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Mechanistic insights into the lignin dissolution behavior in amino acid based deep eutectic solvents

Zhang Y, Ren H, Li B, Udin SM, Maarof H, Zhou W, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jul 01;242(Pt 2):124829.
PMID: 37210053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124829

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed by amino acids (L-arginine, L-proline, L-alanine) as the hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, levulinic acid) as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were prepared and used for the dissolution of dealkaline lignin (DAL). The mechanism of lignin dissolution in DESs was explored at molecular level by combining the analysis of Kamlet-Taft (K-T) solvatochromic parameters, FTIR spectrum and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of DESs. Firstly, it was found that the formation of new hydrogen bonds between lignin and DESs mainly drove the dissolution of lignin, which were accompanied by the erosion of hydrogen bond networks in both lignin and DESs. The nature of hydrogen bond network within DESs was fundamentally determined by the type and number of functional groups in both HBA and HBD, which affected its ability to form hydrogen bond with lignin. One hydroxyl group and carboxyl group in HBDs provided active protons, which facilitated proton-catalyzed cleavage of β-O-4, thus enhancing the dissolution of DESs. The superfluous functional group resulted in more extensive and stronger hydrogen bond network in the DESs, thus decreasing the lignin dissolving ability. Moreover, it was found that lignin solubility had a closed positive correlation with the subtraction value of α and β (net hydrogen donating ability) of DESs. Among all the investigated DESs, L-alanine/formic acid (1:3) with the strong hydrogen-bond donating ability (acidity), weak hydrogen-bond accepting ability (basicity) and small steric-hindrance effect showed the best lignin dissolving ability (23.99 wt%, 60 °C). On top of that, the value of α and β of L-proline/carboxylic acids DESs showed some positive correlation with the global electrostatic potential (ESP) maxima and minima of the corresponding DESs respectively, indicating the analysis of ESP quantitative distributions of DESs could be an effective tool for DESs screening and design for lignin dissolution as well as other applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Identification and characterisation of a copper-inducible metallothionein gene from cockle, Anadara granosa.

Wong KK, Noor-Arniwati Mat-Daud, Roohaida Othman, Zubir Din, Wan KL, Salmijah Surif

Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.

The cockle, Anadara granosa, was experimentally exposed to low (0.1 mg/L) and sublethal (1.0 mg/L) doses of copper (Cu) for a period of 24 hrs. Significant increase in Cu concentrations in whole tissues and hepatopancreas compared to control animals were observed. In order to study the effect of copper exposure at molecular levels, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed from the hepatopancreas of cockles exposed to 1.0 mg/L Cu. Screening of the subtractive cDNA library using reverse northern analysis resulted in several differentially expressed genes, including one that codes for metallothionein (MT). The complete coding sequence of the MT gene (designated as AnaMT2) reveals an open reading frame of 234 bp in length that encodes a 77 amino acid polypeptide as revealed by the deduced amino acid composition. Although showing similarities with other molluscan MTs, AnaMT2 can be distinguished by its lower glycine and higher asparagine and proline content. Expression analysis of the AnaMT2 by northern analysis indicated higher mRNA level in cockle exposed to 1.0 mg/L Cu and was undetectable in those treated with 0.1 mg/L. This suggests that AnaMT2 represents a primarily inducible MT not highly expressed under basal conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Proteome of rice roots treated with exogenous proline

Teh CY, Ho CL, Shaharuddin NA, Lai KS, Mahmood M

3 Biotech, 2019 Mar;9(3):101.
PMID: 30800612 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1615-x

Proteomic analysis was conducted to identify the rice root proteins induced by exogenous proline and their involvement in root growth. Proteins were extracted from the root tissues grown under two conditions, T1 (control) and T2 (10 mM proline), and profiled by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventeen of 30 differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Proline-treated rice roots showed up-regulation and down-regulation of nine and eight proteins, respectively, when compared to those in the control. Among the differentially expressed proteins, the down-regulation of glutathione reductase and peroxidase could be involved in the regulation of cellular hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species levels that modulate the root cell wall structure. Differentially expressed proteins identified as pathogenesis-related proteins might be related to stress adaptive mechanisms in response to exogenous proline treatment. In addition, differentially expressed protein identified as the fructose-bisphosphate aldolases and cytochrome c oxidase might be associated with energy metabolism, which is needed during root developmental process. This is the first attempt to study the changes in rice root proteome treated with proline. The acquired information could open new avenues for further functional studies on the involvement of proline in modulating root development and its relation to stress adaptation of plants.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Boceprevir early-access for advanced-fibrosis/cirrhosis in Asia-Pacific hepatitis C virus genotype 1 non-responders/relapsers

Sukeepaisarnjaroen W, Pham T, Tanwandee T, Nazareth S, Galhenage S, Mollison L, et al.

World J Gastroenterol, 2015 Jul 28;21(28):8660-9.
PMID: 26229408 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i28.8660

To examined the efficacy and safety of treatment with boceprevir, PEGylated-interferon and ribavirin (PR) in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCVGT1) PR treatment-failures in Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/adverse effects; Proline/analogs & derivatives*; Proline/therapeutic use
High frequency plant regeneration from mature seed of elite, recalcitrant Malaysian indica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) CV. MR 219

Sivakumar P, Law YS, Ho CL, Harikrishna JA

Acta. Biol. Hung., 2010 Sep;61(3):313-21.
PMID: 20724277 DOI: 10.1556/ABiol.61.2010.3.7

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system was established for elite, recalcitrant Malaysian indica rice, Oryza sativa L. CV. MR 219 using mature seeds as explant on Murashige and Skoog and Chu N6 media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and kinetin either alone or in different combinations. L-proline, casein hydrolysate and L-glutamine were added to callus induction media for enhancement of embryogenic callus induction. The highest frequency of friable callus induction (84%) was observed in N6 medium containing 2.5 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 0.2 mg l(-1) kinetin, 2.5 mg l(-1) L-proline, 300 mg l(-1) casein hydrolysate, 20 mg l(-1) L-glutamine and 30 g l(-1) sucrose under culture in continuous lighting conditions. The maximum regeneration frequency (71%) was observed, when 30-day-old N6 friable calli were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l(-1) 6-benzyl aminopurine, 1 mg l(-1) naphthalene acetic acid, 2.5 mg l(-1) L-proline, 300 mg l(-1) casein hydrolysate and 3% maltose. Developed shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose and were successfully transplanted to soil with 95% survival. This protocol may be used for other recalcitrant indica rice genotypes and to transfer desirable genes in to Malaysian indica rice cultivar MR219 for crop improvement.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/pharmacology
Allelic variants of acidic proline-rich proteins observed in Japanese, Chinese, and Malays

Shintani M, Minaguchi K, Suzuki K, Lim KA

Biochem Genet, 1990 Apr;28(3-4):173-84.
PMID: 2383244

Three new variants of acidic proline-rich proteins (At, Au, Aw) were found in human parotid saliva by isoelectric focusing and basic gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic comparison of the purified proteins and their tryptic peptides suggested minor charge and size differences from other acidic PRPs. Genetic and biochemical studies indicate that the At and Aw proteins are allelic products of the PRH1 locus. Gene frequencies of the At productive allele (PRH1(6)) in Japanese, Chinese, and Malays were 0.008, 0.012, and 0.004, respectively. The Au protein was also found in Japanese (2 in 746 samples), Chinese (1 in 215 samples), and Malays (1 in 220 samples), however, the Aw protein was found only in one Japanese (n = 746). These three proteins were not found in 106 Indian subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline-Rich Protein Domains; Salivary Proline-Rich Proteins
Beta-sheet containment by flanking prolines: molecular dynamic simulations of the inhibition of beta-sheet elongation by proline residues in human prion protein

Shamsir MS, Dalby AR

Biophys J, 2007 Mar 15;92(6):2080-9.
PMID: 17172295

Previous molecular dynamic simulations have reported elongation of the existing beta-sheet in prion proteins. Detailed examination has shown that these elongations do not extend beyond the proline residues flanking these beta-sheets. In addition, proline has also been suggested to possess a possible structural role in preserving protein interaction sites by preventing invasion of neighboring secondary structures. In this work, we have studied the possible structural role of the flanking proline residues by simulating mutant structures with alternate substitution of the proline residues with valine. Simulations showed a directional inhibition of elongation, with the elongation progressing in the direction of valine including evident inhibition of elongation by existing proline residues. This suggests that the flanking proline residues in prion proteins may have a containment role and would confine the beta-sheet within a specific length.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/chemistry*
Fulltext Chromosomal rearrangements and protein globularity changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from cerebrospinal fluid

Saw SH, Tan JL, Chan XY, Chan KG, Ngeow YF

PeerJ, 2016;4:e2484.
PMID: 27688977 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2484

BACKGROUND: Meningitis is a major cause of mortality in tuberculosis (TB). It is not clear what factors promote central nervous system invasion and pathology but it has been reported that certain strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) might have genetic traits associated with neurotropism.
METHODS: In this study, we generated whole genome sequences of eight clinical strains of Mtb that were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients presenting with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in Malaysia, and compared them to the genomes of H37Rv and other respiratory Mtb genomes either downloaded from public databases or extracted from local sputum isolates. We aimed to find genomic features that might be distinctly different between CSF-derived and respiratory Mtb.
RESULTS: Genome-wide comparisons revealed rearrangements (translocations, inversions, insertions and deletions) and non-synonymous SNPs in our CSF-derived strains that were not observed in the respiratory Mtb genomes used for comparison. These rearranged segments were rich in genes for PE (proline-glutamate)/PPE (proline-proline-glutamate), transcriptional and membrane proteins. Similarly, most of the ns SNPs common in CSF strains were noted in genes encoding PE/PPE proteins. Protein globularity differences were observed among mycobacteria from CSF and respiratory sources and in proteins previously reported to be associated with TB meningitis. Transcription factors and other transcription regulators featured prominently in these proteins. Homologs of proteins associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and Neisseria meningitidis virulence were identified in neuropathogenic as well as respiratory mycobacterial spp. examined in this study.
DISCUSSION: The occurrence of in silico genetic differences in CSF-derived but not respiratory Mtb suggests their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of TBM. However, overall findings in this comparative analysis support the postulation that TB meningeal infection is more likely to be related to the expression of multiple virulence factors on interaction with host defences than to CNS tropism associated with specific genetic traits.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Optimization of gelatin extraction and physico-chemical properties of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) bone gelatin

Sanaei, A.V., Mahmoodani, F., See, S.F., Yusop, S.M., Babji, A.S.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):423-430.
MyJurnal

The extraction of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) bone gelatin was optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) involving 4-factors, 5-levels Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions for extraction were produced by a pre-treatment of 3.35% HCl for 14.5 h along with hot water extraction at 67.23°C for 5.2 h. Results showed that the predicted yield by RSM (61.81%) was closely matched the experimental yield of 60.54%. The results also indicated that the extracted bone gelatin possessed high protein content (81.75%) and imino acid (proline and hydroxyproline) (144 residues per 1000 residues), with gel strength (230.25 g), viscosity (4.64 mPa.s) and isoionic point (5.35) comparable to that of bovine gelatin. The results suggested that RSM is a great optimizing tool for extraction of gelatin from clarias catfish bone and values of the physicochemical properties of gelatin are higher or comparable than those from other fish species and bovine gelatin.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline; Proline
Fulltext The genetics of schizophrenia

Salleh MR

Malays J Med Sci, 2004 Jul;11(2):3-11.
PMID: 22973121 MyJurnal

Schizophrenia is a complex biological disorder with multifactorial mode of transmission where non-genetic determinants are also play important role. It is now clear that it involves combined effect of many genes, each conferring a small increase in liability to the illness. Thus no causal disease genes or single gene of major effects, only susceptible genes are operating. Given this complexity, it comes as no surprise of the difficulty to find susceptible genes. However, schizophrenia genes have been found at last. Recent studies on molecular genetics of schizophrenia which focused on positional and functional candidate genes postulated to be associated with schizophrenia are beginning to produce findings of great interest. These include neuregulin (NRG-1, 8p12-21), dysbindin, (DTNBP1,6p22.3), G72 (13q34) / D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO,12q24), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH-2, 22q11.21), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT, 22q11.21), regulator of G protein signaling (RGS-4), 5HT2A and dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3). Applications of microarrays methods were able to locate positional candidate genes related to dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. New genome scan project, seen in the light of previous scans, provide support for schizophrenia candidate region on chromosome 1q, 2q, 5q, 6p, 8p, 10p, 13q,15q and 22q. Other reports described including the application of LD mapping and positional cloning technique, microarray technology and efforts to develop quantitative phenotype. More exciting finding is expected in near future with the completion of Hap Map project.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline Oxidase
Significant association of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) but not of p53 polymorphisms with oral squamous cell carcinomas in Malaysia

Saini R, Tang TH, Zain RB, Cheong SC, Musa KI, Saini D, et al.

J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2011 Feb;137(2):311-20.
PMID: 20419384 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0886-8

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of HPV and p53 polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) affecting Malaysian population.
METHODS: We analysed frozen samples from 105 OSCC as well as 105 oral specimens derived from healthy individuals. PCR assays targeting two regions of the virus were used. PCR amplification for the analysis of p53 codon 72 arginine/proline alleles was carried out in a separate reaction.
RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 51.4% OSCC samples, while 24.8% controls were found to be HPV positive. HPV was found to be significantly associated with OSCC (P

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Chemical and functional properties of bovine and porcine skin gelatin

Raja Mohd Hafidz, R.N., Yaakob, C.M., Amin, I., Noorfaizan, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(2):813-817.
MyJurnal

The ability to compare bovine and porcine skin gelatin based on their amino acid composition, polypeptides pattern, bloom strength, turbidity and foaming properties were investigated. Amino acid composition of both gelatin showed that the content of glycine, proline and arginine in porcine gelatin were higher than bovine gelatin. However, the polypeptides pattern between both gelatin is closely similar. The bloom strength of porcine gelatin was higher than bovine gelatin from pH 3 to pH 10. Both gelatin possessed highest bloom strength at pH 9. The lowest bloom strength of bovine gelatin was at pH 3 while porcine gelatin at pH 5. The highest turbidity of bovine gelatin obtained at pH 7 while porcine gelatin at pH 9. Foam expansion and foam stability of bovine gelatin were higher than porcine gelatin at all concentrations.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins on Oral Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study

Pateel DGS, Gunjal S, Fong LF, Hanapi NSM

Int J Dent, 2021;2021:1982083.
PMID: 33688346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1982083

Background: Saliva, as a complex biofluid, plays a pivotal role in maintaining oral health and tooth integrity. There has been inconsistent data available on the relationship between salivary parameters and oral health. This study aims to investigate the association between salivary statherin, acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRP), and calcium with oral hygiene status.
Methods: One hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects aged between 18 and 50 years with varying oral hygiene status who gave consent to participate were included in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were recruited from primary oral health care of MAHSA University. Oral hygiene of all the participants was measured using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Stimulated saliva collected using paraffin wax was analyzed for salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium. The relationship between salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium levels with OHI-S was assessed using Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient; the strength of relationship was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: The study found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.179, p = 0.014) between salivary statherin and OHI-S; weak negative correlation (r = -0.187, p = 0.010) between salivary aPRP and OHI-S; and moderate negative correlation between salivary statherin and salivary aPRP levels (r = -0.50, p

Matched MeSH terms: Proline; Salivary Proline-Rich Proteins
Fulltext Two Secreted Proteoglycans, Activators of Urothelial Cell-Cell Adhesion, Negatively Contribute to Bladder Cancer Initiation and Progression

Papadaki V, Asada K, Watson JK, Tamura T, Leung A, Hopkins J, et al.

Cancers (Basel), 2020 Nov 13;12(11).
PMID: 33202923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113362

Osteomodulin (OMD) and proline/arginine-rich end leucine repeat protein (PRELP) are secreted extracellular matrix proteins belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycans family. We found that OMD and PRELP were specifically expressed in umbrella cells in bladder epithelia, and their expression levels were dramatically downregulated in all bladder cancers from very early stages and various epithelial cancers. Our in vitro studies including gene expression profiling using bladder cancer cell lines revealed that OMD or PRELP application suppressed the cancer progression by inhibiting TGF-β and EGF pathways, which reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), activated cell-cell adhesion, and inhibited various oncogenic pathways. Furthermore, the overexpression of OMD in bladder cancer cells strongly inhibited the anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in mouse xenograft studies. On the other hand, we found that in the bladder epithelia, the knockout mice of OMD and/or PRELP gene caused partial EMT and a loss of tight junctions of the umbrella cells and resulted in formation of a bladder carcinoma in situ-like structure by spontaneous breakdowns of the umbrella cell layer. Furthermore, the ontological analysis of the expression profiling of an OMD knockout mouse bladder demonstrated very high similarity with those obtained from human bladder cancers. Our data indicate that OMD and PRELP are endogenous inhibitors of cancer initiation and progression by controlling EMT. OMD and/or PRELP may have potential for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
5-aminolevulinic acid induces regulation in growth, yield and physiobiochemical characteristics of wheat under water stress

Nudrat Aisha Akram, Shamim Kausar, Naila Farid, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Ashraf, Fahad Al-Qurainy

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:661-670.

The production of wheat crop is below average in many regions of the world which is ascribed to adverse environmental
conditions including drought stress. The present study was conducted to appraise the beneficial role of exogenouslyapplied
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on growth, yield and some key physio-biochemical characteristics of two commercially
important wheat cultivars (Shafaq-06 and Uqab-2000) under well watered [100% field capacity (FC)] and water-deficit
(60 and 80% FC) conditions. Imposition of varying water regimes significantly decreased fresh and dry weights of shoots,
photosynthetic pigments (a and b), non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ), quenching coefficient
for non-photochemical (N) of chlorophyll fluorescence (qN), K+ (potassium ion), Ca2+ (calcium ion) and P (phosphorus)
accumulation in shoot and root and yield-related attributes. In contrast, water deficit regimes caused improvement in
Fv/Fm (chlorophyll fluorescence measurement), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), proline, glycinebetaine
(GB) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Foliar spray of ALA at the rate of 50, 100 and 150 mg/Lalong with control
(no spray (NS) and/or water spray (WS)) significantly enhanced chlorophyll a and b pigments, qN, NPQ, qP, K+, Ca2+
and P accumulation in both roots and shoots, proline, GB, total phenolics and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and
yield. The wheat Shafaq-06 was better in shoot dry weight, qN, NPQ and Fv/Fm, shoot and root K+, root Ca2+, proline,
GB accumulation and yield attributes, while Uqab-2000 was better in chlorophyll a contents, root P and MDA contents.
Overall, better growth and yield of Shafaq-06 than Uqab-2000 under water deficit regimes was found to be associated
with ALA improved leaf fluorescence (qN, NPQ and Fv/Fm), shoot and root K+, root Ca2+, proline and GB accumulation.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Isolation of threadfin bream (nemipterus japonicus) waste collagen using natural acid from calamansi (citrofortunella microcarpa) juice

Normah, I., Nur-Hani Suryati, M.Z.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(6):2294-2301.
MyJurnal

Collagen was isolated from threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicas) waste (mixture of scale and fin) by using 0.5 M citric acid or calamansi juice (Citrofortunella microcarpa) for 12 and 24 hrs at 4°C. The physico-chemical characteristics of the collagens were then compared with the commercial collagen. Shorter extraction time (12 hrs) and extraction using calamansi juice resulted in higher yield. The yield was 22% (12 hrs) and 20.37% (24 hrs) for collagen extracted using calamansi juice and 8.3% (12 hrs) and 6.9% (24 hrs) for collagen extracted using citric acid. Collagen extracted using calamansi juice were light yellow (L = 93.70, a = -1.84, b = 13.44) while citric acid collagens were white (L = 94.82, a = 0.31, b = 0.20). Sensory evaluation on odor recognition test showed that collagen extracted with calamansi juice has a pleasant
natural fragrance which is sweet citrus. Electrophoresis profile indicated that the collagen were of type I comprising of α1 and α2 chains. Threadfin bream collagen contained higher amount of imino acids proline (254.72 to 275.50/1000 residues) and hydroxyproline (7.56 to 13.50/1000 residues) than commercial collagen which is 21.25 and 5.16/1000 residues, respectively. Maximum transition temperature (Tmax) falls within a close range for all the collagens ranging from 24.81 to 25.91°C. Calamansi juice collagens were more viscous compared to others. The extraction of threadfin bream collagen for 12 hrs using calamansi juice generally leads to collagen characterised by pleasant odor, reasonably high yield and more viscous. Therefore, natural source such as calamansi juice could be an alternative medium for collagen extraction.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline; Proline
Fulltext Physicochemical characteristics of gummy added with sutchi catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) gelatin

Normah, I.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1059-1066.
MyJurnal

Gelatin from sutchi catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) skin was extracted and applied in the preparation of gummy in order to determine the suitability of sutchi catfish gelatin in gummy production. The skin was subjected to pre-treatment in the following sequence; 0.8M NaCl, 0.19 N NaOH followed by 0.12 N acetic acid prior to 12 hours extraction in distilled water at 50oC. The physicochemical characteristics of sutchi catfish gelatin was analysed and compared with the commercial bovine gelatin. Gummy added with sutchi catfish gelatin was also compared with gummy added with commercial gelatin. Analysis comprises of yield, gel strength, setting point and setting time, amino acid composition, texture profile analysis and sensory evaluation. The extraction resulted in 14.47% yield of gelatin. Sutchi catfish gelatin showed higher gel strength value (360.86 g) compared to the commercial gelatin (217.37 g) which is in accordance with proline content. Texture profile analysis showed that gummies prepared using sutchi catfish gelatin had significantly higher (p

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
The cost-effectiveness of boceprevir for hepatitis C

Neoh CF, Kong DC

Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res, 2014 Jun;14(3):319-34.
PMID: 24708054 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2014.906306

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is costly to treat and, has high morbidity and mortality. The addition of new protease inhibitors (i.e., boceprevir, telaprevir), to the standard dual therapy with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin, for the treatment of HCV infection has demonstrated superior efficacy with shorter treatment duration, but at higher drug acquisition costs and incidence of adverse events. Robust economic data are required to inform healthcare decision for the optimal use of these expensive antiviral agents. Accordingly, this review will explore the clinical and economic aspects of boceprevir-based treatment strategies. Important considerations, challenges and gaps for future pharmacoeconomic research in this setting are highlighted.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/adverse effects; Proline/analogs & derivatives*; Proline/economics; Proline/therapeutic use
Effect of Zeolite and Zinc on the biochemical characteristics of canola upon drought stress

Nasser Shahsavari, Hasnah Mohd. Jais, Amir Hossein Shirani Rad

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1549-1555.

The effects of zeolite and zinc foliar applications on the biochemical characteristics of canola cultivars under different moisture regimes were investigated in a study conducted during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The study was completed using a factorial split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran. The treatments were: irrigation (I): complete (I1) and restricted (I2); zeolite (Z): 0 (Z1) and 15 ton ha-1 (Z2) and Zn: 0, 0.1 and 0.2% concentrations of zinc sulfate (Zn1, Zn2, and Zn3) at the pod formation stage. These treatments were applied during the pod formation stage to the Licord, RGS003 and Opera cultivars. This study showed that although applying Z and Zn had positive effects on the quality of canola, the highest performance and the best results were obtained using a combination of Z and Zn. The combined application of Z and Zn decreased the proline and carbohydrate contents to 44.35 and 34.42%, respectively. Therefore, with the low cost of natural Z and moderate Zn intake, these treatments can be used to enhance the performance of canola, especially in regions frequently subjected to water stress.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Two-year variations of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant contents in acacia honey

Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Azlan SA, Gan SH

Molecules, 2013;18(12):14694-710.
PMID: 24287998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214694

Honey is a good source of several important chemical compounds and antioxidants and is harvested throughout the year. However, no study has determined how their contents change over the years. The aim of the present research was to investigate the changes in the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties, as well as other physicochemical properties, of Malaysian acacia honey collected during different months during a two year period. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods were used to determine the total antioxidant activity of the honey samples. Generally, honey samples collected in the beginning and the middle of the year tended to have higher sugar content, which may be attributed to its high acidic nature and low moisture content. There was a gradual increase in the phenolic content of the acacia honey samples collected between September 2010 and December 2010. The honey sample collected at the beginning of the year (January) showed the highest color intensity and was dark amber in color. It also contained the highest concentration of phenolic compounds (341.67 ± 2.94 mg(gallic acid)/kg), the highest flavonoid content (113.06 ± 6.18 mg(catechin)/kg) and the highest percentage of DPPH inhibition and the highest FRAP value, confirming its high antioxidant potential. There was a positive correlation between DPPH and total phenolic content, suggesting that phenolic compounds are the strongest contributing factor to the radical scavenging activity of Malaysian acacia honeys. Overall, our results indicated that there were significant seasonal variations in the antioxidant potentials of honey over the two year period and the time of honey collection affects its physicochemical properties. Therefore, acacia honey from Malaysia should ideally be collected during the dry season, particularly in the months of January, May and June.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/chemistry

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