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Fulltext A new species of Clavicornaltica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), discovered and described on a field course to Kuala Belalong, Brunei

Schilthuizen M, Berenyi AEA, Limin A, Brahim A, Cicuzza D, Eales AJ, et al.

Biodivers Data J, 2019.
PMID: 30740026 DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.7.e32555

Background: Clavicornaltica is a genus of very small flea beetles living in the leaf litter layer of Asian forests, easily sampled with Winkler extraction. The genus is presumably very rich in species, but their taxonomy is hampered by their small size and morphological uniformity.
New information: On a 'taxon expedition'-style field course at Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre in Brunei Darussalam (Borneo), a new species, Clavicornaltica belalongensis n. sp., was discovered and taxonomically treated by the course participants. We also present the first DNA barcodes for the genus.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
CaMV 35S promoter directs β-glucuronidase expression in the laticiferous system of transgenic Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree)

Arokiaraj P, Yeet Yeang H, Fong Cheong K, Hamzah S, Jones H, Coomber S, et al.

Plant Cell Rep, 1998 May;17(8):621-625.
PMID: 30736515 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050454

Hevea brasiliensis anther calli were genetically transformed using Agrobacterium GV2260 (p35SGUSINT) that harboured the β-glucuronidase (gus) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) genes. β-Glucuronidase protein (GUS) was expressed in the leaves of kanamycin-resistant plants that were regnerated, and the presence of the gene was confirmed by Southern analysis. GUS was also observed to be expressed in the latex and more importantly in the serum fraction. Transverse sections of the leaf petiole from a transformed plant revealed GUS expression to be especially enhanced in the phloem and laticifers. GUS expression was subsequently detected in every one of 194 plants representing three successive vegetative cycles propagated from the original transformant. Transgenic Hevea could thus facilitate the continual production of foreign proteins expressed in the latex.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Differential gene expression during flowering in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Singh R, Cheah SC

Plant Cell Rep, 2000 Jul;19(8):804-809.
PMID: 30754873 DOI: 10.1007/s002999900179

The technique of mRNA fingerprinting was used to isolate flower-specific cDNAs in the oil palm. Differences in the RNA populations between vegetative tissue (leaf) and inflorescences at various stages of flower development were examined using 18 primer combinations. A total of 16 flower-specific cDNAs were identified, of which 15 were successfully re-amplified. Reverse Northern analysis confirmed that 8 of the 15 cDNAs appeared to truly represent differentially expressed mRNAs in flowering tissues. Northern blot analysis subsequently showed that 5 of the clones are preferentially or exclusively expressed in the flowering tissues of oil palm.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Dataset on LC-Q-TOF/MS tentative identification of phytochemicals in the extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf through positive ionization

Alara OR, Abdurahman NH, Ukaegbu CI, Hassan Z, Kabbashi NA

Data Brief, 2018 Dec;21:1686-1689.
PMID: 30505901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.159

The tentative identification of bioactive compounds in the extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf was carried out using positive ionization of Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time of flight (LC-Q-TOF/MS). The positive ionization is associated with the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Tentative assignments of the secondary metabolites were performed by comparing the MS fragmentation patterns with Waters® UNIFY library which allows positive identification of the compounds based on the spectral match. All the metabolites compounds were estimated and presented in a BPI (Base peak intensity) plot. These data are the unpublished supplementary materials related to "Ethanolic extraction of bioactive compounds from V. amygdalina leaf using response surface methodology as an optimization tool" (Alara et al., 2018).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Possible food sources of macrozoobenthos in the manko mangrove ecosystem, okinawa (Japan): a stable isotope analysis approach

Wardiatno Y, Mardiansyah, Prartono T, Tsuchiya M

Trop Life Sci Res, 2015 Apr;26(1):53-65.
PMID: 26019747

Identifying potential food sources in mangrove ecosystems is complex because of the multifarious inputs from both land and sea. This study, which was conducted in the Manko mangrove ecosystem of Okinawa, Japan, determined the composition of the stable isotopes δ(13)C and δ(15)N in primary producers and macrozoobenthos to estimate the potential food sources assimilated and to elucidate the target trophic levels of the macrozoobenthos. We measured the two stable isotope signatures of three gastropods (Cerithidea sp., Cassidula mustelina, Peronia verruculata), two crabs (Grapsidae sp., Uca sp.), mangrove tree (Kandelia candel) leaves, and sediment from the mangrove ecosystem. The respective carbon and nitrogen isotope signature results were as follows: -22.4‰ and 8.6‰ for Cerithidea sp., -25.06‰ and 8‰ for C. mustelina, -22.58‰ and 8‰ for P. verruculata, -24.3‰ and 10.6‰ for unidentified Grapsidae, -21.87 ‰ and 11.5 ‰ for Uca sp., -29.81‰ and 11‰ for K. candel, and -24.23‰ and 7.2‰ for the sediment. The stable isotope assimilation signatures of the macrozoobenthos indicated sediment as their food source. Considering the trophic levels, the stable isotope values may also indicate that the five macrozoobenthos species were secondary or higher consumers.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Evaluating the Performance of a Relative Humidity-Based Warning System for Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck in Iowa

Rosli H, Mayfield DA, Batzer JC, Dixon PM, Zhang W, Gleason ML

Plant Dis, 2017 Oct;101(10):1721-1728.
PMID: 30676929 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-17-0294-RE

A warning system for the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungal disease complex of apple, developed originally for use in the southeastern United States, was modified to provide more reliable assessment of SBFS risk in Iowa. Modeling results based on previous research in Iowa and Wisconsin had suggested replacing leaf wetness duration with cumulative hours of relative humidity (RH) ≥97% as the weather input to the SBFS warning system. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a RH-based SBFS warning system, and to assess the potential economic benefits for its use in Iowa. The warning system was evaluated in two separate sets of trials-trial 1 during 2010 and 2011, and trial 2 during 2013-2015-using action thresholds based on cumulative hours of RH ≥97% and ≥90%, respectively, in conjunction with two different fungicide regimes. The warning system was compared with a traditional calendar-based system that specified spraying at predetermined intervals of 10 to 14 days. In trial 1, use of the RH ≥97% threshold caused substantial differences between two RH sensors in recording number of hours exceeding the threshold. When both RH thresholds were compared for 2013-2015, on average, RH ≥90% resulted in a 53% reduction in variation of cumulative hours between two identical RH sensors placed adjacent to each other in an apple tree canopy. Although both the SBFS warning system and the calendar-based system resulted in equivalent control of SBFS, the warning system required fewer fungicide sprays than the calendar-based system, with an average of 3.8 sprays per season (min = 2; max = 5) vs. 6.4 sprays per season (min = 5; max = 8), respectively. The two fungicide regimes provided equivalent SBFS control when used in conjunction with the warning system. A partial budget analysis showed that using the SBFS warning system with a threshold of RH ≥90% was cost effective for orchard sizes of >1 ha. The revised warning system has potential to become a valuable decision support tool for Midwest apple growers because it reduces fungicide costs while protecting apples as effectively as a calendar-based spray schedule. The next step toward implementation of the SBFS warning system in the North Central U.S. should be multiyear field testing in commercial orchards throughout the region.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Effect of four selected plant powder as rice grain protectant against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Asmanizar, Djamin A, Idris A

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:863-869.

A study to evaluate the effect of four selected plant powder as rice grain protectant against Sitophilus zeamais adult mortality, F1 progeny production, weight loss and rice grain damaged was conducted. The plant powders used were made from seed of Annona muricata, Jatropha curcas, Azadirachta indica and from leaf of J. curcas at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% (w/w) concentrations. Probit analysis showed that J. curcas seed powder was highly toxic (LC50 = 0.28%) to S. zeamais adult followed by A. muricata seed (LC50 = 0.33%), J. curcas leaf (LC50 = 1.15%) and A. indica seed (LC50= 3.63%). The Annona muricata and J. curcas seed had caused the highest mean mortality (100 and 98.85%) at 2% concentration, while the A. indica seed and J. curcas leaf powder had only caused 32.32 and 77.84%, respectively at 2.5% concentration. There was no progeny produced, no weight loss recorded and no rice grain damaged on treated rice grain with A. muricata and J. curcas seed at 1% concentration. In contrast, J. curcas leaf and A. indica seed powder had the least toxicity effect on the weevil as shown by number of progeny produced (167 and 228), total of weight loss (10.04 and 10.49%) and rice grain damaged (19.35 and 21.14%) even at the highest powder concentration (2.5%)
tested. Results of this study revealed the potential of J. curcas and A. muricata seed powder to be used in controlling S. zeamais on stored rice grain.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Effects of the phloemic stress on the growth, development and quality of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) cv. jambu madu

Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker, Normaniza Osman, Abm Sharif Hossain, Amru Nasrulhaq Boyce

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:553-560.

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of different girdling techniques on the growth, development and quality of red wax apple fruits (Syzygium samarangense). Selected horticultural parameters were monitored at one week interval during the growth period from December 2008 to October 2010, using I, C, V shaped, 50%, and 100% girdling. Girdling was applied 2 weeks before flowering. The results showed that the C-shaped girdling technique produced the best results with regard to the fruit setting and chlorophyll content in comparison to the control and the other girdling
techniques employed. Furthermore, C-shaped girdling enhanced faster fruit growth producing the best final fruit length and diameter. In addition to significantly increased yield, juice percentage, leaf dry matter, biomass and TSS content of fruits. It was also observed that 50% girdling decreased fruit dropping. V-shaped girdling also increased the number of bud and reduced bud dropping compared to control. I-shaped girdle fruits produced the highest amount of K+ content in fruit juice compared to other treatments. The color development of the fruit peel in 100% girdling was also the highest among the treatments. From this study, it can be concluded that C-shaped girdling applied two weeks before flowering produced better fruit growth, yield and quality of red wax apple fruits under field conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Synergistic and antagonistic effects of zinc bioaccumulation with lead and antioxidant activities in centella asiatica

ONG G, YAP C, MAZIAH M, TAN S

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1549-1555.

This study was carried out by using Centella asiatica grown using a hydroponic system under laboratory conditions to study synergistic and antagonistic effects of Zn bioaccumulation with added Pb and the changes in antioxidant activities in leaves and roots of C. asiatica. The antioxidant activities included superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). The treatments Zn (2 ppm) + Pb (0.4 ppm) and Zn (4 ppm) + Pb (0.6 ppm) increased the accumulation of Zn in leaves by 14.06 and 16.84%, respectively, but decreased by 7.36% uptake in roots (Zn 4 ppm + Pb 0.6 ppm). This showed that Pb and Zn acted synergistically to Zn accumulation in leaves but antagonistically in roots. CAT and SOD activities in leaves were increased when Zn was added together with Pb. In roots, CAT, APX and SOD activities were increased but GPX was decreased. Owing to their sensitivities to Zn with Pb, SOD and CAT could be used as biomarkers to monitor the toxicity of Pb and Zn exposure in the leaves and roots of C. asiatica.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
In vitro regeneration and acclimatization protocols of selected ornamental plants (agapanthus praecox, justicia betonica and celosia cristata)

Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob, Azani Saleh, Hashimah Elias, Sakinah Abdullah, Noraini Mahmad, Normadiha Mohamed

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:715-722.

This paper discussed on the effectiveness of BAP and NAA growth hormones on establishment of plant regeneration for selected ornamentals; Agapanthus praecox, Justicia betonica and Celosia cristata. Various explants (leaf, stem, shoot tip and bulb) derived from one-month-old aseptic seedlings of A. praecox and C. cristata, as well as explants from intact plants of J. betonica were utilized to achieve complete plant regeneration of these species. MS medium supplemented with various hormones, with an emphasis on BAP and NAA was tested to obtain direct and indirect regeneration. Both A. praecox (bulbs) and C. cristata (shoots) formed complete plantlets on MS added with 0.5-2.0 mg/L BAP and NAA, while direct regeneration was achieved for J. betonica on MS media containing BAP. Several methods were attempted to acclimatize the regenerants, with A. praecox gave the highest percentage of survival rates (96.67%), followed by J. betonica (80.00%) and C. cristata (75.00%).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Growth characteristics, water and Nitrogen use efficiencies of spinach in different water and Nitrogen levels

Jinxiu Zhang, Zhigang Bei, Yi Zhang, Linkui Cao

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1665-1671.

Water deficit and environmental pollution owing to excessive nitrogen use have caused considerable attention. In a field experiment, a combination of three water levels (20, 40 and 60 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 85 and 170 kg ha-1) was applied. The main objectives of this study were to optimize water and nitrogen application and exploit their interactive effects on the growth characteristics, yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of spinach. The results showed that water and nitrogen significantly influenced average plant height and leaf area. Total aboveground biomass (TB) was affected by nitrogen fertilizer and TB decreased in water deficit. Adding nitrogen fertilizer amount resulted in higher leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll content obtained the maximum value in N2 treatment, but chlorophyll content was not affected by water deficit. Spinach yield was higher at N1 compared with N0 and N2 at all water levels. Abundant water supply resulted in the highest spinach yield, but yield reduced at lower water level (W3). The correlation analysis between spinach yield and leaf number was relatively weak (R2=0.58). On the contrast, the correlation analysis between spinach yield and leaf weight showed a correlationship (R2=0.91), indicating that leaf weight was the primary reason for yield increase in all treatments. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased NUE in all the treatments. WUE of spinach increased with adding nitrogen application in most conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Conservation gap analysis of dipterocarp hotspots in Sarawak using GIS, remote sensing and herbarium data

Stephen P. Teo, Paul P.K. Chai, Mui-How Phua

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1237-1246.

Dipterocarpaceae is the dominant tree family in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia. Borneo is the centre of diversity for the dipterocarps. Identification of hotspots is important for forest and biodiversity conservation efforts. Species Occurrence Models (SOMs) were generated for all 247 species of dipterocarps recorded in Sarawak using herbarium occurrence data and based on the best model selected. The species occurrence density map for each genus and category (endemic and non endemic) was generated by overlaying the SOMs of all species in each genus or category. The species occurrence density maps were analyzed with land cover map from Landsat 7-EMT+ images and protected forest areas for identifying hotspots for conservation in Sarawak. Overlaying the SOM maps revealed that areas in central Sarawak and the southwest region (northwest Borneo around Kuching) are the main hotspots of dipterocarp diversity in Sarawak while the coastal lowland areas in the lower Rejang and Baram River which are mainly peat swamp forest are poorer in species occurrence density. In terms of endemism, as with dipterocarp diversity, the mixed diptercarp forest of central Sarawak is also the most important hotspot. Gap analysis revealed that most protected forest areas are in southwest Sarawak (Bako, Kubah, Tanjung Datu and Gunung Gading National Parks) and in the northern part of Sarawak (Niah, Lambir Hills and Mt Mulu National Parks). This leaves the hotspot in the central part of Sarawak least protected. Protected areas only cover between 2 and 4% of the total areas for the different hotspots (75% species density) while majority of the hotspots that are still forested are outside the protected areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Fulltext Secondary Metabolites Profiling of Acinetobacter baumannii Associated with Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Leaves and Concentration Dependent Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties

Monowar T, Rahman MS, Bhore SJ, Raju G, Sathasivam KV

Biomed Res Int, 2019;2019:6951927.
PMID: 30868071 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6951927

Secondary bioactive compounds of endophytes are inevitable biomolecules of therapeutical importance. In the present study, secondary metabolites profiling of an endophytic bacterial strain, Acinetobacter baumannii, were explored using GC-MS study. Presence of antioxidant substances and antioxidant properties in chloroform (CHL), diethyl ether (DEE), and ethyl acetate (EA) crude extracts of the endophytic bacteria were studied. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and ferrous ion chelating assay were evaluated. A total of 74 compounds were identified from the GC-MS analysis of the EA extract representing mostly alkane compounds followed by phenols, carboxylic acids, aromatic heterocyclic compounds, ketones, aromatic esters, aromatic benzenes, and alkenes. Among the two phenolic compounds, namely, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- and phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, the former was found in abundance (11.56%) while the latter was found in smaller quantity (0.14%). Moreover, the endophytic bacteria was found to possess a number of metal ions including Fe(II) and Cu(II) as 1307.13 ± 2.35 ppb and 42.38 ± 0.352 ppb, respectively. The extracts exhibited concentration dependent antioxidant and prooxidant properties at high and low concentrations, respectively. The presence of phenolic compounds and metal ions was believed to play an important role in the antioxidant and prooxidant potentials of the extracts. Further studies are suggested for exploring the untapped resource of endophytic bacteria for the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves/growth & development; Plant Leaves/metabolism*; Plant Leaves/microbiology
Fulltext Efficient and High-Quality RNA Isolation from Metabolite-Rich Tissues of Stevia rebaudiana, an Important Commercial Crop

Leh TY, Yong CSY, Nulit R, Abdullah JO

Trop Life Sci Res, 2019 Jan;30(1):149-159.
PMID: 30847038 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.9

Stevia rebaudiana, a perennial herb native to northeastern Paraguay, has gained immense attention globally over the recent decades due to the natural sweetness of its leaves. Like in most plants, this particular species contains high amount of secondary metabolites, thus rendering the isolation of high quality and quantity RNA extract for molecular applications rather challenging. An effective, high-yield and high-quality RNA isolation protocol for this economically important plant species was devised here based on the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction method, with an additional genomic DNA (gDNA) removal step. DNA and other contaminants that may affect downstream applications were effectively removed. Our results exhibited that RNA samples isolated from the leaves and stems of Stevia rebaudiana using this improvised method are high in integrity and quality with RNA integrity number (RIN) of more than 8 and low in contaminants.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Fulltext Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber by Hypovirulent Binucleate Rhizoctonia against Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare

Muslim A, Hyakumachi M, Kageyama K, Suwandi S

Trop Life Sci Res, 2019 Jan;30(1):109-122.
PMID: 30847036 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.7

Treatment with hypovirulent binucleate Rhizoctonia (HBNR) isolates induced systemic resistance against anthracnose infected by Colletotrichum orbiculare in cucumber, as there were no direct interaction between HBNR and C. orbiculare. This is because of the different distances between HBNR and C. orbiculare, where the root was treated with HBNR isolate and C. orbiculare was challenged and inoculated in leaves or first true leaves were treated with HBNR isolate and C. orbiculare was challenged and inoculated in second true leaves. The use of barley grain inocula and culture filtrates of HBNR significantly reduced the lesion diameter compared to the control (p = 0.05). The total lesion diameter reduction by applying barley grain inoculum of HBNR L2, W1, W7, and Rhv7 was 28%, 44%, 39%, and 40%, respectively. Similar results was also observed in treatment using culture filtrate, and the reduction of total lesion diameter by culture filtrate of HBNR L2, W1, W7, and Rhv7 was 45%, 46%, 42%, and 48%, respectively. When cucumber root was treated with culture filtrates of HBNR, the lignin was enhanced at the pathogen penetration, which is spread along the epidermis tissue of cucumber hypocotyls. Peroxidase activity in hypocotyls in the treated cucumber plant with culture filtrates of HBNR significantly increased before and after inoculation of pathogens as compared to the control. Significant enhancement was also observed in the fast-moving anodic peroxidase isozymes in the treated plants with culture filtrates of HBNR. The results showed the elicitor(s) contained in culture filtrates in HBNR. The lignin deposition as well as the peroxidase activity is an important step to prevent systemically immunised plants from pathogen infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Globrauneine A-F: six new triterpenoid esters from the leaves of Globimetula braunii

Muhammad KJ, Jamil S, Basar N, Sarker SD, Mohammed MG

Nat Prod Res, 2020 Oct;34(19):2746-2753.
PMID: 30931627 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1586693

Phytochemical study was conducted on the leaves of Globimetula braunii which is a hemi parasitic plant belonging to the family Loranthaceae. Extraction was carried out using cold extraction method with increasing polarity of solvents i.e n-hexane, CH2Cl2 and MeOH. The components were separated by chromatographic technique and the structures of the compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including MS, FTIR, 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS and chemical methods. Six new pentacyclic triterpenoid esters named as globrauneine A (1), globrauneine B (2), globrauneine C (3), globrauneine D (4), globrauneine E (5), and globrauneine F (6), together with six known compounds (7 - 12) were successfully isolated from the leaves of G. braunii growing on Piliostigma thonningii. These results depict a substantial support to the chemotaxonomy of the genus Globimetula.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Kinetics studies on effects of extraction techniques on bioactive compounds from Vernonia cinerea leaf

Alara OR, Abdurahman NH

J Food Sci Technol, 2019 Feb;56(2):580-588.
PMID: 30906015 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3512-4

Recently, unconventional methods especially microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction (MAHE) is being used as an alternative technique for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials due to its advantages over conventional methods such as Soxhlet extraction (SE). In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted from Vernonia cinerea leaf using both MAHE and SE methods. In addition, the kinetic study of MAHE and SE methods were carried out using first- and second-order kinetic models. The results obtained showed that MAHE can extract higher yield of bioactive compounds from V. cinerea leaf in a shorter time and reduced used of extracting solvent compared with SE method. Based on the results obtained, second-order kinetic models can actually describe the extraction of bioactive compounds from V. cinerea leaf through MAHE with extraction rate coefficient of 0.1172 L/gmin and extraction capacity of 1.0547 L/g as compared to SE with 0.0157 L/gmin and 1.1626 L/g of extraction rate coefficient and extraction capacity, respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the oil showed the presence of numerous heavy fractions in the oil obtained through MAHE as compared with the SE method. Moreover, the electric consumption and environmental impacts analysis of the oil suggested that MAHE can be a suitable green technique for extracting bioactive compounds from V. cinerea leaf.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Fulltext Transformation improvement with the Standardized Pressure Agrobacterium Infiltration Device (SPAID)

Mad' Atari MFB, Folta KM

BMC Res Notes, 2019 Mar 15;12(1):144.
PMID: 30876440 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4117-3

OBJECTIVE: The treatment of plant tissue with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is often a critical first step to both stable and transient plant transformation. In both applications bacterial suspensions are oftentimes physically introduced into plant tissues using hand-driven pressure from a needleless syringe. While effective, this approach has several drawbacks that limit reproducibility. Pressure must be provided with the syringe perfectly perpendicular to the tissue surface. The researcher must also attempt to provide even and consistent pressure, both within and between experimental replicates. These factors mean that the procedures do not always translate well between research groups or biological replicates.
RESULTS: We have devised a method to introduce Agrobacterium suspensions into plant leaves with greater reproducibility. Using a decommissioned dissecting microscope as an armature, a syringe body with the bacterial suspension is mounted to the nosepiece. Gentle, even pressure is applied by rotating the focus knob. The treatment force is measured using a basic kitchen scale. The development of the Standardized Pressure Agrobacterium Infiltration Device (SPAID) provides a means to deliver consistent amounts of bacterial suspensions into plant tissues with the goal of increasing reproducibility between replicates and laboratories.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Fulltext Modelling of pilot-scale anaerobic food wastes composting process with dry leaves or cow manure

Lim, Wei Jie, Chin, Nyuk Ling, Yus AnizaYusof, Azmi Yahya, Tee, Tuan Poy

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(1):421-442.
MyJurnal

Anaerobic composting is a promising method to fully transform food wastes into useful
materials such as biofertilizer and biogas. In this study, the optimum proportions of food
wastes containing vegetable, fruit and meat wastes with dry leaves or cow manure for
composting were determined using the simplex centroid design and response optimizer.
The effectiveness of the pilot-scale composting process was evaluated based on the targeted
compost quality of C/N ratio at 21, pH value at 8 and electrical conductivity of 1 dS/m.
Food wastes composting formulation with dry leaves suggested high percentage of dry
leaves, 86.9% with low food wastes composition of 13.1% constituted by vegetable waste
(1.1%), fruit waste (4.9%) and meat waste (7.1%). With cow manure formulation, only
6% of cow manure was recommended with
another 94.0% of food wastes contributed
by a fair mix of vegetable waste (23.2%),
fruit waste (34.3%) and meat waste (36.5%).
The developed regression models were
experimentally validated with predicted
responses obtained in acceptable ranges for
C/N ratio (21.2 - 21.8), pH (7.92 - 7.99) and
electrical conductivity (0.97 - 1.03 dS/m).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves
Nitric oxide accelerates mycorrhizal effects on plant growth and root development of trifoliate orange

Li Tian, Xiao-yun Huang, Qiang-sheng Wu, Nasrullah

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:1687-1691.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) actively colonize plant roots and thus enhance plant growth through different mechanisms. In the present study, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings inoculated with Diversispora versiformis were subjected to 0 and 0.2 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor) treatments. After eight weeks, exogenous SNP considerably increased root mycorrhizal colonization by 25%, showing a positive stimulating effect of NO on mycorrhizal formation. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant growth performance (height, stem diameter, leaf number and shoot and root dry weight) and root traits (length, projected area, surface area, volume and number of 2nd and 3rd order lateral roots) than non-mycorrhizal treatment and NO (exogenous SNP treatment) heavily strengthened the mycorrhizal effects. Moreover, NO and mycorrhization induced more fine root (0-0.5 cm) formation. There was an opposite changed trend in root sucrose and leaf and root glucose contents by SNP in AMF versus non-AMF seedlings. All these results implied that NO plays important roles in mycorrhizal formation and development and also accelerates mycorrhizal effects on plant growth and root development of trifoliate orange.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves

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