Displaying publications 221 - 240 of 2040 in total

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  1. Fulltext Non-contrast Computed Tomography in Acute Ischaemic Stroke: A Pictorial Review
    Hassan R, Syazarina SO, Shahizon Azura MM, Hilwati H, Sobri MA
    Med J Malaysia, 2013;68(1):93-100.
    PMID: 23466782 MyJurnal
    Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) remains a widely used imaging technique and plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with acute ischaemic stroke. However, the task of identifying the signs of acute ischaemia and quantifying areas of brain involvement on NCCT scan is not easy due to its subtle findings. The reliability of early ischemic sign detection can be improved with experience, clinical history and the use of stroke window width and level on viewing the images. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was developed to overcome the difficulty of volume estimation in patients eligible for thrombolysis. It is a systematic, robust and practical method that can standardized the detection and reporting of the extent of acute ischaemic stroke. This article serves as an educational material that illustrates those findings which are important for all clinicians involved in acute stroke care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  2. Validity and reliability of Internet-based physiotherapy assessment for musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review
    Mani S, Sharma S, Omar B, Paungmali A, Joseph L
    J Telemed Telecare, 2017 Apr;23(3):379-391.
    PMID: 27036879 DOI: 10.1177/1357633X16642369
    Purpose The purpose of this review is to systematically explore and summarise the validity and reliability of telerehabilitation (TR)-based physiotherapy assessment for musculoskeletal disorders. Method A comprehensive systematic literature review was conducted using a number of electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and CINAHL, published between January 2000 and May 2015. The studies examined the validity, inter- and intra-rater reliabilities of TR-based physiotherapy assessment for musculoskeletal conditions were included. Two independent reviewers used the Quality Appraisal Tool for studies of diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool to assess the methodological quality of reliability and validity studies respectively. Results A total of 898 hits were achieved, of which 11 articles based on inclusion criteria were reviewed. Nine studies explored the concurrent validity, inter- and intra-rater reliabilities, while two studies examined only the concurrent validity. Reviewed studies were moderate to good in methodological quality. The physiotherapy assessments such as pain, swelling, range of motion, muscle strength, balance, gait and functional assessment demonstrated good concurrent validity. However, the reported concurrent validity of lumbar spine posture, special orthopaedic tests, neurodynamic tests and scar assessments ranged from low to moderate. Conclusion TR-based physiotherapy assessment was technically feasible with overall good concurrent validity and excellent reliability, except for lumbar spine posture, orthopaedic special tests, neurodynamic testa and scar assessment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  3. Fulltext Receiver-Based Ad Hoc On Demand Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
    Al-Nahari A, Mohamad MM
    PLoS One, 2016;11(6):e0156670.
    PMID: 27258013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156670
    Decreasing the route rediscovery time process in reactive routing protocols is challenging in mobile ad hoc networks. Links between nodes are continuously established and broken because of the characteristics of the network. Finding multiple routes to increase the reliability is also important but requires a fast update, especially in high traffic load and high mobility where paths can be broken as well. The sender node keeps re-establishing path discovery to find new paths, which makes for long time delay. In this paper we propose an improved multipath routing protocol, called Receiver-based ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol (RB-AOMDV), which takes advantage of the reliability of the state of the art ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol with less re-established discovery time. The receiver node assumes the role of discovering paths when finding data packets that have not been received after a period of time. Simulation results show the delay and delivery ratio performances are improved compared with AOMDV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  4. The Internal Reliability of Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES) in Malay version among caregivers of individual with learning disabilities
    Alwi N, Harun D, Omar B, Ahmad M, Zagan M, Leonard JH
    Clin Ter, 2015 Nov-Dec;166(6):e361-4.
    PMID: 26794817 DOI: 10.7417/T.2015.1901
    Caregivers face challenges to adapt while handling individual with learning disabilities (LD). The Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES) is a widely used instrument to measure coping strategies among caregivers. The current study performed cross cultural translation of F-COPES in Malay language. This study aims to examine the reliability by testing internal consistency of Malay version of F-COPES which is developed through back to back translation method from original English version.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  5. Fulltext A Terrestrial Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell-based Biosensor for Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Synthetic Rice Washed Wastewater
    Logroño W, Guambo A, Pérez M, Kadier A, Recalde C
    Sensors (Basel), 2015;16(1).
    PMID: 26784197 DOI: 10.3390/s16010101
    Microbial fuel cells represent an innovative technology which allow simultaneous waste treatment, electricity production, and environmental monitoring. This study provides a preliminary investigation of the use of terrestrial Single chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFCs) as biosensors. Three cells were created using Andean soil, each one for monitoring a BOD concentration of synthetic washed rice wastewater (SRWW) of 10, 100, and 200 mg/L for SMFC1, SMFC2 and SMFC3, respectively. The results showed transient, exponential, and steady stages in the SMFCs. The maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) peaks were reached during the elapsed time of the transient stages, according to the tested BOD concentrations. A good linearity between OCV and time was observed in the increasing stage. The average OCV in this stage increased independently of the tested concentrations. SMFC1 required less time than SMFC2 to reach the steady stage, suggesting the BOD concentration is an influencing factor in SMFCs, and SMFC3 did not reach it. The OCV ratios were between 40.6-58.8 mV and 18.2-32.9 mV for SMFC1 and SMFC2. The reproducibility of the SMFCs was observed in four and three cycles for SMFC1 and SMFC2, respectively. The presented SMFCs had a good response and reproducibility as biosensor devices, and could be an alternative for environmental monitoring.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  6. Development of resazurin-based assay in 384-well format for high throughput whole cell screening of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense strain STIB 900 for the identification of potential anti-trypanosomal agents
    Lim KT, Zahari Z, Amanah A, Zainuddin Z, Adenan MI
    Exp Parasitol, 2016 Mar;162:49-56.
    PMID: 26772786 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.002
    To accelerate the discovery of novel leads for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), it is necessary to have a simple, robust and cost-effective assay to identify positive hits by high throughput whole cell screening. Most of the fluorescence assay was made in black plate however in this study the HTS assay developed in 384-well format using clear plate and black plate, for comparison. The HTS assay developed is simple, sensitive, reliable and reproducible in both types of plates. Assay robustness and reproducibility were determined under the optimized conditions in 384-well plate was well tolerated in the HTS assay, including percentage of coefficient of variation (% CV) of 4.68% and 4.74% in clear and black 384-well plate, signal-to-background ratio (S/B) of 12.75 in clear 384-well plate and 12.07 in black 384-well plate, Z' factor of 0.79 and 0.82 in clear 384-well plate and black 384-well plate, respectively and final concentration of 0.30% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in both types of plate. Drug sensitivity was found to be comparable to the reported anti-trypanosomal assay in 96-well format. The reproducibility and sensitivity of this assay make it compliant to automated liquid handler use in HTS applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  7. Fulltext A Negative Index Metamaterial-Inspired UWB Antenna with an Integration of Complementary SRR and CLS Unit Cells for Microwave Imaging Sensor Applications
    Islam MT, Islam MM, Samsuzzaman M, Faruque MR, Misran N
    Sensors (Basel), 2015 May 20;15(5):11601-27.
    PMID: 26007721 DOI: 10.3390/s150511601
    This paper presents a negative index metamaterial incorporated UWB antenna with an integration of complementary SRR (split-ring resonator) and CLS (capacitive loaded strip) unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications. This metamaterial UWB antenna sensor consists of four unit cells along one axis, where each unit cell incorporates a complementary SRR and CLS pair. This integration enables a design layout that allows both a negative value of permittivity and a negative value of permeability simultaneous, resulting in a durable negative index to enhance the antenna sensor performance for microwave imaging sensor applications. The proposed MTM antenna sensor was designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.6. The electrical dimensions of this antenna sensor are 0.20 λ × 0.29 λ at a lower frequency of 3.1 GHz. This antenna sensor achieves a 131.5% bandwidth (VSWR < 2) covering the frequency bands from 3.1 GHz to more than 15 GHz with a maximum gain of 6.57 dBi. High fidelity factor and gain, smooth surface-current distribution and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns with low cross-polarization confirm that the proposed negative index UWB antenna is a promising entrant in the field of microwave imaging sensors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  8. Fulltext Evaluation of extraction kits and RT-qPCR systems adapted to high-throughput platform for circulating miRNAs
    Tan GW, Khoo AS, Tan LP
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:9430.
    PMID: 25800946 DOI: 10.1038/srep09430
    MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Differential expression of miRNAs can potentially be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction for outcomes. Failure in validation of miRNA profiles is often caused by variations in experimental parameters. In this study, the performance of five extraction kits and three RT-qPCR systems were evaluated using BioMark high-throughput platform and the effects of different experimental parameters on circulating miRNA levels were determined. Differences in the performance of extraction kits as well as varying accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility in qPCR systems were observed. Normalisation of RT-qPCR data to spike-in controls can reduce extraction bias. However, the extent of correlation for different qPCR systems varies in different assays. At different time points, there was no significant fold change in eight of the plasma miRNAs that we evaluated. Higher level of miRNAs was detected in plasma as compared to serum of the same cohort. In summary, we demonstrated that high-throughput RT-qPCR with pre-amplification step had increased sensitivity and can be achieved with accuracy and high reproducibility through stringent experimental controls. The information provided here is useful for planning biomarker validation studies involving circulating miRNAs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  9. Elemental analysis of herbal preparations for traditional medicines by neutron activation analysis with the k0 standardization method
    Sarmani SB, Abugassa I, Hamzah A, Yahya MD
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 1999;71-72:365-76.
    PMID: 10676512
    Medicinal herb preparations prescribed for specific treatment purposes were purchased from markets and were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis with k0 standardization. Then, 500-700 mg of each sample was pelletized under a pressure of six tones and irradiated together with monitors for alpha and neutron flux ratio determinations for about 6 h in a thermal flux of 2.29 x 10(12) n/cm2/s. The accuracy of the method was established by analyzing standard reference materials. Twenty-nine elements, Ag, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Th, U, Yb, and Zn, were measured in all the samples, and Hg was detected in some samples, with good accuracy and reproducibility. The concentration of elements determined was found to vary depending on the composition of the herbs used. Although the trend linking the element of the medicinal plants to its curative abilities could not be clearly determined, this study showed that the toxic elements found in the samples were below the levels prescribed by health regulations. Nevertheless, such data are important to understand the pharmacological action and the exact mechanisms of action and formation of active constituents for each medicinal plant and to decide the dosage of the herbs used in the final formulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  10. Fulltext World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment: brief version in Bahasa Malaysia
    Hasanah CI, Naing L, Rahman ARA
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Mar;58(1):79-88.
    PMID: 14556329 MyJurnal
    WHOQOL-100, a 100 items quality of life assessment by WHO is too lengthy to be applicable in researches where the quality of life is one of the many variables of interest. The abbreviated version with 26 items is more acceptable by subjects, especially those with illness. The generic and the abbreviated Malay version were given to subjects who were healthy and with illness. Results showed that the domain scores produced by WHOQOL-BREF correlate highly with that of WHOQOL-100. WHOQOL-BREF domain scores demonstrated good discriminant validity, construct validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The study indicates that WHOQOL-BREF in its brevity offers a valid and reliable assessment of quality of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  11. The science of climate change
    Australian Academy of Sciences, Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the Arts, Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Canada, Caribbean Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, et al.
    Science, 2001 May 18;292(5520):1261.
    PMID: 11360966
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  12. Development of an optical fibre Al(III) sensor based on immobilised chrome azurol S
    Ahmad M, Narayanaswamy R
    Talanta, 1995 Sep;42(9):1337-44.
    PMID: 18966361
    Chrome azurol S immobilised on XAD-2 has been used in this study as a reagent phase for the development of an optical fibre Al(III) sensor. Using a kinetic approach, this sensor was able to give a linear response in the Al(III) concentration range of 1.3 x 10(-5)-2.0 x 10(-4) M with a limit of detection of 1.0 x 10(-4) M. The optimum responses were obtained at pH 6.0 and when the solution was stirred. The sensor response was found to have a repeatability and reproducibility of 1.6% and 5.8%, respectively. The results obtained for Al(III) determination in aqueous sample were in good agreement with those obtained using graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  13. Fulltext The variability of blood pressure following repeated measurements
    Singh HJ, Singh R, Sirisinghe RG, Upadaya S
    Med J Malaysia, 1991 Dec;46(4):356-62.
    PMID: 1840445
    Two series of Blood Pressure (BP) measurements were carried out to assess the variability in BP following repeated measurements in normotensive individuals. In one series, measurement of BP on three occasions three and seven days apart revealed a significant drop in BP in unaccustomed subjects ('untrained'). In a second series assessing the significance of time-interval between measurements or the number of measurements, it was found that a significant fall in BP occurred over the first four days in 'untrained' individuals, whose blood pressure was measured repeatedly for five consecutive days. A significant positive correlation was evident between the falls in systolic and diastolic pressures and the pressure at first screening. Assessment of the anxiety status revealed a significantly lower state anxiety in 'trained' subjects. It therefore appears that (a) BP in normotensive individuals previously unaccustomed to BP measurements, drops significantly with repeated measurements, (b) the number of measurements seem more important than the time-interval between measurements, (c) the largest falls occur in individuals with high initial pressures and (d) the fall upon repeated measurements may be due to reduced anxiety as familiarity with the procedure makes the subjects comparatively relaxed and less state anxious.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  14. Fulltext Dimension manifestation of users’ psychographic traits towards online travel agency
    Abdul Aziz Azdel, Khairil Wahidin Awang, Raja Nerina Raja Yusof, Salleh Mohd Radzi, Mohd Noor Ismawi Ismail
    Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2019;7(101):91-101.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study is to assess the determinants of psychological traits towards users’ technology experience specifically on Online Travel Agencies (OTA) via exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Working on these issues and after sequences of analyses to verify reliability and factor structure, the final 16 items of Technology Readiness 2.0 (TR2.0) with 4 items for each dimension (Optimism, Innovativeness, Discomfort, and Insecurity) have been congregated. Through an online survey, the technology readiness determinants were administered to 100 travelers at KLIA2 who have experienced on OTA. EFA using Principal Component Analysis with Varimax Rotation indicated 14 items, with 4 factors final solution with the following subscales: Innovativeness (4 items); Optimism (4 items); Discomfort (3 items); and Insecurities (3 items). All in all, only two items were removed from the original total of 16 items by the factor analysis based on the factor loading matrix for this final solution. This study basically plays an important role in contributing to the existing literature on the OTA users’ standpoint by using an approach which is very powerful to redefine the factors within Technology Readiness. This enhancement has reorganized the items according to their importance specifically towards new perspective which are OTA users in Malaysia setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  15. Fulltext Internal, external, networking factors and challenges of small medium enterprise (SMEs) internationalization
    Nur Zania Azurin Abdullah Sani, Ahmad Shazeer Mohamed Thaheer, Zahariah Mohd Zain
    Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2019;7(101):133-141.
    MyJurnal
    Internationalization procedure of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is part of the increasing economy. The study aims to identify relationships between the factors influencing the SMEs to internationalize and identifying the most impactful factor that affects the internationalization of SMEs. The factors affecting internationalization of SMEs identified were external, internal, networking as well as barriers and challenges. The study focusses on SMEs in the service sector in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The methods used to conduct the survey is by distributing the questionnaire through email. There are 100 selected SMEs in the service sector which are listed in SME Corp Malaysia website and MATRADE website. Regardless of whether the SME’s are practising international business or not, they will still be one of the potential respondents. The data were examined and obtained using the statistical software SPSS. The analysis used is reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis to meet the research objectives. The expected outcome from this research is to analyze the factors that will impact the internationalization of SMEs. The results of the analysis show that all the variables have a low positive correlation. The most influential factors that effects SMEs decision to go international are barriers and challenges.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  16. Fulltext Television advertisement effectiveness in food industry among centennials
    Intan Syafinaz Mat Shafie, Yuslina Liza Mohammad Yunus, Nur Izzah Jamil, Aini Hayati Musa
    Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2019;7(101):82-90.
    MyJurnal
    Television (TV) advertisements have become one of the most powerful marketing tools in attracting their audience to become potential customers. They are widely used among food industry locally and also internationally. This study is conducted to identify the factors that contribute to an effective TV advertisement in food industry among centennials using predictive analysis. The aims of this study are to; 1) Identify significant factors; Attractive Visual, Persuasive Message and Repetition of Advertisement to the Effectiveness of TV advertisements in food industry. 2) Identify the most contribute significant factors; Attractive Visual, Persuasive Message and Repetition of Advertisement to the Effectiveness of TV advertisements in food industry. Thus, it was tested to 300 respondents in Shah Alam area using convenient sampling technique. Preliminary analysis included reliability analysis, checking for the correlation, multiple linear regression requirement and R-Square score. Correlation analysis shows that there was a significant positive linear relationship between attractive visuals, persuasive message and repetition of advertisements towards Effectiveness of TV advertisements in food industry. Among independent variables entered into the model, persuasive message (t=7.474, p-value=0.000
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  17. Fulltext Development of cognitive therapy group intervention (ctgi) on resilience among adolescents
    Nasir, Len, Amalia, Madihie, Salmah, Mohamad Yusoff
    Journal of Cognitive Sciences & Human Development, 2020;6(2):27-36.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the validity and reliability of Cognitive Therapy Group Intervention (CTGI) which focuses on the elements of resilience among adolescents with behavioural problems. It is developed based on Cognitive Theory (comment: it’d be more sufficient if you can mention whose theory) and Sidek Module Development Model and consists of eight interventions. Cognitive Therapy Intervention (CTI) manuscripts and a five-item questionnaires were distributed to five content experts to determine the intervention’s validity. The findings reported the validity index of 0.87. The target group were thirty-two adolescents chosen to measure the reliability of each intervention by evaluating the objectives in each intervention session. As a result, a reliability index of 0.85 was obtained. From these two indexes, it is proven that the Cognitive Therapy Group Intervention (CTGI) possesses high validity and good reliability and is ready to be put to use. This implies that, counselling interventions in schools are required in working with adolescents with at risk behaviours.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  18. Fulltext The potential of blockchain technology for occupational safety and health management system
    Rafizah Musa, Mohamad Syazli Fathib
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2019;16(1):27-31.
    MyJurnal
    Industries in Malaysia are entering a period of major disruption caused by new technologies such as Artificial Intelligent, Robotics, Blockchain, Nanotechnology as well as Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this fourth industrial revolution where information is generated and exchanged at a rapid and huge scale, its reliability is of paramount importance. The success of Occupational Safety & Health Management System (OSHMS) is highly dependent on the reliability of the information gathered and used, where a large number of intermediaries authenticate the information to establish trust between the stakeholders. Blockchain technology is able to do verification by virtue of secured distributed storage brings about a paradigm shift in the way we establish trust. This paper gives an overview of the potential use of Blockchain technology for Occupational Safety & Health Management System. The discussions focused on the benefits and challenges of implementing the Blockchain technology in OSHMS. The conclusion is drawn based on the strength in the characteristics provided by the Blockchain technology itself.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  19. Fulltext Robust Wavelength Selection Using Filter-Wrapper Method and Input Scaling on Near Infrared Spectral Data
    Silalahi DD, Midi H, Arasan J, Mustafa MS, Caliman JP
    Sensors (Basel), 2020 Sep 03;20(17).
    PMID: 32899292 DOI: 10.3390/s20175001
    The extraction of relevant wavelengths from a large dataset of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a significant challenge in vibrational spectroscopy research. Nonetheless, this process allows the improvement in the chemical interpretability by emphasizing the chemical entities related to the chemical parameters of samples. With the complexity in the dataset, it may be possible that irrelevant wavelengths are still included in the multivariate calibration. This yields the computational process to become unnecessary complex and decreases the accuracy and robustness of the model. In multivariate analysis, Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) is a method commonly used to build a predictive model from NIR spectral data. However, in the PLSR method and common commercial chemometrics software, there is no standard wavelength selection procedure applied to screen the irrelevant wavelengths. In this study, a new robust wavelength selection procedure called the modified VIP-MCUVE (mod-VIP-MCUVE) using Filter-Wrapper method and input scaling strategy is introduced. The proposed method combines the modified Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) and modified Monte Carlo Uninformative Variable Elimination (MCUVE) to calculate the scale matrix of the input variable. The modified VIP uses the orthogonal components of Partial Least Square (PLS) in investigating the informative variable in the model by applying the amount of variation both in X and y{SSX,SSY}, simultaneously. The modified MCUVE uses a robust reliability coefficient and a robust tolerance interval in the selection procedure. To evaluate the superiority of the proposed method, the classical VIP, MCUVE, and autoscaling procedure in classical PLSR were also included in the evaluation. Using artificial data with Monte Carlo simulation and NIR spectral data of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit mesocarp, the study shows that the proposed method offers advantages to improve model interpretability, to be computationally extensive, and to produce better model accuracy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
  20. Fulltext The Development and Validation of Quality of Life Scale for Iraqi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Mikhael EM, Hassali MA, Hussain SA, Shawky N
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 07 18;12(3):262-268.
    PMID: 33100785 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_190_19
    Background and Aim: The current trend for determining the effectiveness of new treatment or services provided for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients is based on assessing the improvement in both glycemic control and the patient quality of life. Many scales have been developed to assess quality of life among DM patients, but unfortunately, no one can be considered as gold standard. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a brief and specific scale to assess quality of life among Iraqi type 2 DM patients.

    Methods: An extensive literature review was done using Google-Scholar and PubMed to find out scales that utilized to assess quality of life among DM patients. Four relevant scales, three diabetes specific and one general, were selected. The selected scales were carefully evaluated to find out domains that are commonly used to assess quality of life and then the items within the selected domains were reviewed to choose relevant and comprehensive items for Iraqi type 2 DM patients. Ten items were selected to formulate the quality of life scale for Iraqi DM patients (QOLSID). The content validity of QOLSID was established via an expert panel. For concurrent validity QOLSID was compared to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). For psychometric evaluation, a cross sectional study for 103 type 2 DM patients was conducted at the National Diabetes Center, Iraq. Test-retest reliability was measured by re-administering QOLSID to 20 patients 2-4 weeks later.

    Results: The internal consistency of the QOLSID was 0.727. All items had a corrected total-item correlation above 0.2. There was a negative significant correlation between QOLSID score and the HbA1C level (-0.518, P = 0.000). A significant positive correlation was obtained after re-testing (0.967, P = 0.000).

    Conclusion: The QOLSID is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used for assessing quality of life among Iraqi type 2 DM patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Reproducibility of Results
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