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Fulltext A Malaysia 97 monovalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (>6PD50/dose) protects pigs against challenge with a variant FMDV A SEA-97 lineage virus, 4 and 7 days post vaccination

Nagendrakumar SB, Hong NT, Geoffrey FT, Jacqueline MM, Andrew D, Michelle G, et al.

Vaccine, 2015 Aug 26;33(36):4513-9.
PMID: 26192355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.014

Pigs play a significant role during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) due to their ability to amplify the virus. It is therefore essential to determine what role vaccination could play to prevent clinical disease and lower virus excretion into the environment. In this study we investigated the efficacy of the double oil emulsion A Malaysia 97 vaccine (>6PD50/dose) against heterologous challenge with an isolate belonging to the A SEA-97 lineage at 4 and 7 days post vaccination (dpv). In addition, we determined whether physical separation of pigs in the same room could prevent virus transmission. Statistically there was no difference in the level of protection offered by 4 and 7 dpv. However, no clinical disease or viral RNA was detected in the blood of pigs challenged 4 dpv, although three of the pigs had antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSPs), indicating viral replication. Viral RNA was also detected in nasal and saliva swabs, but on very few occasions. Two of the pigs vaccinated seven days prior to challenge had vesicles distal from the injection site, but on the inoculated foot, and two pigs had viral RNA detected in the blood. One pig sero-converted to the NSPs. In contrast, all unvaccinated and inoculated pigs had evidence of infection. No infection occurred in any of the susceptible pigs in the same room, but separated from the infected pigs, indicating that strict biosecurity measures were sufficient under these experimental conditions to prevent virus transmission. However, viral RNA was detected in the nasal swabs of one group of pigs, but apparently not at sufficient levels to cause clinical disease. Vaccination led to a significant decrease in viral RNA in vaccinated pigs compared to unvaccinated and infected pigs, even with this heterologous challenge, and could therefore be considered as a control option during outbreaks.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/virology
Fulltext A VLP-based vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah virus challenge following multiple-dose or single-dose vaccination schedules in a hamster model

Walpita P, Cong Y, Jahrling PB, Rojas O, Postnikova E, Yu S, et al.

NPJ Vaccines, 2017;2:21.
PMID: 29263876 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0023-7

Nipah virus is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that was first recognized in Malaysia during an outbreak in 1998. During this outbreak, Nipah virus infection caused a severe febrile neurological disease in humans who worked in close contact with infected pigs. The case fatality rate in humans was approximately 40%. Since 2001, NiV has re-emerged in Bangladesh and India where fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) have been identified as the principal reservoir of the virus. Transmission to humans is considered to be bat-to-human via food contaminated with bat saliva, or consumption of contaminated raw date palm sap, although human-to-human transmission of Nipah virus has also been documented. To date, there are no approved prophylactic options or treatment for NiV infection. In this study, we produced mammalian cell-derived native Nipah virus-like particles composed of Nipah virus G, F and M proteins for use as a novel Nipah virus vaccine. Previous studies demonstrated that the virus-like particles were structurally similar to authentic virus, functionally assembled and immunoreactive. In the studies reported here, purified Nipah virus-like particles were utilized either alone or with adjuvant to vaccinate golden Syrian hamsters with either three-dose or one-dose vaccination regimens followed by virus challenge. These studies found that Nipah virus-like particle immunization of hamsters induced significant neutralizing antibody titers and provided complete protection to all vaccinated animals following either single or three-dose vaccine schedules. These studies prove the feasibility of a virus-like particle-based vaccine for protection against Nipah virus infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
Fulltext A child with coated tonsils

Appannan VR, Mohamad I, Ramli RR, Johan KB

Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(1):55-56.
PMID: 29796214 MyJurnal

A 5-year-old girl presented with a history of
fever for four days associated with odynophagia.
She was treated with amoxycillin prescribed
by a general practitioner for 3 days prior to
presentation. However, the symptoms were
worsening and associated with drooling of
saliva and poor oral intake. There was history
of recurrent acute tonsillitis in the past two
years, with 5 to 6 episodes per year. The child
had completed regular immunizations up to her
current age. There was no similar presentation
amongst family members and friends. (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
Fulltext A comparative analysis of the influence of human salivary enzymes on odorant concentration in three palm wines

Lasekan O

Molecules, 2013 Sep 25;18(10):11809-23.
PMID: 24071987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011809

The influence of human salivary enzymes on palm wines' odorant concentrations were investigated by the application of aroma extracts dilution analysis (AEDA) and by the calculation of odour activity values (OAVs), respectively. The odorants were quantified by means of stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA), and the degradation profiles of odorants by human saliva were also studied. Results revealed 46 odour-active compounds in the flavour dilution (FD) factor range of 4-256, and all were subsequently identified. Of the 46 odorants, 41 were identified in the Elaeis guineensis wine, 36 in Raphia hookeri wine and 29 in Borassus flabellifer wine. Among the odorants, the highest FD-factors were obtained from acetoin, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine. Among the 13 potent odorants identified, five aroma compounds are reported here as important contributors to palm wine aroma, namely 3-isobutyl-2-methoxy-pyrazine, acetoin, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 3-methylbutylacetate and ethyl hexanoate. Meanwhile, salivary enzymic degradation of odorants was more pronounced among the aldehydes, esters and thiols.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/enzymology*; Saliva/chemistry
Fulltext A food bolus obstructing the oesophagus in a patient with infantile cerebral palsy

Vong, K.S., Mohamad, I., Salim, R.

Malaysian Family Physician, 2018;13(1):34-36.
MyJurnal

Introduction: A foreign body (FB) in the upper aerodigestive tract is a fairly common encounter.
Fish bones are the commonest FB seen in adults. The commonest presentation is odynophagia.
Usually, the patient will point at the level of FB on the neck to indicate the location.
Methods: Clinical report.
Results: This case report describes a large FB in an adult with underlying infantile cerebral palsy.
Besides dysphagia, it was associated with drooling of saliva and pain in the throat region.
Conclusion: FB ingestion with complete obstruction of the oesophagus is an emergency. It may
cause total dysphagia as the passage of food is completely blocked.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
Fulltext A food bolus obstructing the oesophagus in a patient with infantile cerebral palsy

Vong KS, Mohamad I, Salim R

Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(1):34-36.
PMID: 29796208

Introduction: A foreign body (FB) in the upper aerodigestive tract is a fairly common encounter. Fish bones are the commonest FB seen in adults. The commonest presentation is odynophagia. Usually, the patient will point at the level of FB on the neck to indicate the location.

Methods: Clinical report.

Results: This case report describes a large FB in an adult with underlying infantile cerebral palsy. Besides dysphagia, it was associated with drooling of saliva and pain in the throat region.

Conclusion: FB ingestion with complete obstruction of the oesophagus is an emergency. It may cause total dysphagia as the passage of food is completely blocked.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
Fulltext A new member of the Pteropine Orthoreovirus species isolated from fruit bats imported to Italy

Lorusso A, Teodori L, Leone A, Marcacci M, Mangone I, Orsini M, et al.

Infect Genet Evol, 2015 Mar;30:55-58.
PMID: 25497353 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.006

A novel member of the Pteropine Orthoreovirus species has been isolated and sequenced for the whole genome from flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) imported to Italy from Indonesia. The new isolate named Indonesia/2010 is genetically similar to Melaka virus which has been the first virus of this species to be shown to be responsible for human respiratory disease. Our findings highlight the importance of flying foxes as vectors of potentially zoonotic viruses and the biological hazard that lies in the import of animals from geographical areas that are ecologically diverse from Europe.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/virology
Fulltext A novel microfluidic compact disc to investigate electrochemical property changes between artificial and real salivary samples mixed with mouthwashes using electrical impedance analysis

Thiha A, Ibrahim F, Joseph K, Petrović B, Kojić S, Dahlan NA, et al.

PLoS One, 2023;18(2):e0280381.
PMID: 36795661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280381

Diagnosing oral diseases at an early stage may lead to better preventive treatments, thus reducing treatment burden and costs. This paper introduces a systematic design of a microfluidic compact disc (CD) consisting of six unique chambers that run simultaneously from sample loading, holding, mixing and analysis. In this study, the electrochemical property changes between real saliva and artificial saliva mixed with three different types of mouthwashes (i.e. chlorhexidine-, fluoride- and essential oil (Listerine)-based mouthwashes) were investigated using electrical impedance analysis. Given the diversity and complexity of patient's salivary samples, we investigated the electrochemical impedance property of healthy real saliva mixed with different types of mouthwashes to understand the different electrochemical property which could be a foundation for diagnosis and monitoring of oral diseases. On the other hand, electrochemical impedance property of artificial saliva, a commonly used moisturizing agent and lubricant for the treatment of xerostomia or dry mouth syndrome was also studied. The findings indicate that artificial saliva and fluoride-based mouthwash showed higher conductance values compared to real saliva and two other different types of mouthwashes. The ability of our new microfluidic CD platform to perform multiplex processes and detection of electrochemical property of different types of saliva and mouthwashes is a fundamental concept for future research on salivary theranostics using point-of-care microfluidic CD platform.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/chemistry; Saliva, Artificial/chemistry
Fulltext A point-of-care test for measles diagnosis: detection of measles-specific IgM antibodies and viral nucleic acid

Warrener L, Slibinskas R, Chua KB, Nigatu W, Brown KE, Sasnauskas K, et al.

Bull World Health Organ, 2011 Sep 01;89(9):675-82.
PMID: 21897488 DOI: 10.2471/BLT.11.088427

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a newly developed point-of-care test (POCT) for the detection of measles-specific IgM antibodies in serum and oral fluid specimens and to assess if measles virus nucleic acid could be recovered from used POCT strips.
METHODS: The POCT was used to test 170 serum specimens collected through measles surveillance or vaccination programmes in Ethiopia, Malaysia and the Russian Federation: 69 were positive for measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, 74 were positive for rubella IgM antibodies and 7 were positive for both. Also tested were 282 oral fluid specimens from the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) surveillance programme of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Microimmune measles IgM capture enzyme immunoassay was the gold standard for comparison. A panel of 24 oral fluids was used to investigate if measles virus haemagglutinin (H) and nucleocapsid (N) genes could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction directly from used POCT strips.
FINDINGS: With serum POCT showed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.8% (69/76) and 93.6% (88/94), respectively; with oral fluids, sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (63/70) and 96.2% (200/208), respectively. Both H and N genes were reliably detected in POCT strips and the N genes could be sequenced for genotyping. Measles virus genes could be recovered from POCT strips after storage for 5 weeks at 20-25 °C.
CONCLUSION: The POCT has the sensitivity and specificity required of a field-based test for measles diagnosis. However, its role in global measles control programmes requires further evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/virology*
Fulltext A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of Getah virus

Sam SS, Teoh BT, Chee CM, Mohamed-Romai-Noor NA, Abd-Jamil J, Loong SK, et al.

Sci Rep, 2018 12 05;8(1):17632.
PMID: 30518924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36043-6

Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is an emerging animal pathogen causing outbreaks among racehorses and pigs. Early detection of the GETV infection is essential for timely implementation of disease prevention and control interventions. Thus, a rapid and accurate nucleic acid detection method for GETV is highly needed. Here, two TaqMan minor groove binding (MGB) probe-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays were developed. The qRT-PCR primers and TaqMan MGB probe were designed based on the conserved region of nsP1 and nsP2 genes of 23 GETV genome sequences retrieved from GenBank. Only the qRT-PCR assay using nsP2-specific primers and probe detected all two Malaysia GETV strains (MM2021 and B254) without cross-reacting with other closely related arboviruses. The qRT-PCR assay detected as few as 10 copies of GETV RNA, but its detection limit at the 95% probability level was 63.25 GETV genome copies (probit analysis, P ≤ 0.05). Further validation of the qRT-PCR assay using 16 spiked simulated clinical specimens showed 100% for both sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the qRT-PCR assay developed in this study is useful for rapid, sensitive and specific detection and quantification of GETV.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/virology
A review of recent advances in microsampling techniques of biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring

Tey HY, See HH

J Chromatogr A, 2021 Jan 04;1635:461731.
PMID: 33285415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461731

Conventional sampling of biological fluids often involves a bulk quantity of samples that are tedious to collect, deliver and process. Miniaturized sampling approaches have emerged as promising tools for sample collection due to numerous advantages such as minute sample size, patient friendliness and ease of shipment. This article reviews the applications and advances of microsampling techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), covering the period January 2015 - August 2020. As whole blood is the gold standard sampling matrix for TDM, this article comprehensively highlights the most historical microsampling technique, the dried blood spot (DBS), and its development. Advanced developments of DBS, ranging from various automation DBS, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), 3D dried blood spheroids and volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini) are discussed. The volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) approach, which overcomes the hematocrit effect associated with the DBS sample, has been employed in recent TDM. The sample collection and sample preparation details in DBS and VAMS are outlined and summarized. This review also delineates the involvement of other biological fluids (plasma, urine, breast milk and saliva) and their miniaturized dried matrix forms in TDM. Specific features and challenges of each microsampling technique are identified and comparison studies are reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
A simple method to prevent bony contamination with amalgam during retrograde root canal filling

Awang MN

J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1988 Nov;46(11):1022.
PMID: 3183803
Matched MeSH terms: Saliva*
A simple, safe, and effective surgical technique for the treatment of post-traumatic parotid sialocoele

Asha'ari ZA, Razali MS, Leman WI, Ahmad A

Malays J Med Sci, 2014 Jan;21(1):72-4.
PMID: 24639617

Post-traumatic parotid sialocoele is a subcutaneous extravasation of saliva from the parotid gland secondary to traumatic disruption of its duct or parenchyma. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the best therapy for parotid sialocoele, as it is resistant to conservative management. The present paper puts forward a relatively simple, safe and effective technique for the treatment of parotid sialocoele, specifically a peroral drainage technique. The results justify our recommendation to use this approach for the treatment of sialocoele.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
A study into salivary-based measurement of human stress subjected to Ellestad stress test protocol

Lee YK, Za'aba A, Madzhi NK, Ahmad A

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2009;2009:765-8.
PMID: 19964239 DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333674

Previous works on the effects of salivary alpha amylase in respond to various stressors report encouraging findings on it being a good indicator of stress. Ellestad protocol is a clinical procedure to screen for coronary artery disease by introducing exercise induced physical stress. If a salivary based biomarker profile in accordance to a stress test protocol could be established, the critical stress state which disable rational decision making could be ascertained in a standardized procedure. This technique would serve to aid human resource management in times of critical events such as rescue, firefighting or even military, that would potentially prevent unnecessary sacrifice of human lives. In this pilot study with five healthy volunteers performing the Ellestad protocol treadmill, a measurement profile with physiologic and salivary based biomarker is obtained. It is found that the alpha amylase levels or the changes in it as workload changes from resting-walking-running at ease-exhaustive running, is relatively more significant in reflecting the stress state than heart rate and blood pressure. Moreover, it is strongly associated with mood state with correlation coefficient of 0.8 and significance of 0.01.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/metabolism*
A synopsis of the origins and function of dental plaque and pellicle

Park AW, Yaacob HB

J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 1994 Sep;36(3):157-74.
PMID: 7989958
Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/chemistry
A systematic review on Chinese herbal treatment for radiotherapy-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients

Nik Nabil WN, Lim RJ, Chan SY, Lai NM, Liew AC

Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2018 Feb;30:6-13.
PMID: 29389481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.10.004

BACKGROUND: Over 80% of head and neck cancer patients suffer from radiotherapy-induced xerostomia (dry mouth). Xerostomia affects cancer patients' quality of life, and xerostomia sometimes persists throughout the patients' lifetime. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbs in relieving radiotherapy induced xerostomia.
METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted on 6 databases (English and Chinese). Studies published up till May 2017 were considered for inclusion.
RESULTS: A final 14 RCTs (total 994 head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy) compared Chinese herbs with no herbs, were included in analysis. Very low to moderate quality of evidence found Chinese herbal treatment may relief radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and other related complications (such as oral mucositis and loss of appetite) in head and neck cancer patients.
CONCLUSION: There is limited evidence that Chinese herbal treatment may relief radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and other related complications in head and neck cancer patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE COMMON CAUSES OF BLOODSTAIN DETERIORATION. II. EFFECT OF PERSPIRATION AND SALIVA ON BLOOD GROUPING

SINGH S, KUNG TT

Med J Malaysia, 1964 Jun;18:262-8.
PMID: 14199444
Matched MeSH terms: Saliva*
Aberrant proteins featured in the saliva of habitual betel quid chewers: an indication of early oral premalignancy?

Jessie K, Jayapalan JJ, Rahim ZH, Hashim OH

Electrophoresis, 2014 Dec;35(24):3504-11.
PMID: 25223738 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400252

Prolonged chewing of betel quid is known to cause oral diseases, including cancer. The present study was performed to screen for aberrant proteins in the saliva of habitual betel quid chewers compared to nonchewers. Saliva of female subjects (n = 10) who had been chewing betel quid for more than 20 years and nonbetel quid chewers (n = 10) of the same gender and range of age was analyzed by gel-based proteomics. Increased structural microheterogeneity of saliva haptoglobin beta chains indicated by shifts of focused spots similar to that earlier reported in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and their relatively higher abundance compared to nonbetel quid chewers, were detected in saliva protein profiles of all chewers. In addition, the majority of the betel quid chewers also showed significant higher abundance of hemopexin, alpha-1B glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, complement C3, and transthyretin. These proteins had previously been associated with several different cancers. Our data demonstrated different forms of protein aberration in the saliva of betel quid chewers, which may be indicative of early oral precancerous conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/chemistry*; Salivary Proteins and Peptides/analysis*; Salivary Proteins and Peptides/chemistry
Aberrant proteins in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Jessie K, Jayapalan JJ, Ong KC, Abdul Rahim ZH, Zain RM, Wong KT, et al.

Electrophoresis, 2013 Sep;34(17):2495-502.
PMID: 23784731 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300107

Confirmation of oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) currently relies on histological analysis, which does not provide clear indication of cancer development from precancerous lesions. In the present study, whole saliva proteins of patients with OSCC (n = 12) and healthy subjects (n = 12) were separated by 2DE to identify potential candidate biomarkers that are much needed to improve detection of the cancer. The OSCC patients' 2DE saliva protein profiles appeared unique and different from those obtained from the healthy subjects. The patients' saliva α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and haptoglobin (HAP) β chains were resolved into polypeptide spots with increased microheterogeneity, although these were not apparent in their sera. Their 2DE protein profiles also showed presence of hemopexin and α-1B glycoprotein, which were not detected in the profiles of the control saliva. When subjected to densitometry analysis, significant altered levels of AAT, complement C3, transferrin, transthyretin, and β chains of fibrinogen and HAP were detected. The increased levels of saliva AAT, HAP, complement C3, hemopexin, and transthyretin in the OSCC patients were validated by ELISA. The strong association of AAT and HAP with OSCC was further supported by immunohistochemical staining of cancer tissues. The differently expressed saliva proteins may be useful complementary biomarkers for the early detection and/or monitoring of OSCC, although this requires validation in clinically representative populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva/metabolism*; Salivary Proteins and Peptides/metabolism*; Salivary Proteins and Peptides/chemistry
Active human Herpesvirus-6 infections and associated diseases

Yadav, M.

Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1991;3(1):11-22.
MyJurnal

Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infections are ubiquitous in human populations with an antibody prevalence of 30-85 percent in normal adults. The virus in vivo infects T-lympho-cytes, at various stages of differentiation and is cytopathic to host cell during productive infection. In culture the virus is pleiotropic for several established cell lines including T and B lymphocytes, macrophages and neural cells. Primary viral infection occurs mostly in early childhood. The saliva is the primary source of infection. The infection remains clinically silent in majority but it establishes a lifelong latent presence. However, in about 30 percent of infants, probably a varient HHV-6, causes exanthem subitum (roseola infantum). If the primary infection of HHV-6 is delayed until adolescence it is accompanied by clinical manifestation of an Epstein-Barr virus like infectious mononucleosis in some individuals. Depressed host immune functions may reactivate the latent HHV-6 infection and further aggravation of the primary disease. Since the virus is cytopathic to the host cell the presence of HHV-6 in AIDS patients and other lympholiferative disorders may increase the severity and pathogenicity of the primary disease. Antibodies to the HHV-6 are enhanced in autoimmune disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, progressive lymphoroliferative disorders and organ transplant patients on immunosuppressive drugs therapy. While considerable basic immunovirological information has been obtained in the last 4 years, large gaps in knowledge still exist on the biologic interaction of HHV-6 with the host.

Matched MeSH terms: Saliva

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