Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 44 in total

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  1. Mechanical Ventilation Discontinuation Practices in Asia: A Multinational Survey
    Leung CHC, Lee A, Arabi YM, Phua J, Divatia JV, Koh Y, et al.
    Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2021 08;18(8):1352-1359.
    PMID: 33284738 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202008-968OC
    Rationale: There are limited data on mechanical discontinuation practices in Asia. Objectives: To document self-reported mechanical discontinuation practices and determine whether there is clinical equipoise regarding protocolized weaning among Asian Intensive Care specialists. Methods: A survey using a validated questionnaire, distributed using a snowball method to Asian Intensive Care specialists. Results: Of the 2,967 invited specialists from 20 territories, 2,074 (69.9%) took part. The majority of respondents (60.5%) were from China. Of the respondents, 42% worked in intensive care units (ICUs) where respiratory therapists were present; 78.9% used a spontaneous breathing trial as the initial weaning step; 44.3% frequently/always used pressure support (PS) alone, 53.4% intermittent spontaneous breathing trials with PS in between, and 19.8% synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with PS as a weaning mode. Of the respondents, 56.3% routinely stopped feeds before extubation, 71.5% generally followed a sedation protocol or guideline, and 61.8% worked in an ICU with a weaning protocol. Of these, 78.2% frequently always followed the protocol. A multivariate analysis involving a modified Poisson regression analysis showed that working in an ICU with a weaning protocol and frequently/always following it was positively associated with an upper-middle-income territory, a university-affiliated hospital, or in an ICU that employed respiratory therapists; and negatively with a low-income or lower-middle-income territory or a public hospital. There was no significant association with "in-house" intensivist at night, multidisciplinary ICU, closed ICU, or nurse-patient ratio. There was heterogeneity in agreement/disagreement with the statement, "evidence clearly supports protocolized weaning over nonprotocolized weaning." Conclusions: A substantial minority of Asian Intensive Care specialists do not wean patients in accordance with the best available evidence or current guidelines. There is clinical equipoise regarding the benefit of protocolized weaning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ventilator Weaning*
  2. The slow ape: High infant survival and long interbirth intervals in wild orangutans
    van Noordwijk MA, Utami Atmoko SS, Knott CD, Kuze N, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Oram F, et al.
    J Hum Evol, 2018 12;125:38-49.
    PMID: 30502896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.004
    Orangutans (Pongo spp.) are reported to have extremely slow life histories, including the longest average interbirth intervals of all mammals. Such slow life history can be viable only when unavoidable mortality is kept low. Thus, orangutans' survivorship under natural conditions is expected to be extremely high. Previous estimates of orangutan life history were based on captive individuals living under very different circumstances or on small samples from wild populations. Here, we combine birth data from seven field sites, each with demographic data collection for at least 10 years (range 12-43 years) on wild orangutans to better document their life history. Using strict criteria for data inclusion, we calculated infant survival, interbirth intervals and female age at first reproduction, across species, subspecies and islands. We found an average closed interbirth interval of 7.6 years, as well as consistently very high pre-weaning survival for males and females. Female survival of 94% until age at first birth (at around age 15 years) was higher than reported for any other mammal species under natural conditions. Similarly, annual survival among parous females is very high, but longevity remains to be estimated. Current data suggest no major life history differences between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. The high offspring survival is remarkable, noting that modern human populations seem to have reached the same level of survival only in the 20th century. The orangutans' slow life history illustrates what can be achieved if a hominoid bauplan is exposed to low unavoidable mortality. Their high survival is likely due to their arboreal and non-gregarious lifestyle, and has allowed them to maintain viable populations, despite living in low-productivity habitats. However, their slow life history also implies that orangutans are highly vulnerable to a catastrophic population crash in the face of drastic habitat change.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning*
  3. Fulltext Tenderness and cooking loss in meat of male dorper sheep weaned at different ages
    Norhayati, Z., Wan Zahari, M., Shanmugavelu, S., Dzulfazly, A.
    Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2019;31(1):43-44.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to evaluate the meat quality of Dorper sheep weaned at different ages. 3 cuts of sirloin from 3 animals in each treatment groups were used in this study. 9 lambs were grouped into 3 different weaning groups (G1,G2, G3) of 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively. G3 was served as control group based on current practice. When the animals reached the age of 270 days, 3 out of 9 lambs from each of the treated groups were slaughtered for meat quality analysis. Results from this study shows no significant (P
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  4. Fulltext Enhancement of growth performance in pre-weaning suckling Boer kids supplemented with creep feed containing alfalfa
    Htoo NN, Khaing AT, Abba Y, Htin NN, Abdullah JF, Kyaw T, et al.
    Vet World, 2015 Jun;8(6):718-22.
    PMID: 27065636 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.718-722
    This study examined the effects of creep feed (CF) supplementation (with or without Alfalfa) on the pre-weaning growth performance of nursing goat kids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  5. Nutrient intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pre- and post-weaning Dorper lambs fed varying crude protein level
    Panadi M, Mat K, Rahman MM, Khan MAKG, Balakrishnan M, Rusli ND
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2021 Oct 13;53(5):515.
    PMID: 34647184 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02953-3
    The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of varying crude protein (CP) levels on intake, growth performances and nutrient digestibility of Dorper lambs at pre- and post-weaning period. Twenty lambs at 7 days old with an initial body weight of 2.91 kg were individually penned and randomly assigned into four (4) dietary groups using a randomised complete block design. In Trial I, pre-weaning lambs were fed with creep feeding (CF) diet containing 14% crude protein (CP) as a control diet (CON14), 16% (CF16), 18% (CF18) and 20% (CF20) of CP for 84 days. Following Trial 1, the animals were fed with a growing ration (GR) diet for 96-day feeding trial. The diets consisted of 11% CP as a control diet (CON11), 14% (GR14), 16% (GR16) and 18% (GR18) of CP. The water was available ad libitum and the feed intake was measured daily by the difference of feed offered and refused. The increase of CP level resulted in a linear increase of dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and average daily gain (ADG) in pre- and post-weaning lambs. The DMI (g/day) of lambs fed with CF20 (1059.92) was significantly higher (p  0.05) compared to those fed with CF16 (217.95). For post-weaning lambs, GR16 had significantly higher ADG than CON11 (43.14), but it was no difference with GR14 (72.94) and GR18 (69.41). However, increased CP level resulted in linear increase of DM, ash, organic matter (OM) and CP digestibility. The present finding suggested that the optimum CP level for pre- and post-weaning Dorper lambs in Malaysia was 16% and 14%, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  6. Modified rapid shallow breathing index adjusted with anthropometric parameters increases predictive power for extubation failure compared with the unmodified index in postcardiac surgery patients
    Takaki S, Kadiman SB, Tahir SS, Ariff MH, Kurahashi K, Goto T
    J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2015 Feb;29(1):64-8.
    PMID: 25620140 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.06.022
    The aim of this study was to determine the best predictors of successful extubation after cardiac surgery, by modifying the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) based on patients' anthropometric parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ventilator Weaning/adverse effects; Ventilator Weaning/methods*
  7. Fulltext Growth performance, plasma Fatty acids, villous height and crypt depth of preweaning piglets fed with medium chain triacylglycerol
    Chwen LT, Foo HL, Thanh NT, Choe DW
    Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2013 May;26(5):700-4.
    PMID: 25049841 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12561
    A study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding medium chain triacylglycerol (MCT) on growth performance, plasma fatty acids, villus height and crypt depth in preweaning piglets. A total of 150 new born piglets were randomly assigned into one of three treatments: i) Control (no MCT); ii) MCT with milk (MCT+milk); iii) MCT without milk (MCT+fasting). Body weight, plasma fatty acid profiles, villus height and crypt depth were measured. Final BW for the Control and MCT+fasting was lower (p<0.05) than MCT+milk. The piglets fed with MCT regardless of milk provision or fasting had greater medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) than the Control. In contrast, the Control had greater long chain fatty acid (LCFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) than the MCT piglets. The piglets fed with MCT regardless of milk provision or fasting had higher villus height for the duodenum and jejunum after 6 h of feeding. Similar observations were found in piglets fed with MCT after 6 and 8 days of treatment. This study showed that feeding MCT to the piglets before weaning improved growth performance, with a greater concentration of MCT in blood plasma as energy source and a greater height of villus in duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  8. Breastfeeding and waiting time to conception for Malay women: a tale of two surveys
    VanLandingham M
    Soc Biol, 1993 1 1;40(3-4):215-23.
    PMID: 8178190
    This study investigates the unusual relationship between breastfeeding and waiting time to conception in Malaysia as reported in Goldman et al. (1987). Using data from the Malaysian World Fertility Survey (MWFS), Goldman and her colleagues (1987) find that noncontracepting Malaysian women have an unusually long waiting time to conception, given their relatively short durations of breastfeeding. This study provides a similar analysis using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS) and finds a more typical relationship. I conclude that the distinction between full and partial breastfeeding made to respondents of the MFLS probably led to more reliable responses to questions about breastfeeding duration, especially for women who breastfeed for long durations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  9. Fulltext An infant with kwashiorkor: the forgotten disease
    Nurjasmine Aida Jaman, Nor Azam Kamaruzaman, Abdul Hadi Said
    Malaysian Family Physician, 2020;15(2):46-49.
    MyJurnal
    Undernutrition remains a major public health concern, especially in developing countries. Despite
    being rich in resources, Malaysia is still home to children sufering from severe undernutrition.
    Tis paper presents the case of a 5-month-old boy with kwashiorkor stemming from improper
    weaning which was overlooked. Tis case highlights the importance of recognizing the early signs of
    kwashiorkor to allow for early referrals for proper management and prevent its possible complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  10. Fulltext The effects of nicotine on foetal loss, postnatal growth and plasma oestrogen and progesterone levels in rats
    Siti Norashikin Mohd Tambeh, Sumitabha Ghosh, Mohd Hamim Rajikin
    Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2019;4(2):75-81.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the effects of nicotine on foetal loss,
    postnatal growth and corresponding levels of oestrogen and progesterone in pregnant rats.
    Methods: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine tartrate (7.5 mg/kg/day) was administered to
    groups of pregnant rats; with treatment scheduled from day 1 through day 5, day 5 through
    day 9 or day 1 through day 9 of pregnancy. On day 10 of pregnancy, laparotomy was
    performed to count the number of blastocyst implantation sites. During parturition, the
    number of viable pups was recounted and statistically compared with the controls. One
    group of rats which received nicotine from day 1 through day 9 of pregnancy was sacrificed
    on day 16 of pregnancy, and circulating levels of oestrogen and progesterone were
    measured. Upon delivery, the birth weight of the pups was measured, and their weights were
    recorded until weaning. Results: There was a significant increase in foetal loss particularly in
    rats which received nicotine from day 5 through day 9 and from day 1 through day 9 of
    pregnancy. There was also significantly lower birth weight of pups in all groups; however,
    this pattern did not continue until weaning. Plasma oestrogen level was significantly elevated
    with a significant decrease in the plasma progesterone level. Conclusions: Nicotine
    administration during pregnancy showed an increase in foetal loss with a corresponding
    increase in oestrogen and decrease in progesterone levels. Although the birth weight of the
    pups was low, there was catch-up growth in the pups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  11. Knowledge and practice concerning the use of oral rehydration salts among mothers living in urban slum areas of Kuala Lumpur
    Osman A
    Family Physician, 1991;3:28-30.
    A study was conducted in an urban slum area of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, to determine the health status of the children under 6 years old and the knowledge and practice associated with diarrhoeal diseases and use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) among mothers in the area. It was seen that the health status of the children was poor with one fifth of them born underweight, 33% experiencing more than 6 spells of illness per year and a high percentage of them suffering from diarrhoeal diseases (4.3%). Child care practice was associated with urban lifestyles with early weaning, short term breast-feeding and early introduction of solid and bottle feeding. Knowledge and practice of mothers concerning child care was inadequate to support healthy living. Knowledge of diarrhoeal diseases and the effectivenss of oral rehydration salts was poor. Only 47.7% of mothers knew about ORS and 27.8% ever used it when their chidlren suffered from diarrhoea. Health care system dependence was shown by the high percentage of mothers immediately bringing to a doctor's attention (75.6%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  12. Fulltext A case report of airway stenting in tracheal compression secondary to right subclavian artery pseudo-aneurysm
    Muhammad Naimmuddin Abdul Azih, Aishah Ibrahim, How, Soon Hin, Kuan, Yeh Chunn
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(1):141-144.
    MyJurnal
    We report a 55-year old lady with the presentation of stridor and type II respiratory failure requiring tracheal intubation. She had right Horner’s syndrome associated with pleural effusion. Her chest radiograph revealed right upper zone lobulated opacities and therefore right Pancoast tumor was the initial diagnosis. However, her CECT thorax revealed a huge right subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm with severe tracheal compression. This rare condition imposed a significant diagnostic as well as therapeutic challenge. Vascular surgery is the definitive treatment but it is associated with high risks. The exact role of rigid bronchoscopy for airway stenting is unknown due to limited evidence available. Indeed, this form of central airway obstruction may benefit from temporary tracheal stenting whilst the surgical repair of the lesion is planned. It may facilitate early weaning and allows less complicated airway control.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  13. An infant with kwashiorkor: The forgotten disease
    Kamaruzaman NA, Jamani NA, Said AH
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(2):46-49.
    PMID: 32843945
    Undernutrition remains a major public health concern, especially in developing countries. Despite being rich in resources, Malaysia is still home to children suffering from severe undernutrition. This paper presents the case of a 5-month-old boy with kwashiorkor stemming from improper weaning which was overlooked. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the early signs of kwashiorkor to allow for early referrals for proper management and prevent its possible complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  14. Fulltext Breastfeeding and weaning practices in rural communities of Kelantan
    Ahmad Z, Daw W, Isa A
    Malays J Nutr, 1996 Sep;2(2):148-54.
    PMID: 22692137 MyJurnal
    A survey of infant-feeding and weaning practices of 566 mothers, systematically sampled from 15 rural villages, randomly selected in the district of Tumpat, Kelantan was carried out. Almost all mothers (97.3%) breastfed their children, reinforcing the previously reported high incidence of breast-feeding among rural Malaysian mothers. One hundred and seventeen (21.3%) of the 551 children breastfed were also given mixed feeding with infant fomulae as well. Weaning started before 4 months of age in 28.3% of the children and after 6 months of age in 12.8% of the children. The 3 most common type of food used in weaning were Nestum (45.0%), rice porridge or paste (42.6%) and wheat porridge or cakes (11.5%). Forty eight children (12.1%) discontinued breastfeeding once weaning was initiated. The main reasons for initiating weaning was mothers' perception that there was insufficient milk and that the child was always hungry (55.7%). Most mothers were also given advice by the health clinic staff on weaning, including the timing and the suitable weaning foods to give. All of the mothers were able to name at least one commercial weaning food product available in their community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  15. The health of the European child in Singapore and Malaya [duplicate2]
    Gordon GAC
    Malayan Medical Journal, 1928;3:32-40.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  16. Fulltext Factors Related to Early Recurrence of Idiopathic Clubfoot Post the Ponseti Method
    Limpaphayom N, Sailohit P
    Malays Orthop J, 2019 Nov;13(3):28-33.
    PMID: 31890107 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1911.005
    Introduction: Idiopathic clubfoot or congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is managed by the Ponseti method worldwide; however, the recurrence of the deformity is a challenging problem. The purpose was to review the factors associated with early recurrence of CTEV post the Ponseti method. Materials and Methods: During 2011-2016, 34 infants with 52 CTEV, who underwent the Ponseti method and a minimum follow-up period of six months, were reviewed. Twenty-two infants (65%) were male, and 18 infants (53%) had bilateral CTEV. Recurrence of CTEV was defined as a reappearance of at least one of the four components of the deformity. The association between recurrence and factors, including age, gender, bilaterality, family geography, type of principal caregiver, severity at presentation, centre where the Ponseti method was initiated, compliance to foot abduction brace (FAB), practice of stretching exercise, type of FAB, and complications of casting, were evaluated using univariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The median age at initiation of the treatment was 3.4 (IQR; 2.1-12.6) weeks. A median of six (range; 3-12) casts were required. Tenotomy was performed in 32/34 (94%) of cases. Recurrence occurred in 14/52 feet (27%) at an average follow-up period of 2.3±1.1 years. Non-compliance to FAB protocol began at an average age of 11.2±6.5 months, and significantly increased the risk of recurrence during the weaning phase [OR (95%CI)=8.4 (1.2-92.4), p=0.03]. Other factors were not associated with the recurrence. Conclusion: Non-compliance to FAB occurred early during the treatment and related to a risk of recurrence of CTEV. Physicians should encourage the parents and/or guardians to follow the protocol to decrease the risk of recurrence.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  17. Fulltext How Infants and Young Children Learn About Food: A Systematic Review
    Mura Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, Houston-Price C
    Front Psychol, 2017;8:1046.
    PMID: 28790935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046
    Early childhood is a critical time for establishing food preferences and dietary habits. In order for appropriate advice to be available to parents and healthcare professionals it is essential for researchers to understand the ways in which children learn about foods. This review summarizes the literature relating to the role played by known developmental learning processes in the establishment of early eating behavior, food preferences and general knowledge about food, and identifies gaps in our knowledge that remain to be explored. A systematic literature search identified 48 papers exploring how young children learn about food from the start of complementary feeding to 36 months of age. The majority of the papers focus on evaluative components of children's learning about food, such as their food preferences, liking and acceptance. A smaller number of papers focus on other aspects of what and how children learn about food, such as a food's origins or appropriate eating contexts. The review identified papers relating to four developmental learning processes: (1) Familiarization to a food through repeated exposure to its taste, texture or appearance. This was found to be an effective technique for learning about foods, especially for children at the younger end of our age range. (2) Observational learning of food choice. Imitation of others' eating behavior was also found to play an important role in the first years of life. (3) Associative learning through flavor-nutrient and flavor-flavor learning (FFL). Although the subject of much investigation, conditioning techniques were not found to play a major role in shaping the food preferences of infants in the post-weaning and toddler periods. (4) Categorization of foods. The direct effects of the ability to categorize foods have been little studied in this age group. However, the literature suggests that what infants are willing to consume depends on their ability to recognize items on their plate as familiar exemplars of that food type.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  18. Fulltext High-dose ulinastatin improves postoperative oxygenation in patients undergoing aortic valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: A retrospective study
    Rhee KY, Sung TY, Kim JD, Kang H, Mohamad N, Kim TY
    J Int Med Res, 2018 Mar;46(3):1238-1248.
    PMID: 29332409 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517746841
    Objective To determine whether pre-treatment with high-dose ulinastatin provides enhanced postoperative oxygenation in patients who have undergone aortic valve surgery with moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Patients who underwent aortic valve surgery with moderate hypothermic CPB were retrospectively evaluated. In total, 94 of 146 patients were included. The patients were classified into one of two groups: patients in whom ulinastatin (10,000 U/kg followed by 5,000 U/kg/h) was administered during CPB (Group U, n = 38) and patients in whom ulinastatin was not administered (Group C, n = 56). The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was calculated at the following time points: before CPB (pre-CPB), 2 h after weaning from CPB (post-CPB), and 6 h after arrival to the intensive care unit (ICU-6). The incidence of a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio was also compared among the time points. Results Group U showed a significantly higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio (F(4, 89.0) = 657.339) and a lower incidence of lung injury (PaO2/FiO2 ratio 
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  19. Fulltext Early experience in endoscopic management of massive intraventricular hemorrhage with literature review
    Idris Z, Raj J, Abdullah JM
    Asian J Neurosurg, 2014 Jul-Sep;9(3):124-9.
    PMID: 25685202 DOI: 10.4103/1793-5482.142731
    Massive intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is nearly always associated with hydrocephalus and is often treated with prolonged external ventricular drainage (EVD); however this procedure can lead to bacterial ventriculitis and meningitis, which can worsen the clinical outcomes. Endoscopic burr hole surgery to remove the hematomas in lateral and third ventricles is an alternative treatment option. We describe the surgical techniques and benefits of endoscopic surgery for acute massive IVH in four patients and discuss the current published literature-related to this condition. Four patients were treated endoscopically for massive IVH. Three patients presented with secondary IVH due to vascular malformation, tumoral bleed and chronic hypertension, while one case presented as massive primary IVH. Endoscopic wash out and removal of hematomas was normally performed together with an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Recombinant factor VIIa was only administered prior to surgery for IVH secondary to vascular malformation and for cases with postoperative rebleeding which required second endoscopic surgery. Weaning from ventilator and EVD commenced on day 4 postoperatively. All treated patients recovered and did not require further shunt surgery. Good outcomes obtained may be related to early removal of hematomas, creation of new cerebrospinal fluid diversion pathway after thorough wash-out, early weaning from ventilator and EVD. Endoscopic surgery is beneficial in treating poor grade IVH with Graeb score of more than 6.
    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
  20. Determinants of Breastfeeding Practices and Success in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population
    Pang WW, Aris IM, Fok D, Soh SE, Chua MC, Lim SB, et al.
    Birth, 2016 Mar;43(1):68-77.
    PMID: 26643773 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12206
    BACKGROUND: Many countries in Asia report low breastfeeding rates and the risk factors for early weaning are not well studied. We assessed the prevalence, duration, and mode of breastfeeding (direct or expressed) among mothers of three Asian ethnic groups.

    METHODS: Participants were 1,030 Singaporean women recruited during early pregnancy. Data collected included early breastfeeding experiences, breastfeeding duration, and mode of breastfeeding. Full breastfeeding was defined as the intake of breast milk, with or without water. Cox regression models were used to identify factors associated with discontinuation of any and full breastfeeding. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association of ethnicity with mode of breastfeeding.

    RESULTS: At 6 months postpartum, the prevalence of any breastfeeding was 46 percent for Chinese mothers, 22 percent for Malay mothers, and 41 percent for Indian mothers; prevalence of full breastfeeding was 11, 2, and 5 percent, respectively. More Chinese mothers fed their infants expressed breast milk, instead of directly breastfeeding them, compared with the other two ethnic groups. Duration of any and full breastfeeding were positively associated with breastfeeding a few hours after birth, higher maternal age and education, and negatively associated with irregular breastfeeding frequency and being shown how to breastfeed. Adjusting for maternal education, breastfeeding duration was similar in the three ethnic groups, but ethnicity remained a significant predictor of mode of breastfeeding.

    CONCLUSIONS: The low rates and duration of breastfeeding in this population may be improved with breastfeeding education and support, especially in mothers with lower education. Further work is needed to understand the cultural differences in mode of feeding and its implications for maternal and infant health.

    Matched MeSH terms: Weaning*
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