antiviral specific chemical libraries for identification of Nipah virus glycoprotein inhibitors
    Kalbhor MS, Bhowmick S, Alanazi AM, Patil PC, Islam MA
    Biophys Chem, 2021 03;270:106537.
    PMID: 33450550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106537
    Nipah virus (NiV) infections are highly contagious and can cause severe febrile encephalitis. An outbreak of NiV infection has reported high mortality rates in Southeast Asian countries including Bangladesh, East Timor, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Madagascar, Philippines, Thailand and India. Considering the high risk for an epidemic outbreak, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared NiV as an emerging priority pathogen. However, there are no effective therapeutics or any FDA approved drugs available for the treatment of this infection. Among the known nine proteins of NiV, glycoprotein plays an important role in initiating the entry of viruses and attaching to the host cell receptors. Herein, three antiviral databases consisting of 79,892 chemical entities have been computationally screened against NiV glycoprotein (NiV-G). Particularly, multi-step molecular docking followed by extensive molecular binding interactions analyses, binding free energy estimation, in silico pharmacokinetics, synthetic accessibility and toxicity profile evaluations have been carried out for initial identification of potential NiV-G inhibitors. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been performed to understand the dynamic properties of NiV-G protein-bound with proposed five inhibitors (G1-G5) and their interactions behavior, and any conformational changes in NiV-G protein during simulations. Moreover, Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) based binding free energies (∆G) has been calculated from all MD simulation trajectories to understand the energy contribution of each proposed compound in maintaining and stabilizing the complex binding interactions with NiV-G protein. Proposed compounds showed high negative ∆G values ranging from -166.246 to -226.652 kJ/mol indicating a strong affinity towards the NiV-G protein.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  15. Optimization of conditions for the single step IMAC purification of miraculin from Synsepalum dulcificum
    He Z, Tan JS, Lai OM, Ariff AB
    Food Chem, 2015 Aug 15;181:19-24.
    PMID: 25794715 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.166
    In this study, the methods for extraction and purification of miraculin from Synsepalum dulcificum were investigated. For extraction, the effect of different extraction buffers (phosphate buffer saline, Tris-HCl and NaCl) on the extraction efficiency of total protein was evaluated. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with nickel-NTA was used for the purification of the extracted protein, where the influence of binding buffer pH, crude extract pH and imidazole concentration in elution buffer upon the purification performance was explored. The total amount of protein extracted from miracle fruit was found to be 4 times higher using 0.5M NaCl as compared to Tris-HCl and phosphate buffer saline. On the other hand, the use of Tris-HCl as binding buffer gave higher purification performance than sodium phosphate and citrate-phosphate buffers in IMAC system. The optimum purification condition of miraculin using IMAC was achieved with crude extract at pH 7, Tris-HCl binding buffer at pH 7 and the use of 300 mM imidazole as elution buffer, which gave the overall yield of 80.3% and purity of 97.5%. IMAC with nickel-NTA was successfully used as a single step process for the purification of miraculin from crude extract of S. dulcificum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  16. Phospholipid-Protein Structured Membrane for Microencapsulation of DHA Oil and Evaluation of Its In Vitro Digestibility: Inspired by Milk Fat Globule Membrane
    Chen Y, Ge H, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Su X, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2020 Jun 03;68(22):6190-6201.
    PMID: 32379465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01250
    The present study aims to design a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM)-inspired structured membrane (phospholipid- and protein-rich) for microencapsulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil. DHA-enriched oil emulsions were prepared using different ratios of sunflower phospholipid (SPL), proteins [whey protein concentrate (WPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), and sodium caseinate (SC)], and maltodextrin and spray-dried to obtain DHA microcapsules. The prepared DHA oil emulsions have nanosized particles. SPLs were found to affect the secondary structure of WPC, which resulted in increased exposure of the protein hydrophobic site and emulsion stability. SPL also reduced the surface tension and viscosity of the DHA oil emulsions. In vitro digestion of the spray-dried DHA microcapsules showed that they were able to effectively resist gastric proteolysis and protect their bioactivity en route to the intestine. The DHA microcapsules have a high lipid digestibility in the small intestine with a high DHA hydrolysis efficiency (74.3%), which is higher than that of commercial DHA microcapsules.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  17. Fulltext Production and Characterization of a Bioflocculant Produced by Bacillussalmalaya 139SI-7 and Its Applications in Wastewater Treatment
    Abu Tawila ZM, Ismail S, Dadrasnia A, Usman MM
    Molecules, 2018 Oct 18;23(10).
    PMID: 30340415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102689
    The production, optimization, and characterization of the bioflocculant QZ-7 synthesized by a novel Bacillus salmalaya strain 139SI isolated from a private farm soil in Selangor, Malaysia, are reported. The flocculating activity of bioflocculant QZ-7 present in the selected strain was found to be 83.3%. The optimal culture for flocculant production was achieved after cultivation at 35.5 °C for 72 h at pH 7 ± 0.2, with an inoculum size of 5% (v/v) and sucrose and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources. The maximum flocculating activity was found to be 92.6%. Chemical analysis revealed that the pure bioflocculant consisted of 79.08% carbohydrates and 15.4% proteins. The average molecular weight of the bioflocculant was calculated to be 5.13 × 10⁵ Da. Infrared spectrometric analysis showed the presence of carboxyl (COO-), hydroxyl (-OH), and amino (-NH₂) groups, polysaccharides and proteins. The bioflocculant QZ-7 exhibited a wide pH stability range from 4 to 7, with a flocculation activity of 85% at pH 7 ± 0.2. In addition, QZ-7 was thermally stable and retained more than 80% of its flocculating activity after being heated at 80 °C for 30 min. SEM analysis revealed that QZ-7 exhibited a clear crystalline brick-shaped structure. After treating wastewater, the bioflocculant QZ-7 showed significant flocculation performance with a COD removal efficiency of 93%, whereas a BOD removal efficiency of 92.4% was observed in the B. salmalaya strain 139SI. These values indicate the promising applications of the bioflocculant QZ-7 in wastewater treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
  18. Purification and characterization of 31-kDa palm pollen glycoprotein (Ela g Bd 31 K), which is recognized by IgE from palm pollinosis patients
    Kimura Y, Maeda M, Kimupa M, Lai OM, Tan SH, Hon SM, et al.
    Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2002 Apr;66(4):820-7.
    PMID: 12036055
    A basic glycoprotein, which was recognized by IgE from oil palm pollinosis patients, has been purified from oil palm pollen (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), which is a strong allergen and causes severe pollinosis in Malaysia and Singapore. Soluble proteins were extracted from defatted palm pollen with both Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.8) and Na-acetate buffer (pH 4.0). The allergenic glycoprotein was purified from the total extract to homogeneity with 0.4% yield by a combination of DEAE- and CM-cellulose, SP-HPLC, and gel filtration. The purified oil palm pollen glycoprotein with molecular mass of 31 kDa was recognized by the beta1-2 xylose specific antibody, suggesting this basic glycoprotein bears plant complex type N-glycan(s). The palm pollen basic glycoprotein, designated Ela g Bd 31 K, was recognized by IgE of palm pollinosis patients, suggesting Ela g Bd 31 K should be one of the palm pollen allergens. The preliminary structural analysis of N-glycans linked to glycoproteins of palm pollens showed that the antigenic N-glycans having alpha1-3 fucose and alpha1-2 xylose residues (GlcNAc(2 to approximately 0)Man3Xyl1Fuc(1 to approximately 0)GlcNAc2) actually occur on the palm pollen glycoproteins, in addition to the high-mannose type structures (Man(9 to approximately 5)GlcNAc2).
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  19. Review: Structure, function and evolution of GnIH
    Tsutsui K, Osugi T, Son YL, Ubuka T
    Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2018 08 01;264:48-57.
    PMID: 28754274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.024
    Neuropeptides that possess the Arg-Phe-NH2 motif at their C-termini (i.e., RFamide peptides) have been characterized in the nervous system of both invertebrates and vertebrates. In vertebrates, RFamide peptides make a family and consist of the groups of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), neuropeptide FF (NPFF), prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), kisspeptin (kiss1 and kiss2), and pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide/26RFamide peptide (QRFP/26RFa). It now appears that these vertebrate RFamide peptides exert important neuroendocrine, behavioral, sensory, and autonomic functions. In 2000, GnIH was discovered as a novel hypothalamic RFamide peptide inhibiting gonadotropin release in quail. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that GnIH acts on the brain and pituitary to modulate reproductive physiology and behavior across vertebrates. To clarify the origin and evolution of GnIH, the existence of GnIH was investigated in agnathans, the most ancient lineage of vertebrates, and basal chordates, such as tunicates and cephalochordates (represented by amphioxus). This review first summarizes the structure and function of GnIH and other RFamide peptides, in particular NPFF having a similar C-terminal structure of GnIH, in vertebrates. Then, this review describes the evolutionary origin of GnIH based on the studies in agnathans and basal chordates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry*
  20. Strategies for humanizing glycosylation pathways and producing recombinant glycoproteins in microbial expression systems
    Khan AH, Noordin R
    Biotechnol Prog, 2019 03;35(2):e2752.
    PMID: 30457225 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2752
    Homogeneously glycosylated proteins are essential for analyzing the structure of N-glycans, studying their consequences inside cells, and developing therapeutic glycoproteins. However, the isolation of glycoproteins with homogeneous glycans from human is difficult since glycoforms slightly differ from each other with respect to molecular weight and charge. Microbial expression systems have numerous benefits in expression technology and have gained great attention, because they are more adaptable to the biotechnology industry. While selecting an expression host, the glycosylation pattern must be taken into account, because glycosylation strongly depends on cellular production system and selected production clone. This review discussed the technological developments in glycoengineering of microbial expression systems for humanizing the glycosylation profile and highlighted the expression potential of Leishmania expression system. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2752, 2019.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycoproteins/chemistry
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