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Fulltext Standard treatment guidelines for malaria: Challenges in its implementation in Islamabad (federal capital) and Rawalpindi (twin city), Pakistan

Malik M, Hussain A, Hassali MA, Shafie AA

Saudi Pharm J, 2013 Jan;21(1):123-4.
PMID: 23960827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.02.005
Fulltext Modulation techniques for biomedical implanted devices and their challenges

Hannan MA, Abbas SM, Samad SA, Hussain A

Sensors (Basel), 2012;12(1):297-319.
PMID: 22368470 DOI: 10.3390/s120100297

Implanted medical devices are very important electronic devices because of their usefulness in monitoring and diagnosis, safety and comfort for patients. Since 1950s, remarkable efforts have been undertaken for the development of bio-medical implanted and wireless telemetry bio-devices. Issues such as design of suitable modulation methods, use of power and monitoring devices, transfer energy from external to internal parts with high efficiency and high data rates and low power consumption all play an important role in the development of implantable devices. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various modulation and demodulation techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) of the existing wireless implanted devices. The details of specifications, including carrier frequency, CMOS size, data rate, power consumption and supply, chip area and application of the various modulation schemes of the implanted devices are investigated and summarized in the tables along with the corresponding key references. Current challenges and problems of the typical modulation applications of these technologies are illustrated with a brief suggestions and discussion for the progress of implanted device research in the future. It is observed that the prime requisites for the good quality of the implanted devices and their reliability are the energy transformation, data rate, CMOS size, power consumption and operation frequency. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, high efficient, high data rate and reliable implanted devices.
Compliance with legal requirements at community pharmacies: a cross sectional study from Pakistan

Hussain A, Ibrahim MI, Baber ZU

Int J Pharm Pract, 2012 Jun;20(3):183-90.
PMID: 22554161 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00178.x

The study evaluated the compliance of community pharmacies with legal requirements as laid down by the drug regulatory framework in Pakistan.
An intelligent load shedding scheme using neural networks and neuro-fuzzy

Haidar AM, Mohamed A, Al-Dabbagh M, Hussain A, Masoum M

Int J Neural Syst, 2009 Dec;19(6):473-9.
PMID: 20039470

Load shedding is some of the essential requirement for maintaining security of modern power systems, particularly in competitive energy markets. This paper proposes an intelligent scheme for fast and accurate load shedding using neural networks for predicting the possible loss of load at the early stage and neuro-fuzzy for determining the amount of load shed in order to avoid a cascading outage. A large scale electrical power system has been considered to validate the performance of the proposed technique in determining the amount of load shed. The proposed techniques can provide tools for improving the reliability and continuity of power supply. This was confirmed by the results obtained in this research of which sample results are given in this paper.
Computed and conventional chest radiography: a comparison of image quality and radiation dose

Ramli K, Abdullah BJ, Ng KH, Mahmud R, Hussain AF

Australas Radiol, 2005 Dec;49(6):460-6.
PMID: 16351609

The aim of this study was to compare the image quality and entrance skin dose (ESD) for film-screen and computed chest radiography. Analysis of the image quality and dose on chest radiography was carried out on a conventional X-ray unit using film-screen, storage phosphor plates and selenium drum direct chest radiography. For each receptor, ESD was measured in 60 patients using thermoluminescent dosemeters. Images were printed on 35 x 43 cm films. Image quality was assessed subjectively by evaluation of anatomic features and estimation of the image quality, following the guidelines established by the protocols of the Commission of the European Communities. There was no statistically significant difference noted between the computed and conventional images (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P > 0.05). Imaging of the mediastinum and peripheral lung structures were better visualized with the storage phosphor and selenium drum technique than with the film-screen combination. The patients' mean ESD for chest radiography using the storage phosphor, film-screen combination and selenium drum was 0.20, 0.20 and 0.25 mGy, respectively, with no statistically significant difference with P > 0.05 (chi(2) tests).
Fulltext Glibenclamide-induced profound hypoglycaemic crisis: a case report

Hussain A, Ali I, Khan AU, Khan TM

Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 2016 Apr;7(2):84-7.
PMID: 27092233 DOI: 10.1177/2042018816632440

The value of sulphonylureas in the long-term treatment of type II diabetes has been questioned. The potential benefits of an antidiabetic drug must be carefully weighed against the risk of developing hazardous adverse effects like hypoglycaemia. We present drug-induced hypoglycaemia in a 77-year-old Pakistani male who had hypertension, type II diabetes and renal parenchymal disease (grade I), presented to the emergency department complaining of a 1-day history of fever, loose motions and drowsiness. His fever was low grade, intermittent, and not associated with rigors and chills. He had four episodes of watery stools for 1 day, with no associated vomiting but with drowsiness. He was aphasic, unable to walk and did not recognize his family members. The patient was taken to his local doctor who found him to be hypoglycaemic, with a blood sugar of 45 mg/dl. He was managed with intravenous (IV) dextrose and referred to the hospital. Hypoglycaemia is perhaps the most widespread and underreported complication of oral hypoglycaemic agents and may lead to overwhelming morbidity and mortality. Patient evaluation and proper counselling may help in identifying patients at greatest risk and avoid complications associated with these commonly prescribed drugs.
Fulltext Effects of COVID-19 in E-learning on higher education institution students: the group comparison between male and female

Shahzad A, Hassan R, Aremu AY, Hussain A, Lodhi RN

Qual Quant, 2020 Aug 04.
PMID: 32836471 DOI: 10.1007/s11135-020-01028-z

In response to the emerging and ever solution to the COVID-19 outbreak. This study proposes a theoretical framework based on literature and model to determined E-learning portal success. The study compared males and females to E-learning portal usage. The study objective is to check the difference between male and female E-learning portals' accessibility among the students' perspective. The study included service quality, system quality, information quality, user satisfaction, system use, and E-learning portal success. The empirical data of 280 students participated from the different universities of Malaysia through google surveys analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. The study further divided the full model into two domains, which are female and male. In the male model, information quality and system quality have direct relationships with user satisfaction. Information quality also supported the relationship with system use. At the same time, there is a positive relationship between user satisfaction and E-learning portals. Likewise, in the female model, E-service quality and Information quality both are supported by system use and user satisfaction. Similarly, system quality has a positive relationship with user satisfaction, and user satisfaction has a positive relationship with E-learning portals. The study will be further helpful for the Malaysian universities policy-makers such as top management, ministry of higher education, Malaysian universities union in designing the policies and programs on E-learning Portal Success in the country. The findings of the study reveal that males and females have a different level of in terms of usage of towards E-learning portals in Malaysian Universities.
Fulltext Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of Escherichia coli isolates belonging to clinical sequence type 131 (ST131), clinical non-ST131, and fecal non-ST131 lineages from India

Hussain A, Ranjan A, Nandanwar N, Babbar A, Jadhav S, Ahmed N

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014 Dec;58(12):7240-9.
PMID: 25246402 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.03320-14

In view of the epidemiological success of CTX-M-15-producing lineages of Escherichia coli and particularly of sequence type 131 (ST131), it is of significant interest to explore its prevalence in countries such as India and to determine if antibiotic resistance, virulence, metabolic potential, and/or the genetic architecture of the ST131 isolates differ from those of non-ST131 isolates. A collection of 126 E. coli isolates comprising 43 ST131 E. coli, 40 non-ST131 E. coli, and 43 fecal E. coli isolates collected from a tertiary care hospital in India was analyzed. These isolates were subjected to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-based fingerprinting, O typing, phylogenetic grouping, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene (VAG) detection. Representative isolates from this collection were also analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation, metabolic profiling, biofilm production assay, and zebra fish lethality assay. All of the 43 ST131 E. coli isolates were exclusively associated with phylogenetic group B2 (100%), while most of the clinical non-ST131 and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates were affiliated with the B2 (38%) and A (58%) phylogenetic groups, respectively. Significantly greater proportions of ST131 isolates (58%) than non-ST131 isolates (clinical and stool E. coli isolates, 5% each) were technically identified to be extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The clinical ST131, clinical non-ST131, and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates exhibited high rates of multidrug resistance (95%, 91%, and 91%, respectively), extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production (86%, 83%, and 91%, respectively), and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production (28%, 33%, and 0%, respectively). CTX-M-15 was strongly linked with ESBL production in ST131 isolates (93%), whereas CTX-M-15 plus TEM were present in clinical and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates. Using MLST, we confirmed the presence of two NDM-1-positive ST131 E. coli isolates. The aggregate bioscores (metabolite utilization) for ST131, clinical non-ST131, and stool non-ST131 E. coli isolates were 53%, 52%, and 49%, respectively. The ST131 isolates were moderate biofilm producers and were more highly virulent in zebra fish than non-ST131 isolates. According to ERIC-based fingerprinting, the ST131 strains were more genetically similar, and this was subsequently followed by the genetic similarity of clinical non-ST131 and stool non-ST131 E. coli strains. In conclusion, our data provide novel insights into aspects of the fitness advantage of E. coli lineage ST131 and suggest that a number of factors are likely involved in the worldwide dissemination of and infections due to ST131 E. coli isolates.
Capacitated vehicle-routing problem model for scheduled solid waste collection and route optimization using PSO algorithm

Hannan MA, Akhtar M, Begum RA, Basri H, Hussain A, Scavino E

Waste Manag, 2018 Jan;71:31-41.
PMID: 29079284 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.019

Waste collection widely depends on the route optimization problem that involves a large amount of expenditure in terms of capital, labor, and variable operational costs. Thus, the more waste collection route is optimized, the more reduction in different costs and environmental effect will be. This study proposes a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in a capacitated vehicle-routing problem (CVRP) model to determine the best waste collection and route optimization solutions. In this study, threshold waste level (TWL) and scheduling concepts are applied in the PSO-based CVRP model under different datasets. The obtained results from different datasets show that the proposed algorithmic CVRP model provides the best waste collection and route optimization in terms of travel distance, total waste, waste collection efficiency, and tightness at 70-75% of TWL. The obtained results for 1 week scheduling show that 70% of TWL performs better than all node consideration in terms of collected waste, distance, tightness, efficiency, fuel consumption, and cost. The proposed optimized model can serve as a valuable tool for waste collection and route optimization toward reducing socioeconomic and environmental impacts.
TolC facilitates the intracellular survival and immunomodulation of Salmonella Typhi in human host cells

Hussain A, Ong EBB, Balaram P, Ismail A, Kien PK

Virulence, 2024 Dec;15(1):2395831.
PMID: 39185619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2395831

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a systemic infection that affects millions of people worldwide. S. Typhi can invade and survive within host cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, by modulating their immune responses. However, the immunomodulatory capability of S. Typhi in relation to TolC-facilitated efflux pump function remains unclear. The role of TolC, an outer membrane protein that facilitates efflux pump function, in the invasion and immunomodulation of S. Typhi, was studied in human intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages. The tolC deletion mutant of S. Typhi was compared with the wild-type and its complemented strain in terms of their ability to invade epithelial cells, survive and induce cytotoxicity in macrophages, and elicit proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. The tolC mutant, which has a defective outer membrane, was impaired in invading epithelial cells compared to the wild-type strain, but the intracellular presence of the tolC mutant exhibited greater cytotoxicity and induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8) in macrophages compared to the wild-type strain. These effects were reversed by complementing the tolC mutant with a functional tolC gene. Our results suggest that TolC plays a role in S. Typhi to efficiently invade epithelial cells and suppress host immune responses during infection. TolC may be a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics against typhoid fever.
Behavior-based safety program for process industries

Rashid MI, Athar M, Noor F, Hussain A

Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 2023 Dec;29(4):1440-1450.
PMID: 36221985 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2135282

Objectives. This article describes the reduction of unsafe behaviors observed at a fertilizer complex by implementation of a behavior-based safety (BBS) program via a behavior observation form developed by a multidisciplinary team. Methods. Six observation categories, i.e., position of people, reaction of people, personal protective equipment (PPE), tools used, operating procedures and housekeeping, are used to monitor safe and unsafe behaviors for a period of 18 months. Results. Safe behaviors increased from 57 to 70% and unsafe behaviors reduced from 40 to 26%. Behaviors of employees working in various sections of fertilizer complex such as ammonia, urea, utility, bagging/shipping and workshop were also observed. Non-compliance with PPE, housekeeping and standard operating procedures was also monitored in individual sections. Non-operational areas including the administration block, housing colony, maintenance workshop, warehouse, fire station and electrical substation were also observed. Among these, the maximum unsafe behaviors are for the housing colony and minimum for the electrical substation. Conclusion. It has been concluded that working on the housing colony, administration block and fire station areas will address 74% unsafe behaviors of non-operational areas. For practical applications, worldwide industries can implement this BBS program to enhance BBS, thus reducing unsafe behaviors and increasing employee morale.
Fulltext Deletion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi tolC reduces bacterial adhesion and invasion toward host cells

Hussain A, Ong EBB, Balaram P, Ismail A, Kien PK

Front Microbiol, 2023;14:1301478.
PMID: 38029101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301478

BACKGROUND: S. Typhi is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes typhoid fever in humans. Its virulence depends on the TolC outer membrane pump, which expels toxic compounds and antibiotics. However, the role of TolC in the host cell adhesion and invasion by S. Typhi is unclear.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate how deleting the tolC affects the adhesion and invasion of HT-29 epithelial and THP-1 macrophage cells by S. Typhi in vitro.
METHODS: We compared the adhesion and invasion rates of the wild-type and the tolC mutant strains of S. Typhi using in vitro adhesion and invasion assays. We also measured the expression levels of SPI-1 genes (invF, sipA, sipC, and sipD) using quantitative PCR.
RESULTS: We found that the tolC mutant showed a significant reduction in adhesion and invasion compared to the wild-type strain in both cell types. We also observed that the expression of SPI-1 genes was downregulated in the tolC mutant.
DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that TolC modulates the expression of SPI-1 genes and facilitates the adhesion and invasion of host cells by S. Typhi. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of S. Typhi pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance. However, our study is limited by the use of in vitro models and does not reflect the complex interactions between S. Typhi and host cells in vivo.
Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) attenuates azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways in rats

Almaimani G, Jabbar AAJ, Ibrahim IAA, Alzahrani AR, Bamagous GA, Almaimani RA, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Jan;31(3):4439-4452.
PMID: 38103135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31349-z

Herbal medicine is one of the most common fields explored for combating colon cancers, and Pimpinella anisum L. seeds (PAS) have been utilized widely as medicinal agents because of their increased essential oil (trans-anethole) contents. In this essence, our study investigates the toxic effect and chemoprotective potentials of PAS against azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in rats. The toxicity trial for PAS conducted by clustering fifteen rats into three groups (five rats each): A, normal control had 10% Tween 20; B, ingested with 2 g/kg PAS; and C, supplemented with 4 g/kg PAS. The in vivo cancer trial was performed by using 30 rats (Sprague-Dawley) that were randomly adapted in five steel cages (six rats each): group A, normal controls received two subcutaneous injections of normal saline 0.09% and ingested orally 10% Tween 20; groups B-E, rats received two injections of 15 mg/kg of azoxymethane (AOM) subcutaneously in 2 weeks and treated orally with 10% Tween 20 (group B) or intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (35 mg/kg) (group C), or orally given 200 mg/kg PAS (group D) and 400 mg/kg PAS (group E) for 8 weeks. After the scarification of rats, the colon tissues were dissected for gross and histopathological evaluations. The acute toxicity trial showed the absence of any toxic signs in rats even after 14 days of ingesting 4 g/kg of PAS. The chemoprotective experiment revealed significant inhibitory potentials (65.93%) of PAS (400 mg/kg) against aberrant crypto foci incidence that could be correlated with its positive modulation of the immunohistochemically proteins represented by a significant up-regulation of the Bax protein and a decrease of the Bcl-2 protein expressions in colon tissues. Furthermore, PAS-treated rats had notably lower oxidative stress in colon tissues evidenced by decreased MDA levels and increased antiradical defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx). The outcomes suggest 400 mg/kg PAS as a viable additive for the development of potential pharmaceuticals against colorectal cancer.
Fulltext Design and development of a content-based medical image retrieval system for spine vertebrae irregularity

Mustapha A, Hussain A, Samad SA, Zulkifley MA, Diyana Wan Zaki WM, Hamid HA

Biomed Eng Online, 2015;14:6.
PMID: 25595511 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-14-6

Content-based medical image retrieval (CBMIR) system enables medical practitioners to perform fast diagnosis through quantitative assessment of the visual information of various modalities.
Fulltext Automatic frequency controller for power amplifiers used in bio-implanted applications: issues and challenges

Hannan MA, Hussein HA, Mutashar S, Samad SA, Hussain A

Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(12):23843-70.
PMID: 25615728 DOI: 10.3390/s141223843

With the development of communication technologies, the use of wireless systems in biomedical implanted devices has become very useful. Bio-implantable devices are electronic devices which are used for treatment and monitoring brain implants, pacemakers, cochlear implants, retinal implants and so on. The inductive coupling link is used to transmit power and data between the primary and secondary sides of the biomedical implanted system, in which efficient power amplifier is very much needed to ensure the best data transmission rates and low power losses. However, the efficiency of the implanted devices depends on the circuit design, controller, load variation, changes of radio frequency coil's mutual displacement and coupling coefficients. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various power amplifier classes and their characteristics, efficiency and controller techniques that have been used in bio-implants. The automatic frequency controller used in biomedical implants such as gate drive switching control, closed loop power control, voltage controlled oscillator, capacitor control and microcontroller frequency control have been explained. Most of these techniques keep the resonance frequency stable in transcutaneous power transfer between the external coil and the coil implanted inside the body. Detailed information including carrier frequency, power efficiency, coils displacement, power consumption, supplied voltage and CMOS chip for the controllers techniques are investigated and summarized in the provided tables. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing automatic frequency controller technologies are more or less can capable of performing well in the implant devices; however, the systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, current challenges and problems of the typical automatic frequency controller techniques for power amplifiers are illustrated, with a brief suggestions and discussion section concerning the progress of implanted device research in the future. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, highly efficient, high data rate and reliable automatic frequency controllers for implanted devices.
Fulltext Anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activities of plasma are conserved across twelve mammalian species

Ahmed S, Gul S, Idris F, Hussain A, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZ, et al.

Molecules, 2014;19(8):11385-94.
PMID: 25090125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811385

Human plasma inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism and platelet aggregation. This helps human form a haemostatic control system that prevents the progress of certain aggregatory or inflammatory reactions. Whether this property of plasma is unique to human or extends to other species is not well known. It is speculated that this protective ability of plasma remains evolutionarily conserved in different mammals. In order to confirm this, the effect of plasma from 12 different mammalian species was investigated for its inhibitory potential against arachidonic acid metabolism and platelet aggregation. Metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways was studies using radio-immuno assay and thin layer chromatography while platelet aggregation in the plasma of various mammals was monitored following turbedmetric method in a dual channel aggregometer. Results indicate that inhibition of AA metabolism and platelet aggregation is a common feature of plasma obtained from different mammalian species, although there exists large interspecies variation. This shows that besides human, other mammals also possess general protective mechanisms against various aggregatory and inflammatory conditions and this anti-inflammatory property of the plasma is evolutionarily conserved in mammalian species. The most likely candidates responsible for these properties of plasma include haptoglobin, albumin and lipoproteins.
Fulltext Adverse outcomes of anticoagulant use among hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease: a comparison of the rates of major bleeding events between unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin

Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Syed Sulaiman SA, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Al Sayed Hussain A, Railey MJ

PLoS One, 2014;9(9):e106517.
PMID: 25181525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106517

Anticoagulation therapy is usually required in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for treatment or prevention of thromboembolic diseases. However, this benefit could easily be offset by the risk of bleeding.
Fulltext Development of an adverse drug reaction risk assessment score among hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease

Sharif-Askari FS, Syed Sulaiman SA, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Al Sayed Hussain A

PLoS One, 2014;9(4):e95991.
PMID: 24755778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095991

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major burden on the healthcare system. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are particularly vulnerable to ADRs because they are usually on multiple drug regimens, have multiple comorbidities, and because of alteration in their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters. Therefore, one step towards reducing this burden is to identify patients who are at increased risk of an ADR.
Assessment of guideline adherence in hospitalised heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Sulaiman SA, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Al Sayed Hussain A, Al-Mulla AA

Int J Cardiol, 2014 Apr 1;172(3):e491-3.
PMID: 24462141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.002
Enhanced optical flow field of left ventricular motion using quasi-Gaussian DCT filter

Riyadi S, Mustafa MM, Hussain A, Maskon O, Nor IF

Adv Exp Med Biol, 2011;696:461-9.
PMID: 21431586 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7046-6_46

Left ventricular motion estimation is very important for diagnosing cardiac abnormality. One of the popular techniques, optical flow technique, promises useful results for motion quantification. However, optical flow technique often failed to provide smooth vector field due to the complexity of cardiac motion and the presence of speckle noise. This chapter proposed a new filtering technique, called quasi-Gaussian discrete cosine transform (QGDCT)-based filter, to enhance the optical flow field for myocardial motion estimation. Even though Gaussian filter and DCT concept have been implemented in other previous researches, this filter introduces a different approach of Gaussian filter model based on high frequency properties of cosine function. The QGDCT is a customized quasi discrete Gaussian filter in which its coefficients are derived from a selected two-dimensional DCT. This filter was implemented before and after the computation of optical flow to reduce the speckle noise and to improve the flow field smoothness, respectively. The algorithm was first validated on synthetic echocardiography image that simulates a contracting myocardium motion. Subsequently, this method was also implemented on clinical echocardiography images. To evaluate the performance of the technique, several quantitative measurements such as magnitude error, angular error, and standard error of measurement are computed and analyzed. The final motion estimation results were in good agreement with the physician manual interpretation.

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