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  1. Microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 Showed No Sign of Acute or Sub-chronic Toxicity In Vivo
    Fareez IM, Lim SM, Ramasamy K
    Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 2019 06;11(2):447-459.
    PMID: 30003409 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9442-7
    Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with probiotic properties are useful options for prophylactic and therapeutic applications against gastrointestinal diseases. The safety of probiotics should, however, be verified before incorporation into food or drinks. The present study had encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 within microcapsules that could withstand extremely high temperature (up to 100 °C) during pelletisation. The microencapsulated LAB12 were then tested for their acute (single dosing) and sub-chronic (a 90-day feeding) toxicity. For acute toxicity study, six male Sprague-Dawley rats were being administered with a single dose of freeze-dried microencapsulated LAB12 at 11 log CFU/kg BW through oral gavage. No clear treatment-related effects were observed after 14 days. For sub-chronic toxicity study, rodents were randomly divided into four groups (6 rats/sex/group) and treated with 0, 8, 9 and 10 log CFU/kg BW of microencapsulated LAB12 in pellet form. No mortality or treatment-related findings were observed in terms of clinical body weight, water intake, or food consumption. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed in blood and tissue samples. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for microencapsulated LAB12 was 2.5 × 1010 CFU/kg BW for both genders. These results imply that LAB12 are likely non-pathogenic and non-toxic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  2. Fulltext Histopathological changes in the kidney and pancreatic tissues following eight weeks consumption of saffron in high-fat diet induced obese rats
    Maryam Mashmoul, Azrina Azlan, Norhafizah Mohtarrudin, Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof, Huzwah Khaza’ai, Mehdi Farzadnia, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2016;12(1):12-19.
    MyJurnal
    Thirty-six adult male SD rats, weighing 200-250 g were used in this study. Dietary obesity was induced by feeding high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. One group of animal (n=6) served as normal control which received normal diet from the beginning to the end of the study. The other 30 male obese animals induced by HFD were randomly divided into five experimental groups: The group which received high-fat diet considered as a negative control and the other four groups were treated with saffron extract and crocin in low and high dosages of 40 and 80 mg/kg for 8 weeks. At the end of treatment period, kidney and pancreas were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). There were significant histopathological changes, such as tubular degenerative, vascular congestion and interstitial inflammation in the kidney and extensive pancreatic adipose tissue infiltration in high-fat diet rats group when compared with normal control. The results showed less significant histopathological changes of the kidney and also moderate pancreatic adipose tissue infiltration in the groups treated with crocin. Interestingly saffron extract dose-independently displayed significant renal protective effect while a significant decrease in pancreatic adipose tissue infiltration was observed in obese rat treated with high dose of saffron extract (80 mg/kg). From these results, it can be concluded that consumption of saffron extract reduced the untoward effects of high-fat diet in kidney and pancreas of high-fat diet induced obese rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  3. Fulltext Protective effect of Kappaphycus alvarezii on the heart of hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic induced sprague-dawley rats
    Mahadi, M., Eshak, Z., Teoh, Y.C., Ibrahim, A.H., Fauziah, O.
    Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2016;12(1):63-70.
    MyJurnal
    K.alvarezii is a macro algae that claimed to have beneficial effect on reducing risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study investigated the effects of K. alvarezii on the histology of the heart in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic induced rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: normal, negative control, positive control (Captopril 30mg/kg + Simvastatin 2 mg/kg), 5% and 10% K. alvarezii. All groups were fed with NaCl-high fat diet (NaCl-HFD) for 6 weeks except the normal group and treated for 4 weeks after the induction period. The body weight, blood pressure and total cholesterol were measured on week 0, 6 and 10. Body weight, blood pressure and total cholesterol was significantly increased after induction period compared to normal group (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  4. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of star fruit and its effect on serum lipid profiles in rats
    Teh, C.C., Khoo, Z.Y., Khursiah, F., Rao, N.K., Chin, J.H.
    International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):987-994.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different storage conditions of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) juice on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in various organs of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The effect of oral administration of star fruit on serum lipid profiles was also examined in this study. A total of 15 female rats were assigned into three groups with five animals per group (n=5). The first group served as control group and given only distilled water (vehicle) while the other two groups were given different star fruit preparations, i.e. freshly prepared star fruit juice and after 3 hours storage, respectively. From the results obtained, a significant decrease in the hepatic acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in rats treated with star fruit juice. In conclusion, the star fruit juice at different storage conditions is selectively targeted on the acetylcholinesterase activity in rat liver but not in kidney and heart.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  5. Fulltext The effect of piper sarmentosum aqueous extract on buccal ulcer healing
    Md Ismail, N.H., Nik Mohd Alwi N.A.
    JUMMEC, 2019;22(1):13-19.
    MyJurnal
    Oral ulcer is a lesion with multifactorial causes and occurs worldwide. The lesion usually resolved within 14
    days, but the pain may have an impact on the quality of patient’s life. Therefore, having a natural derived
    remedy that can reduce healing time would be a great advantage. This study aims to investigate histological
    sections of buccal ulcer on rats treated with aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum (AEPS). Glacial acetic acid
    was used to induce buccal ulcer on male Sprague Dawley rats. Control group received normal saline while
    the experimental group received AEPS for treatment. On certain days of post-ulcer induction, buccal ulcer
    tissue samples were harvested, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Histological slides
    were examined for inflammation and scored. The inflammation severity reduced from day 2 to day 12. In the
    experimental group there was a statistically significant differences of inflammation score, particularly on day
    2 with a score of (2.8 + 0.2). Neutrophils were less in the experimental group and the tissue debris clearance
    was faster compared to control group. Full reepithelization was observed on both treated tissue sections on
    day 12 with less severe inflammation. Topical application of AEPS is proven to have anti-inflammatory effect
    by reducing the number of neutrophils during inflammation phase of oral ulcer healing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  6. Fulltext Comparison of pathogenesis of P. Berghei infection in mouse and rat models
    Chin, V.K., Chong, W.C., Hassan, H., Zakaria, Z.A., Nordin, N., Basir, R., et al.
    JUMMEC, 2019;22(2):4-12.
    MyJurnal
    Background: The cytokine cascade in the immunopathogenesis of malaria infection had been widely studied.
    However, their specific association with survival and severe infection remained obscure.

    Methods: The study investigated the cytokine profiles and histopathological features of malaria in the severe
    infection and survival models by using male ICR mice and male Sprague Dawley rats respectively.

    Results: The severe model, the infected ICR mice, exhibited a high parasitemia with 100% mortality after
    peak parasitemia at day 5 post-infection. The survival model, the infected Sprague Dawley rats, showed
    mild parasitemia with full recovery by day 14 of infection. Both severe and survival models showed similar
    histopathological severity during peak parasitemia. The severe model produced highly elevated levels of proinflammatory
    cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1α, and low levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4; while the
    survival model showed low levels of TNF-α and IL-1α with high levels of IL-4.

    Conclusion: There were differences in the pathogenesis of the severe and survival models of malaria infection.
    These could be a basis for immunotherapy of malaria in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  7. Fulltext Oral toxicity of arjunolic acid on hematological, biochemical and histopathological investigations in female Sprague Dawley rats
    Aamir K, Khan HU, Hossain CF, Afrin MR, Shaik I, Salleh N, et al.
    PeerJ, 2019;7:e8045.
    PMID: 31772835 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8045
    Background: Arjunolic acid (AA) is a potent phytochemical with wider pharmacological activities. Despite potential medicinal properties on various in vitro and in vivo studies, there is still a dearth of scientific data related to its safety profile and toxicological parameters. The current study aimed to investigate acute toxicity of AA in normal female Sprague Dawley rats.

    Methods: In this study, AA was administered orally at an individual dose of 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight to group 1 and 2 respectively, while group 3 served as normal control. All the animals were observed for 2 weeks to determine any behavioral and physical changes. On day 15, blood was collected for hematological and biochemical investigation, later animals from all the three groups were euthanized to harvest and store essential organs for histopathological analysis. Four different staining techniques; hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, Periodic acid Schiff and Oil O Red were used to investigate any alterations in different tissues through microscopical observation.

    Results: The results of the study showed no morbidity and mortality at two different dosage of AA treatment. Daily food & water intake, body weight, relative organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters were detected to be normal with no severe alteration seen through microscopical investigation in the structure of harvested tissues. Our findings support the safety profile of AA, which was well tolerated at higher dose. Thus, an in-detail study on the subacute disease model is warranted.

    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  8. Fulltext Monosodium glutamate induced oxidative stress in accessory reproductive organs of male sprague-dawley rats
    Erni Norfardila Abu Hanipah, Nor Janna Yahya, Esther Mathias Ajik, Nur Afizah Yusoff, Izatus Shima Taib
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):67-73.
    MyJurnal
    Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a food additive but its excessive intake leads to oxidative stress of several organs. However, the oxidative effect of MSG on male accessory reproductive organs remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MSG on the status of oxidative stress and morphological alterations in the male accessory reproductive organs such as epididymis, prostate glands and seminal vesicle of Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rats per group. Control group received distilled water (1 ml/kg) while MSG60 and MSG120 received 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg of MSG, respectively. All the substances were administered via force feed oral for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the accessory organs for biochemical analysis and histological observations. The SOD activity in the epididymis showed a significant increase in MSG60 and MSG120 compared to control (p < 0.05). The GSH levels in the epididymis of MSG 120 showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. The levels of MDA and PC in the epididymis and prostate gland of MSG60 and MSG120 showed a significant increased (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Histological alterations were found in the epididymis and prostate gland of MSG treated rats. In conclusion, MSG at both doses induced oxidative stress in the epididymis and prostate gland of experimental rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  9. Absence of toxicity of strobilanthes crispa juice in acute oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley Rats
    Norfarizan Hanoon N, Asmah R, Fauziah O, Rokiah M, Faridah H
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:403-409.
    This study evaluated four different doses of Strobilanthes crispa juice (700, 2100, 3500 and 4900 mg kg-1 of body weight) administered orally to normal female and male Sprague dawley rats on possible changes in various physical, behaviour, morphology and biochemical parameter. The rats were treated with a single dose of juice and observed for 14 days. No significant toxicity was observed with respect to clinical parameters and organ morphology. In addition, no significant changes were observed in the level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase,
    creatinine and albumin. The S. crispa juice was found to be safe at the maximum dose used in this study (4900 mg kg-1 of body weight).
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  10. Effects of aqueous extract of Prismatomeris glabra root on non-spatial memory in rats using object discrimination test
    Norazrina Azmi, Loh WT, Siti Suriani Omar, Juriyati Jalil, Aishah Adam
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1097-1103.
    The aqueous extract of Prismatomeris glabra root has been used traditionally in Malaysia by the aborigines and certain rural Malays for its ergogenic effects, to maintain wellness and to enhance physical stamina. It has also been used as an aphrodisiac for generations in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Previous studies have shown that plants with ergogenic effects may also act as a stimulant and impair cognitive function. Therefore, we seek to investigate the effects of P. glabra on non-spatial memory in male Sprague Dawley rats using object recognition test. Trial rats were injected intraperitoneally with an aqueous extract of P. glabra roots at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for the acute (30 min) and subacute (7 days) studies. Scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg) was used as a positive control only in the acute study meanwhile control rats were injected with saline. The locomotor activity of rats was also determined in the same test. We demonstrated that groups treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of the extract lost their ability to discriminate the novel from familiar object in choice phase and did not alter the locomotor activity in both studies. Our results also indicated that the deficits in non-spatial working memory occured at these doses were not due to impaired locomotor activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  11. Curcumin as an anti-arthritic agent in collagen-induced arthritic Sprague-Dawley rats
    Zahidah A, Faizah O, Nur Aqilah K, Taty Anna K
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:591-595.
    Curcuma longa or turmeric has long been used in traditional medicine by the local population in Malaysia as an antiinflammatory agent. It has been proven to contain natural antiarthritic compound called curcumin. Joints abnormality and destruction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to inflammatory reactions. In this study, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was utilized to study the effects of curcumin on joint inflammation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Body weight measurement, arthritis score assessment and radiology score assessment were carried out at specific intervals throughout this study. The results showed that the mean arthritis and radiology scores for animal groups designated as CIA CurcuminC and CIA CurcuminT were significantly lower compared with the negative control (CIA OV) group respectively. The mean arthritis scores for CIA CurcuminC group is significantly lower compared with CIA CurcuminT group but there is no significant difference in the mean radiology scores between the CIA CurcuminC and CIA CurcuminT groups. In conclusion, the oral supplementation of curcumin at the dose of 110 mg/mL/kg/day has a potential to delay and improve joint abnormality and injury in Sprague-Dawley rats with CIA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  12. Fulltext Simvastatin Inhibits Endotoxin-Induced Apoptosis in Liver and Spleen Through Up-Regulation of Survivin/NF-κB/p65 Expression
    Nežić L, Amidžić L, Škrbić R, Gajanin R, Nepovimova E, Vališ M, et al.
    Front Pharmacol, 2019;10:54.
    PMID: 30828299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00054
    Endotoxemia is associated by dysregulated apoptosis of immune and non-immune cells. We investigated whether simvastatin has anti-apoptotic effects, and induces hepatocytes and lymphocytes survival signaling in endotoxin-induced liver and spleen injuries. Wistar rats were divided into the groups pretreated with simvastatin (20 or 40 mg/kg, orally) prior to a non-lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the LPS group, and the control. The severity of tissue inflammatory injuries was expressed as hepatic damage scores (HDS) and spleen damage scores (SDS), respectively. The apoptotic cell was detected by TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) and immunohistochemical staining (expression of cleaved caspase-3, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, survivin and NF-κB/p65). Simvastatin dose-dependently abolished HDS and SDS induced by LPS (p < 0.01), respectively. Simvastatin 40 mg/kg significantly decreased apoptotic index and caspase-3 cleavage in hepatocytes and lymphocytes (p < 0.01 vs. LPS group, respectively), while Bcl-XL markedly increased accordingly with simvastatin doses. In the simvastatin, groups were determined markedly increased cytoplasmic expression of survivin associated with nuclear positivity of NF-κB, in both hepatocytes and lymphocytes (p < 0.01 vs. LPS group). Cell-protective effects of simvastatin against LPS seemed to be mediated by up-regulation of survivin, which leads to reduced caspase-3 activation and inhibition of hepatocytes and lymphocytes apoptosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Wistar; Rats
  13. Neuroprotective effects of ethyl acetate extract of zingiber zerumbet (l.) smith against oxidative stress on paraquat-induced parkinsonism in rats
    Farah Wahida Ibrahim, Umi Noraashikin Zainudin, Mazlyzam Abdul Latif, Asmah Hamid
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2337-2347.
    Zingiber zerumbet has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammation and antioxidant agent. The present study
    investigates the neuroprotective effects of ethyl acetate extract of Z. zerumbet against oxidative stress on paraquat
    (PQ)-induced Parkinsonism in rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control
    (normal saline), positive control (N-acetylcysteine, NAC 20 mg/kg + PQ 10 mg/kg), PQ only, 200 mg/kg Z. zerumbet +
    PQ and 400 mg/kg Z. zerumbet + PQ. The extract was given orally for 19 consecutive days and PQ was administered
    intraperitoneally on day 8-12th of the treatment regime. Both serum and fresh brains containing substantia nigra (SN)
    region were taken for biochemical and histological analysis. Administration of both 200 and 400 mg/kg ethyl acetate
    Z. zerumbet extracts to the PQ-treated groups have resulted in: Decreased levels of MDA and PC in the SN homogenates;
    and increased SOD, GPx; and CAT activities in the SN and serum. Overall, ethyl acetate extract of Z. zerumbet reduced
    oxidative stress in the SN of PQ-induced neuronal damages, therefore, has the potential to be developed as a preventive
    agent for neurodegenerative disorders caused by environmental toxins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  14. Effect of estrogen on plasma ceruloplasmin level in rats exposed to acute stress
    Ganaraja B, Pavithran P, Ghosh S
    Indian J Med Sci, 2004 Apr;58(4):150-4.
    PMID: 15122050
    BACKGROUND: Plasma ceruloplasmin, a copper containing protein, belongs to a class called acute phase proteins. Reduced level of ceruloplasmin was associated with Wilson's disease and Menke's kinky hair disease in man, primarily affecting copper metabolism. Stress was known to increase Ceruloplasmin. Several stress associated changes were commonly observed in women at menopause and also those who underwent overiectomy. Present experiment investigated the effect of estrogen on ceruloplasmin level in acute stress.

    AIMS: To assess the estradiol induced changes in plasma ceruloplasmin concentration on exposure of the rats to acute stress.

    SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Acute stress was induced by forcing the rats to swim till exhaustion. The rats were overiectomised bilaterally to remove the primary source of sex hormones. And hormone replacement was done later.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Wistar albino female rats were used. Acute stress was induced before overiectomy, following recovery from surgery, and again after Estradiol Valerate injection (for 10 days) in same group of rats. The plasma ceruloplasmin was estimated immediately after stress during each stage--that is preoperative control, stressed control, after overiectomy and then following treatment with Estradiol Valerate.

    STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Paired sample T test was applied to analyze the findings.

    RESULTS: We found lowest ceruloplasmin level after stress in overiectomised animals, while on substitution of estradiol the trend appeared to be reversed.

    CONCLUSION: The result suggested a direct effect of estrogen on hepatic ceruloplasmin production/release and this could account for some of the beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy.

    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Wistar; Rats
  15. Effect of acute noise stress on acetylcholinesterase activity in discrete areas of rat brain
    Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P, Namasivayam A
    Indian J Med Sci, 2003 Nov;57(11):487-92.
    PMID: 14646156
    Effect of various stressor agents on the adrenergic system in brain had been studied extensively. However, reports on the effect of stress on various parameters of central cholinergic system are scanty. And very little is known about the effect of noise stress on the cholinergic system in brain. Hence, it was decided to elucidate the effect of acute noise stress on the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in discrete areas of brain in albino rats. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were subjected to acute noise stress for 30 minutes. The noise of pure sine wave tone was produced by using a function generator and was amplified. The frequency of noise generated was 1 kHz and the intensity was set at 100 dB. The total acetylcholinesterase activity was determined in the tissues of cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of brain in these rats. The enzyme activity was estimated by colorimetric method using acetylthiocholine iodide as the substrate. The values were compared with the enzyme activity in the control rats. The activity of the enzyme increased significantly in all the four regions of the brain in rats after exposure to noise stress for 30 minutes. The results of the study indicate that the exposure to acute noise stress could modulate the cholinergic system in these areas of brain in rat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Wistar; Rats
  16. Fulltext Nigella sativa fixed and essential oil improves antioxidant status through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and immunity
    Sultan MT, Butt MS, Karim R, Ahmad N, Ahmad RS, Ahmad W
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2015 Mar;28(2):589-95.
    PMID: 25730812
    The onset of 21st century witnessed the awareness among the masses regarding the diet-health linkages. The researchers attempted to explore traditional products/plants were in the domain of pharmacy and nutrition focussing on their health benefits. In the present research intervention, we investigate the role of Nigella sativa fixed oil (NSFO) and essential oil (NSEO) in improving antioxidant status and modulation of enzymes. The National Institute of Health (NIH) provided us 30 Sprague Dawley rats that were equally placed in three groups. The groups were fed on their respective diets (56 days) two experimental diets i.e. D2 (NSFO @ 4.0%) and D3 (NSEO @ 0.30%) and control. The indices pertaining to antioxidant status, antioxidant enzymes, and parameters pertaining to immunity were evaluated at 4 weeks interval. The experimental diets (NSFO@ 4.0% & NSEO@ 0.30%) modulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes i.e., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), positively. Indices of antioxidant status like tocopherols and glutathione were in linear relationship with that of GPx, GR and GST (P<0.01). Myeloperoxidase activities were in negative correlation with GST (P<0.01) but positive correlation with some other parameters. In the nutshell, the fixed and essential oil of Nigella sativa are effective in improving the indices pertaining to antioxidant status, however, the immune boosting potential needs further clarification. However, authors are of the view that there is need to explore the molecular targets of Nigella sativa fixed and essential oils. Findings from such studies would be useful to validate this instant study for health promoting potential against diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  17. Epidermal Growth Factor and Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Cream Formulation Accelerates Burn Healing Process Based on Its Gene Expression Pattern in Deep Partial-Thickness Burn Wound Model
    Guo HF, Mohd Ali R, Abd Hamid R, Chang SK, Rahman MH, Zainal Z, et al.
    Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2022 Dec;21(4):544-554.
    PMID: 33241700 DOI: 10.1177/1534734620971066
    Our previous study has demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) with tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) cream formulation accelerating postburn wound healing with deep partial-thickness burn in rats. Current study was conducted to determine the gene expression levels related to burn wound healing process. A total of 180 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: untreated control, treated with Silverdin cream, base cream, base cream with 0.00075% EGF, base cream with 3% TRF or base cream with 0.00075% EGF, and 3% TRF, respectively. Burn wounds were created and the above-mentioned creams were applied once daily. Six animals from each group were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 11, 14, and 21 postburn. RNA was extracted from wound tissues and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the 9 wound healing-related genes against time postburn. Results demonstrated that topically applied EGF + TRF formulation downregulated the expression levels of IL-6 (interluekin-6), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) throughout the whole healing process. TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β) and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor-A) were reduced on day 14 postburn. On the contrary, increased expression of Collagen-1 in the early stage of wound healing was observed with no effects on epidemal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The results showed beneficial application of EGF + TRF cream in the treatment of burn wound since it accelerated wound healing by relieving oxidative stress, decreasing inflammation, and promoting proper tissue modelling in the burn wound.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  18. Eurycoma longifolia increases sexual motivation in sexually naive male rats
    Ang HH, Sim MK
    Arch Pharm Res, 1998 Dec;21(6):779-81.
    PMID: 9868556 DOI: 10.1007/BF02976776
    The aim of this study is to provide evidence on the aphrodisiac property of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. An electric grid was used as an obstruction in the electrical copulation cage in order to determine how much an aversive stimulus the sexually naive male rat for both the treated with E. longifolia Jack and control groups were willing to overcome to reach the estrous receptive female in the goal cage. The intensity of the grid current was maintained at 0.12 mA and this was the intensity in which the male rats in the control group failed to crossover to reach the goal cage. Results showed that E. longifolia Jack continued to enhance and also maintain a high level of both the total number of successful crossovers, mountings, intromissions and ejaculations during the 9-12th week observation period. In conclusion, these results further enhanced and strengthened the aphrodisiac property of E. longifolia Jack.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats
  19. Fulltext Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Epigallocatechin Gallate Supplementation in Attenuating Hypertension via Its Modulatory Activities on the Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
    Parn KW, Ling WC, Chin JH, Lee SK
    Nutrients, 2022 Nov 01;14(21).
    PMID: 36364864 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214605
    This study aimed to identify the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of dietary epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) supplementation and its possible antihypertensive and nutrigenomics effects in modulating intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). EGCG (50, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg b.w. i.g., once daily) was administered to SHR for 28 days. All the SHR survived with no signs of systemic toxicity. Increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evident in SHR supplemented with 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w. but not in those supplemented with lower doses of EGCG. Subsequently, the NOAEL of EGCG was established at 250 mg/kg b.w., and the same protocol was replicated to assess its effects on blood pressure and renal RAS-related genes in SHR. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the EGCG group was consistently lower than the control group. The mRNA levels of cortical Agtr2 and Ace2 and medullary Agtr2, Ace and Mas1 were upregulated while medullary Ren was downregulated in EGCG group. Statistical analysis showed that SBP reduction was associated with the changes in medullary Agtr2, Ace, and Ren. Dietary EGCG supplementation exhibits antihypertensive and nutrigenomics effects through activation of intrarenal Ace and Agtr2 and suppression of Ren mediators, while a high dose of EGCG induced liver damage in SHR. In future clinical studies, liver damage biomarkers should be closely monitored to further establish the safety of the long-term use of EGCG.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats
  20. Blood pressure and urine metabolite changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with leaf extract of Ficus deltoidea var angustifolia
    Kamal MSA, Mediani A, Kasim N, Ismail NH, Satar NA, Azis NA, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2022 Feb 20;210:114579.
    PMID: 35016031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114579
    Ficus deltoidea var angustifolia (FD-A) reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but the mechanism remains unknown. Changes in urine metabolites following FD-A treatment in SHR were, therefore, examined to identify the mechanism of its antihypertensive action. Male SHR were given either FD-A (1000 mg kg-1 day-1) or losartan (10 mg kg-1 day-1) or 0.5 mL of ethanolic-water (control) daily for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured every week and urine spectra data acquisition, on urine collected after four weeks of treatment, were compared using multivariate data analysis. SBP in FD-A and losartan treated rats was significantly lower than that in the controls after four weeks of treatment. Urine spectra analysis revealed 24 potential biomarkers with variable importance projections (VIP) above 0.5. These included creatine, hippurate, benzoate, trimethylamine N-oxide, taurine, dimethylamine, homocysteine, allantoin, methylamine, n-phenylacetylglycine, guanidinoacetate, creatinine, lactate, glucarate, kynurenine, ethanolamine, betaine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycine, lysine, glutamine, 2-hydroxyphenylacetate, 3-indoxylsulfate and sarcosine. From the profile of these metabolites, it seems that FD-A affects urinary levels of metabolites like taurine, hypotaurine, glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, aspartate and glutamine. Alterations in these and the pathways involved in their metabolism might underlie the molecular mechanism of its antihypertensive action.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats
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