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A comparative study of clonal selection algorithm for effluent removal forecasting in septic sludge treatment plant

Chun TS, Malek MA, Ismail AR

Water Sci Technol, 2015;71(4):524-8.
PMID: 25746643 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.451

The development of effluent removal prediction is crucial in providing a planning tool necessary for the future development and the construction of a septic sludge treatment plant (SSTP), especially in the developing countries. In order to investigate the expected functionality of the required standard, the prediction of the effluent quality, namely biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solid of an SSTP was modelled using an artificial intelligence approach. In this paper, we adopt the clonal selection algorithm (CSA) to set up a prediction model, with a well-established method - namely the least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM) as a baseline model. The test results of the case study showed that the prediction of the CSA-based SSTP model worked well and provided model performance as satisfactory as the LS-SVM model. The CSA approach shows that fewer control and training parameters are required for model simulation as compared with the LS-SVM approach. The ability of a CSA approach in resolving limited data samples, non-linear sample function and multidimensional pattern recognition makes it a powerful tool in modelling the prediction of effluent removals in an SSTP.
Prediction analysis of effluent removal in a septic sludge treatment plant: a biomimetics engineering approach

Chun TS, Malek MA, Ismail AR

Environ Sci Process Impacts, 2014 Sep 20;16(9):2208-14.
PMID: 25005632 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00282b

Effluent discharge from septic tanks is affecting the environment in developing countries. The most challenging issue facing these countries is the cost of inadequate sanitation, which includes significant economic, social, and environmental burdens. Although most sanitation facilities are evaluated based on their immediate costs and benefits, their long-term performance should also be investigated. In this study, effluent quality-namely, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solid (TSS)-was assessed using a biomimetics engineering approach. A novel immune network algorithm (INA) approach was applied to a septic sludge treatment plant (SSTP) for effluent-removal predictive modelling. The Matang SSTP in the city of Kuching, Sarawak, on the island of Borneo, was selected as a case study. Monthly effluent discharges from 2007 to 2011 were used for training, validating, and testing purposes using MATLAB 7.10. The results showed that the BOD effluent-discharge prediction was less than 50% of the specified standard after the 97(th) month of operation. The COD and TSS effluent removals were simulated at the 85(th) and the 121(st) months, respectively. The study proved that the proposed INA-based SSTP model could be used to achieve an effective SSTP assessment and management technique.
Temperature-mediated absorption of phenylmercuric nitrate on polyethylene and polypropylene containers in chloramphenicol eye drops

Charoo N, Chiew M, Tay A, Lian L

Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2014 Sep;33(3):242-6.
PMID: 24147942 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.837058

The aim of this work was to find the effect of temperature and manufacturing source of phenylmercuric nitrate (PMN) on PMN absorption on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene containers in chloramphenicol eye drops. Two factorial experiments were designed to study the effect of temperature on PMN assay in chloramphenicol eye drops stored in LDPE and prepared from two different PMN sources. PMN source had no effect on PMN assay at 2-8 °C, however at stress conditions (30 °C/75%RH) for 3 weeks, the effect of PMN source on PMN assay was found significant (p
Diagnostic pitfalls in the evaluation and management of amenorrhea in adolescents

Azurah AG, Zainuddin AA, Jayasinghe Y

J Reprod Med, 2013 Jul-Aug;58(7-8):324-36.
PMID: 23947083

Amenorrhea is a common menstrual problem seen in adolescents. Amenorrhea has been shown to have a negative impact on adolescents' quality of life. In this paper we discuss the various causes and investigations of amenorrhea in adolescents and address management dilemmas for specific conditions. Specific approaches in dealing with adolescents using the HEADSS (Home, Education, Activity, Drugs, Sexual activity, Suicidal) approach are discussed.
Fulltext A case study: Chemical health risk assessment in three footwear small industries in Bogor-Indonesia year 2019

Savira YM, Tejamaya M, Putri AA

Gac Sanit, 2021 12 22;35 Suppl 2:S374-S378.
PMID: 34929854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.054

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the health risks related to the use of chemicals among workers in small footwear factories.
METHODS: This was a descriptive case study conducted in three selected small footwear factories located in Ciomas, Bogor, Indonesia. The assessment was conducted using the chemical health risk assessment method by the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia Year 2018.
RESULTS: Results showed that the level of risk of chemicals through inhalation fell on the moderate and high-risk categories, indicating that high exposure could lead to carcinogenic effects. Dermal exposure was categorised as moderate risk, causing such health effects as skin and eye irritation.
CONCLUSION: Factory X, Y, and Z have been found to have a significant risk of hazardous chemical exposure (i.e., benzene and toluene), specifically at the glueing stations, either from inhalation or dermal contact.
Insights from the GC content analysis of 76genome survey sequences (GSS) from Elaeisoleifera

Bhore SJ, Kassim A, Shah FH

Bioinformation, 2010 Sep 20;5(4):141-5.
PMID: 21364775

South American oil-palm (Elaeis oleifera) is not cultivated in tropical countries like Malaysia on large scale due to low yield of palm oil derived from its fruit mesocarp. However, its fruit mesocarp oil contains about 68.6 % oleic acid (C(18:1)) which is more than double in comparison to commercially cultivated oilpalm, E. guineensis Jacq Tenera (hybrid of Dura (♀) x Pisifera (♂)). It is also known that E. oleifera is a good source of tocotrienols and carotenoids. Therefore, it is of interest to know the genome sequence of E. oleifera. The objective of this study is to generate genome survey sequences (GSS) to get GC content insight in the E. oleifera genome. The nuclear genomic DNA isolated from young leaf-tissues was digested with EcoRI and NdeI/DraI restriction enzymes; and three genomic DNA libraries were constructed using Lambda ZAP-II, pGEM®-T Easy, and pDONR 222™ as cloning vectors. Generated 76 GSSs were analyzed by using Bioinformatics tools. The analysis result indicates that the adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine content in generated GSSs are 30%, 20%, 20%, and 30% respectively. In conclusion, based on the precise GC content analysis of the randomly isolated 76 GSSs by using Bioinformatics tools we hypothesize that GC content in E. oleifera genome is 40%. The hypothesized 40% GC content in E. oleifera genome is expected to remain close to the GC content based on the whole genome analysis.(ψ)The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to dbGSS division of the international DNA database (GenBank/DDBJ/EMBL) under accession numbers: DX575945- DX575972 and EI798032-EI798079.
ABBREVIATIONS: gDNA - Nuclear genomic DNA, GSSs - Genome survey sequences K12, SAOP - South American oil-palm Db1.
Fulltext Co-occurrence of trichotillomania and polycystic ovarian syndrome: A case report

Ismaliza Ismail, Wan Salwina Wan Ismai, Norazirah Md. Nor, Lee Voon Yee, Ani Amelia Zainuddin

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2020;5(2):57-60.
MyJurnal

Trichotillomania (TTM) or hair pulling disorder is characterized by repetitive pulling of hair on
the body whereas Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic-endocrine disorder,
manifested by irregular menstrual cycle and clinical hyperandrogenism. Both disorders
commonly occur in young females. TTM and PCOS may be related and share the same
pathophysiology. We reported a case of a teenager with TTM and PCOS, which were triggered
by stress. Neurobiological mechanism may explain the co-occurrences between TTM and
PCOS. Further research in the neurobiology of TTM and PCOS may better explain the cooccurrences between the two disorders.
Fulltext An audit of dysphagia patients attending speech therapy clinic at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia

Amelia Inbam Neelagandan, Esther Tuin, Tay, Chia Yi, Rajesh Kumar Muniandy

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021;15(1):21-29.
MyJurnal

Swallowing involves 55 muscles, five cranial nerves and two cervical nerve roots. When the coordination of this reflex is disturbed, dysphagia occurs. Dysphagia refers either to the difficulty someone may have with the initial phases of a swallow or to the sensation that the foods or the liquids are being obstructed in their passage from the mouth to the stomach. The objective of the study was to identify the diagnosis of patients attending Speech Therapy clinic, in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, and to identify the demography of dysphagic patients. From the 406 patients that came during the study period, 139 patients (34.2%) were diagnosed with dysphagia, followed by developmental language disorders (33.3%). Of the 139 patients diagnosed with dysphagia, most of them are within the 41 to 60 (43.2%) and above 60 (42.2%) age groups. The majority were males (66.2%). A total of 81 (58.3%) patients with dysphagia had a history of cerebrovascular accident. Dysphagia is a common disorder among patients attending Speech Therapy Clinics at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu. Training of Speech Therapists and early dysphagia intervention leads to a better outcome.
Fulltext Language and cross-cultural influences in the psychometric evaluation of the Malaysian FertiQol

Farnaza Ariffin, Suzanna Daud, Zaliha Ismai, Ani Amelia Zainuddin, Roszaman Ramli

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(2):157-163.
MyJurnal

Introduction: FertiQoL questionnaire was developed and validated in 2011. It has been widely used and translated
into many languages to measure QoL among infertile individuals. The use of translated psychometric tools is often
subjected to cross-cultural variations. The objective of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the
Malaysian FertiQoL. Methods: A study was conducted among attendees of a public infertility clinic. Demographic
details were collected and respondents answered the Malaysian FertiQoL. The questionnaire consists of 34 items.
Factor analysis and internal consistency were analysed using SPSS v24. Results: Data from 175 respondents were
analysed. Mean age is 32.1 ±3.8 SD with 56.6% female and 43.4% male. KMO index were 0.826 and significant
Bartlett’s test for sphericity. For Treatment domain, factor loadings for items T2 and T5 were < 0.32 but for all other
items were acceptable between 0.32 – 0.80 with no cross loadings and Cronbach alpha for environment (0.717)
and tolerability (0.660). For Core items, Q4, Q6 and Q14 loaded onto different domains and Q19 had poor factor
loading. All other items were acceptable. Cronbach alpha for specific domains were emotional (0.788) mind-body
(0.829), relational (0.639) and social (0.666). Cronbach alpha for emotional, relational, social improved to 0.857,
0.643 and 0.732 if Q4, Q6 and Q14 were omitted respectively. Conclusion: The study identified six items that affected the psychometric validity of the questionnaire and maybe explained by language or cross-cultural reasons.
However, the Malaysian FertiQoL can still be useful to measure QoL in those with infertility.
Fulltext SCREENING OF RHAMNOLIPID PRODUCED BY MARINE BACTERIUM FOR HEAVY METAL REMOVAL IN MANGROVE SOIL

Raveena, K., Arularasu, M., Ganesan, S.S. K., Amelia, T.S.M., Ong, M.C., Bhubalan, K., et al.

UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(4):29-36.
MyJurnal

Mangrove located near urban area is exposed to various industrial discharge including heavy metals. Mangrove soil is capable of accumulating and storing these heavy metals. Heavy metals are toxic and non-biodegradable, so their accumulations affect water quality, while bioaccumulation and bio-assimilation of heavy metals in mangrove organisms negatively impact the food chain. Bacteria-derived biosurfactants are compounds capable of removing heavy metals from soil and sediment. Furthermore, environmentally friendly properties, such as biodegradability and low toxicity, exhibited by biosurfactants make them a suitable replacement for chemical surfactants for remediation efforts. This study was conducted to investigate the lead- (Pb) and zinc- (Zn) removing capability of rhamnolipid (RL), a type of biosurfactant produced by marine bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UMTKB-5. Rhamnolipid solutions of three different concentrations (25 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 75 mg/L) were added to mangrove soil and incubated for 7 days. The removal of Pb from soils was up to 18.3% using 25 mg/L RL solution, while 50 mg/L RL solution removed 48.3%, and 75 mg/L RL solution removed 75.9% Pb over time. Meanwhile, zinc removal of 25 mg/L RL solution was up to 24.9%, while 50 mg/L removed 16.5%, and 75 mg/L RL removed 30.5% of Zn. The results showed that RL from P. aeruginosa UMTKB-5 could be a potential biomaterial to be used to remediate heavy metals in sediment.
Fulltext Validation of Corrupted Medical Image Labelling using Deep Neural Network

Mhd Khaled Maen, Amelia Ritahani Ismail, Nadzurah Zainal Abidin, M.A.B. M.D. Ali

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2019;18(102):49-0.
MyJurnal

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) has been successfully applied in a variety of medical image analysis. However, in building a good DNN model, it requires validated label from medical experts. The task of getting labels validated by the medical expert is quite a challenge due to the complexity of the image as well as large variability between the experts. Thus, this research investigates the effect of corrupted medical label on deep neural network for analysing diseases. Materials and method: In investigating this issue, a chest X-ray dataset comprising of 2560 images with 14 multilabel diseases from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are examined. The DNN models that are explored are MobileNet, which is a base network that uses a depth-wise separable convolutional in building lightweight DNN and Xception, which is also utilised depth-wise separable convolutional with inception modules as an intermediate step in between regular convolutional and the depthwise convolutional. Different training and testing sizes are presented to the models with different ranges of corrupted labels from 10% to 50%. The training and validation accuracy is compared for each of the test cases together with other statistical analysis. Results: Based on the conducted experiments, it can be highlighted that both models can classify the diseases with the accuracy of more than 80% if the images have been previously trained by the model for different sizes of the corrupted labels. For the unseen or previously untrained images, the models can reach the accuracy of 70% and as the sizes of corrupted label increases, the accuracy will decreases as low as 50%. Conclusion: To conclude, corrupted labels have a critical effect on the DNN models. Thus, it is very essential to study the effect of the corrupted medical images label to ensure the reliability of the DNN models for medical imaging.
Fulltext Expressed breast milk feeding: knowledge and attitude of employed mothers

Shabbir, F., Nina, H., Lim, Z.Y., Amelia, A.R., Nor Ain, M.Z., Shareena, I., et al.

Medicine & Health, 2020;15(1):177-186.
MyJurnal

Pengetahuan yang baik tentang teknik perahan, penyimpanan dan penggunaan susu perahan ibu adalah sangat penting kepada ibu-ibu yang ingin meneruskan penyusuan ibu selepas kembali bekerja. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menilai pengetahuan dan sikap ibu bekerja terhadap perahan, penyimpanan dan penggunaan susu ibu. Kajian hirisan lintang ini disertai oleh 300 ibu bekerja sepenuh masa yang melahirkan bayi di sebuah hospital tertiari di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan soal selidik yang mengandungi 28 soalan menguji pengetahuan dan 9 soalan menilai sikap yang telah disahkan kandungannya. Skor tertinggi adalah 28 untuk pengetahuan dan 45 untuk sikap. Skor purata untuk pengetahuan adalah 20.47 (SD 4.06). Ibu yang mendapat skor ≥21 (≥75% skor maksimum) dikategorikan sebagai mempunyai “pengetahuan yang baik” manakala mereka yang mendapat skor
Fulltext Effect of salinity on embryo and larval development of oyster Crassostrea iredalei

Ng, Amelia Phei Fang, Teh, Chiew Peng, Poi, Khoy Yen, Tan, Aileen Shau Hwai, Zulfigar Yasin

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016;27(11):23-29.
MyJurnal

The effects of salinity on the embryonic and larvae stage of Crassostrea iredalei
were investigated. Fertilised eggs and one day old D-larvae were subjected to salinities
ranging from 0 to 30 ppt at temperature of 30±2°C. At salinity lower than 10 ppt, 100%
mortality was observed. For embryo development, the highest survival was observed at
salinity 25 ppt with 80.9±2.2% survival with no significant difference compared to 15 and
30 ppt. Shell height and length were both greatest at salinity 30 ppt. Throughout the 11
days culture, the highest larval survival occurred at salinity 15 ppt with no significant
difference compared to all other salinities except 10 ppt. Larval shell sizes showed no
significant differences between salinities, except for 10 ppt. Optimum culture condition for
larvae growth are salinities ranging from 15 to 30 ppt whereby the larval of this species
can tolerate wider range of salinity compared to other oyster species and thus, making it a
competitive species to be cultured.
Fulltext A case of gastrointestinal stromal tumour mimicking uterine fibroid

Nurhayati, A., Aida Hani, M.K., Nik Muhd Aslan, A., Reena Rahayu, M.Z., Ani Amelia, Z.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2017;7(1):69-71.
MyJurnal

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is extremely rare with reported incidence of 20 per million per year. It is the most common mesenchymal tumour of the gastrointestinal tract. When it occurs at the pelvis in a female patient, it can be misleading to a gynaecological diagnosis. Non gynaecological diagnosis such as GIST must be considered in patients with pelvic mass presenting with atypical symptoms.
Peningkatan keupayaan pembangunan produk baru melalui pemodelan matematik

Muhammad Marsudi, Dzuraidah Abdul Wahab, Lily Amelia, Che Hassan Che Haron

Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.

Kertas ini membincangkan pembangunan suatu alat sokongan pembuat keputusan dalam mereka bentuk produk berasaskan teori baris-gilir yang dikaitkan dengan maklumat masa kitar pembuatan. Dengan penggunaan alat sokongan ini, kesan reka bentuk sesuatu produk terhadap parameter kapasiti dan masa kitar pembuatan sesuatu sistem pembuatan sedia ada dapat ditentukan. Aplikasi alat sokongan ini membolehkan kumpulan pembangunan produk membangunkan produk sebenar pada masa yang singkat, meminimumkan kos pembangunan serta mengurangkan keperluan untuk mereka
bentuk semula produk. Alat sokongan ini telah diaplikasikan pada sebuah industri automotif tempatan dan hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa alat sokongan tersebut telah berjaya melakukan analisis masa kitar dan tahap penggunaan pada sistem pembuatan sedia ada. Pada jumlah keluaran 44 komponen/jam dan saiz sesekumpul 80, hasil analisis menunjukkan tahap penggunaan pada 98% dengan masa kitar 17.8 jam bagi pemprosesan gabungan produk yang terdiri daripada komponen dengan reka bentuk baru dan reka bentuk sedia ada.
Rapid screening method for isolation of glycerol-consuming bacteria for ethanol production

Sheril Norliana Suhaimi, Nur Amelia Azreen Adnan, Yee PL, Suraini Abd-aziz, Maeda T

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:811-815.

Large numbers of glycerol-consuming bacteria are present in nature; hence bioconversion of glycerol into biofuel which
is bioethanol is one of the interests. The effective screening procedure is needed to screen and isolate broad ranges
of bacteria from environment. The screening method was modified based on enzymatic oxidation of ethanol, which is
correlated to reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol dye that resulted in the formation of yellow zone. Approximately
300 colonies were able to grow on minimal media using glycerol as sole carbon. Only about 70 isolates showed positive
result when using the modified ethanol production assay after pre-screening stage. The formation of decolourized zone
was apparent using modified assay containing 5 mL/L of 0.05M 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, 10 mL of reaction
mixture and 500 µl/L of enzyme, respectively. The ethanol production capability of the isolates was further proven by
anaerobic fermentation as a quantitative method. This modified method is applicable in screening for ethanol producer
from glycerol as carbon source allows rapid and more bacteria can be screened.
Research on quality of life in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and issues in developing nations

Zainuddin AA, Grover SR, Shamsuddin K, Mahdy ZA

J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 2013 Dec;26(6):296-304.
PMID: 23507003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.08.004

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the commonest cause of ambiguous genitalia for female newborns and is one of the conditions under the umbrella term of "Disorders of Sex Development" (DSD). Management of these patients require multidisciplinary collaboration and is challenging because there are many aspects of care, such as the most appropriate timing and extent of feminizing surgery required and attention to psychosexual, psychological, and reproductive issues, which still require attention and reconsideration, even in developed nations. In developing nations, however, additional challenges prevail: poverty, lack of education, lack of easily accessible and affordable medical care, traditional beliefs on intersex, religious, and cultural issues, as well as poor community support. There is a paucity of long-term outcome studies on DSD and CAH to inform on best management to achieve optimal outcome. In a survey conducted on 16 patients with CAH and their parents in a Malaysian tertiary center, 31.3% of patients stated poor knowledge of their condition, and 37.5% did not realize that their medications were required for life. This review on the research done on quality of life (QOL) of female patients with CAH aims: to discuss factors affecting QOL of female patients with CAH, especially in the developing population; to summarize the extant literature on the quality of life outcomes of female patients with CAH; and to offer recommendations to improve QOL outcomes in clinical practice and research.
Cytochrome P450 genotype-guided drug therapies: An update on current states

Dong AN, Tan BH, Pan Y, Ong CE

Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2018 10;45(10):991-1001.
PMID: 29858511 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12978

Over the past 2 decades, knowledge of the role and clinical value of pharmacogenetic markers has expanded so that individualized pre-emptive therapy based on genetic background of patients could be within reach for clinical implementation. This is evidenced from the frequent updating of drug labels that incorporates pharmacogenetic information (where compelling data become available) by the regulatory agencies (such as the US FDA), and the periodical publication of guidelines of specific therapeutic recommendations based on the results of pharmacogenetic tests by the pharmacogenetics working groups or consortiums of professional bodies. Clinical relevance of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) polymorphism related to dose, effectiveness and/or toxicity of key drugs are presented in this review, including that of warfarin, clopidogrel, tricyclic antidepressants, and proton pump inhibitors. Prospect for routine clinical application of CYP genotyping before prescribing drugs is still currently unclear due to challenges and barriers associated with availability of well-defined and validated pharmacogenetic studies, the interpretation, result reporting and potential error of genotype testing, involvement of non-genetic factors, and other patient's demographic and disease conditions. Further studies to provide additional supporting clinical data and acceleration of pharmacogenetic testing standards and techniques should help improve the evidence base needed for clinical utility and hence move the implementation of genotype-guided therapy in clinical practice a step closer to reality.
Electrical stimulator with mechanomyography-based real-time monitoring, muscle fatigue detection, and safety shut-off: a pilot study

Naeem J, Hamzaid NA, Azman AW, Bijak M

Biomed Tech (Berl), 2020 Aug 27;65(4):461-468.
PMID: 32304295 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2019-0191

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been used to produce force-related activities on the paralyzed muscle among spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals. Early muscle fatigue is an issue in all FES applications. If not properly monitored, overstimulation can occur, which can lead to muscle damage. A real-time mechanomyography (MMG)-based FES system was implemented on the quadriceps muscles of three individuals with SCI to generate an isometric force on both legs. Three threshold drop levels of MMG-root mean square (MMG-RMS) feature (thr50, thr60, and thr70; representing 50%, 60%, and 70% drop from initial MMG-RMS values, respectively) were used to terminate the stimulation session. The mean stimulation time increased when the MMG-RMS drop threshold increased (thr50: 22.7 s, thr60: 25.7 s, and thr70: 27.3 s), indicating longer sessions when lower performance drop was allowed. Moreover, at thr70, the torque dropped below 50% from the initial value in 14 trials, more than at thr50 and thr60. This is a clear indication of muscle fatigue detection using the MMG-RMS value. The stimulation time at thr70 was significantly longer (p = 0.013) than that at thr50. The results demonstrated that a real-time MMG-based FES monitoring system has the potential to prevent the onset of critical muscle fatigue in individuals with SCI in prolonged FES sessions.
The effect of multiple simulation parameters on MM/PBSA performance for binding affinity prediction of CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists

Loo JSE, Yong AYY, Yong YN

Chem Biol Drug Des, 2020 11;96(5):1244-1254.
PMID: 32462752 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13733

Both the inactive- and active-state CB1 receptor crystal structures have now been solved, allowing their application in various structure-based drug design methods. One potential method utilizing these crystal structures is the Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method of predicting relative binding free.

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