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Correlation and accuracy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography in assessing depth of invasion of oral tongue carcinoma

Chin SY, Kadir K, Ibrahim N, Rahmat K

Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2021 Jun;50(6):718-724.
PMID: 33162298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.09.025

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation and accuracy of depth of invasion (DOI) measurement from preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scans in comparison to histopathological examination (HPE) in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Preoperative CT scans of 18 OTSCC patients were reviewed retrospectively by a single observer to measure the DOI on axial and coronal sections; these were then compared to the HPE report. Mean DOI was compared between CECT and HPE using repeated measures ANOVA. The strength of correlation of CT-derived tumour depth was determined using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) followed by assessment of accuracy by Bland-Altman plot. In general, the measurement of DOI was smaller on CECT, with a mean difference of 0.743mm on axial CT and 1.106mm on coronal CT. Regarding the correlation between CECT and HPE tumour depths, ICC was 0.956 for axial CT and 0.965 for coronal CT. Bland-Altman analysis showed that DOI from CECT and histopathological depth were in agreement with each other. In conclusion, there was excellent correlation and accurate measurement of DOI from CECT.
Fulltext Is it as dangerous as it looks?

Che Ibrahim NH, Md Shukri N

Malays Fam Physician, 2017;12(1):35-36.
PMID: 28503274 MyJurnal

A common bony protrusion that occurs over the hard palate is sometimes mistaken for a malignancy especially when it is large. This bony growth is a torus palatinus (TP), which is a benign bony prominence over the hard palate. It occurs most commonly in bilateral multiple form, and is often located at the canine to premolar area. A basic knowledge of the assessment and management of TP is important, particularly for the first-line family physician to ensure that the correct information is given to the patient.
Properties enhancement of TPNR-MWNTS-OMMT hybrid nanocomposites by using ultrasonic treatment

Mou‘ad A.Tarawneh, Sahrim Hj. Ahmad, Ku Zarina K, Ibrahim N. Hassan, Yu Lih jiun, Moayad Husein Flaifel, et al.

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:503-507.

The main goal of this paper was to study the effect of ultrasonic treatment time on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic natural rubber(TPNR) reinforced with hybrid MWNTs-OMMT. The intercalation of TPNR enhancement into layers of clay by increasing the d-spacing was found using X-ray diffraction. The tensile properties of nanocomposites treated with ultrasonic increased when compared with untreated nanocomposites. The optimum ultrasonic treatment time was obtained at 3 h. The transmission electron microscope micrograph showed a combination of intercalated-exfoliated structure of the TPNR composites with organic clay and dispersion of MWNTs. The ultrasonic treatment can promote the dispersion of MWNTs-OMMT in TPNR and also improved the compatibility of hybrid filler and the TPNR matrix.
Sub-lethal concentrations of artemisinin alter pH of the digestive vacuole of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum

Ibrahim N, Roslee A, Azlan M, Abu-Bakar N

Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):1-14.
PMID: 33612713

An appropriate pH maintenance within a membrane-enclosed organelle is vital for the occurrence of biological processes. Artemisinin (ART), a potent antimalarial drug has been reported to target the digestive vacuole (DV) of Plasmodium falciparum, which might alter the pH of the organelle, thereby impairing the hemoglobin degradation and subsequent heme detoxification. Hence, a flow cytometry-based technique using fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) as a ratiometric pH probe was employed to measure the pH of the DV of the malaria parasite treated with ART. Based on the pH calibration curve generated, the steady-state pH of the acidic DV of the non-treated parasites was 5.42 ± 0.11, indicating that FITC-dextran is suitable for detection of physiological pH of the organelle. The alteration of the DV pH occurred when the parasites were treated with ART even at the sub-lethal concentrations (15 and 30 nM) used. The similar effect was shown by the parasites treated with a standard proton pump inhibitor, concanamycin A. This suggests that ART might have altered the DV pH at lower levels than the level needed to kill the parasite. This study has important implications in designing new ART treatment strategies and in generating new endoperoxide-based antimalarial drugs pertaining to the interruption of the pH regulation of the malaria parasite's DV.
The predicting roles of reasons for living and social support on depression, anxiety and stress among young people in Malaysia

Amit N, Ibrahim N, Aga Mohd Jaladin R, Che Din N

Med J Malaysia, 2017 10;72(5):291-297.
PMID: 29197885 MyJurnal

INTRODUCTION: This research examined the predicting roles of reasons for living and social support on depression, anxiety and stress in Malaysia.
METHOD: This research was carried out on a sample of 263 participants (age range 12-24 years old), from Klang Valley, Selangor. The survey package comprises demographic information, a measure of reasons for living, social support, depression, anxiety and stress. To analyse the data, correlation analysis and a series of linear multiple regression analysis were carried out.
RESULTS: Findings showed that there were low negative relationships between all subdomains and the total score of reasons for living and depression. There were also low negative relationships between domain-specific of social support (family and friends) and total social support and depression. In terms of the family alliance, self-acceptance and total score of reasons for living, they were negatively associated with anxiety, whereas family social support was negatively associated with stress. The linear regression analysis showed that only future optimism and family social support found to be the significant predictors for depression. Family alliance and total reasons for living were significant in predicting anxiety, whereas family social support was significant in predicting stress.
CONCLUSION: These findings have the potential to promote awareness related to depression, anxiety, and stress among youth in Malaysia.
Fulltext Interdependence of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Squalene-Implication for Cardiovascular Health

Ibrahim N', Naina Mohamed I

Life (Basel), 2021 Jan 29;11(2).
PMID: 33573041 DOI: 10.3390/life11020103

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been recognized as the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 31% of global mortality. Among the risk factors of CVD, hyperlipidemia has been established as the most potent risk factor. Statins, a class of drug that reduces lower-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), are the preferred medical treatment. However, due to the development of statin-associated muscle symptoms, statins are associated with patients' discontinuation and nonadherence. Other statin-induced side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal upset, all contribute to patients choosing alternative medicines. Squalene (SQ), an unsaturated hydrocarbon naturally synthesized in plants and animals, could become the alternative treatment or supplementary agent for cardiovascular health. SQ has been shown to exert cardioprotective effect via its antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are closely related to each other, which proposes an interdependence relation between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Therefore, this review explores the interdependence between the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of SQ implicated on cardiovascular health.
Update on statins: hope for osteoporotic fracture healing treatment

Ibrahim N', Mohamed N, Shuid AN

Curr Drug Targets, 2013 Dec;14(13):1524-32.
PMID: 23876090

Fracture healing is a process of recovering injured bone tissue forms and functions. Osteoporosis can delay the healing process, which contributes to personal suffering and loss of activities. Osteoporosis patients tend to lose bone mass at the metaphyseal region which require treatment to increase bone mass. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common osteoporosis that occurs in women which subsequently resulted in fractures even under slight trauma. Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT), the recommended therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis, is associated with higher risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and cardiovascular diseases. As osteoporotic fractures are becoming a public health issue, alternative treatment is now being thoroughly explored. The potential agent is statins, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor which is widely used for hypercholesterolemia treatment. Statins have been found to increase bone mass by stimulation of Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) production. However, these bone forming effects were achieved at very high systemic doses. Therefore, studies on locally applied statins are required to further explore the ability of statins to stimulate bone formation at acceptable doses for better fracture healing. This review highlights the animal and clinical studies on fracture healing promotions by statins and the mechanisms involved.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of induced acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1

Hussin A, Md Nor NS, Ibrahim N

Antiviral Res, 2013 Nov;100(2):306-13.
PMID: 24055837 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.008

Eleven strains of acyclovir (ACV)-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were generated from HSV-1 clinical isolates by exposure to ACV. Genotype of the thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (pol) genes from these mutants were further analyzed. Genotypic analysis revealed four non-synonymous mutations in TK gene associated with gene polymorphism and two to three non-synonymous mutations in DNA pol gene. Seven and six strains contained at least one resistance-associated mutation at TK and DNA pol gene, respectively. Resistance-associated mutations within the TK gene consisted of 64% of non-synonymous frameshift mutations within the homopolymer region of G's and C's, and 36% of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions of the conserved gene region (C336Y, R51W and R222H), nucleotide that produced stop codon (L288Stop) and two amino acid substitutions outside the conserved region (E39G & L208F). There were 10 non-synonymous amino acid substitutions located outside the conserved region with the unclear significance to confer resistance observed. Resistance-associated mutations in DNA pol gene include insertion of G at the homopolymer region of G's (794-797) and amino acid substitutions inside (V621S) or outside (H1228D) the conserved region. In silico analysis of the mutated TK (C336Y, R51W and L208F), and DNA pol (V621S and H1228D) suggested structural changes that might alter the stability of these proteins. However, there were several mutations with unclear significance to confer ACV-resistance identified, especially mutations outside the conserved region.
Fulltext Medial pectoral pedicle is a reliable landmark for axillary lymph node dissection

Aripin YM, Ibrahim N, Muhammad R

Asian J Surg, 2013 Oct;36(4):150-3.
PMID: 23726827 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2013.04.008

The anatomical orientation of structures in the axilla has not been well studied, although it is essential for a neat and safe dissection. The objective of this study was to determine the relations between neurovascular structures in the axilla as they were encountered during axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for breast cancer.
Screening heavy metals levels in hair of sanitation workers by X-ray fluorescence analysis

Md Khudzari J, Wagiran H, Hossain I, Ibrahim N

J Environ Radioact, 2013 Jan;115:1-5.
PMID: 22846873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.05.013

This work presents a study of human hair as a bio-indicator for detection of heavy metals as part of environmental health surveillance programs project to develop a subject of interest in the biomedical and environmental sciences. A total of 34 hair samples were analyzed that consisting of 29 samples from sanitation workers and five samples from students. The hair samples were prepared and treated in accordance to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommendations. The concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed using the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique by X-50 Mobile X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) at Oceanography Institute, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The performance of EDXRF analyzer was tested by Standard Reference Material (SRM 2711) Montana Soil which was in good agreement with certified value within 14% deviations except for Hg. While seven heavy metals: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, and Sb were detected in both groups, three additional elements, i.e. As, Hg and Pb, were detected only in sanitation workers group. For sanitation workers group, the mean concentration of six elements, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Sb, shows elevated concentration as compared to the control samples concentration. Results from both groups were compared and discussed in relation to their respective heavy metals concentrations.
Isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii cysts from brain samples for oral infection

Puvanesuaran VR, Ibrahim N, Noordin R, Balakrishnan V

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2012 Sep;16(9):1179-83.
PMID: 23047500

AIM: A method was developed to separate contaminant-free viable Toxoplasma gondii cysts from brain samples of infected mice for molecular biology studies and reinfection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice brains were homogenized and washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) Tween 80 prior to fractionation using 19-22% dextran solution. Finally, the supernatant was purified by two-step membrane filtration (100-160 microm and < 10 microm) to obtain pure T. gondii cyst. The isolates were analyzed through microscopic observation, qPCR and by reinfection of new batch of mice.
RESULTS: T. gondii cysts were best isolated with 21% dextran solution and two step filtration.
CONCLUSIONS: The method was observed not to disrupt the integrity of the cysts containing bradyzoites. In addition, the isolated cysts in the filtrate were found to be contaminant-free, viable and able to infect healthy mice when introduced orally; which, mimics the natural infectivity pathway.
Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers

Mahalingam D, Radhakrishnan AK, Amom Z, Ibrahim N, Nesaretnam K

Eur J Clin Nutr, 2011 Jan;65(1):63-9.
PMID: 20859299 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.184

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that has been shown to induce favorable effects on animal and human immune systems. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation on immune response following tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine challenge in healthy female volunteers.
Fulltext Infant feeding practices and attitudes of mothers in Kelantan towards breastfeeding

Yusof YA, Mazlan M, Ibrahim N, Jusoh NM

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Jun;50(2):150-5.
PMID: 7565185

The incidence of breastfeeding among 96 mothers (88/96 were Malays) who were attending various clinics at Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital and Kota Bharu General Hospital was about 95%. The feeding patterns show that about 72% of mothers gave mixed feedings (breastmilk plus infant formula) while only 30% gave exclusive breastmilk to their infants in the first six months. Two main reasons for giving mixed feedings were that mothers had to start working soon after giving birth and reported "insufficient milk". Mixed feedings were seen to be more prevalent in the higher income group mothers (> RM1000 per month). About 64% of them who breastfed their child continued to do so beyond 6 months. Regarding their knowledge on breastfeeding, most mothers (98%) knew that breastmilk is good for baby's health, economical, strengthens bonding between mother and child, and was sufficient for the sustenance of the baby. However, when asked about colostrum, 66% of mothers who breastfed their child threw away the colostrum before feeding; some of the reasons given were that colostrum is dirty, and not suitable for the baby's health and it might cause some diseases.
Fermentation studies of stored cocoa beans

Abdul Samah O, Ibrahim N, Alimon H, Abdul Karim MI

World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 1993 Sep;9(5):603-4.
PMID: 24420212 DOI: 10.1007/BF00386306

Acetic and lactic acid bacteria on fermented cocoa beans were maximally 2.0×10(6) and 1.9×10(6) c.f.u./g wet wt, respectively. Acetic and lactic acids were detected on the second and fourth days of fermentation and were maximally 140 and 45 mg/10 g beans, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the sizes of the relevant microbial populations and the amounts of acids produced during fermentation.
New record of an estuarine polychaete, Neanthesglandicincta (Annelida, Nereididae) on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Fazne Ibrahim N, Shuaib Ibrahim Y, Sato M

Zookeys, 2019;831:81-94.
PMID: 31337948 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.831.28588

An estuarine species of Nereididae (Annelida), Neanthesglandicincta (Southern, 1921) has been newly recorded on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia located in the South China Sea based on 23 specimens collected from three estuaries (Tumpat, Kelantan Delta, Kelantan; Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu; Kuala Ibai, Terengganu). The morphological characteristics of the Malaysian specimens agree well with those of the previous original description and the redescription of N.glandicincta based on Indian, Myanmar and Singapore specimens. The number of paragnaths in all groups on the proboscis of our Malaysian specimens is within the range of the intraspecific variation of N.glandicincta as shown in the previous descriptions. An identification key to species of the Neanthesglandicincta species complex, which includes two morphologically similar species, is provided.
Fulltext The Effects and Potential Mechanism of Oil Palm Phenolics in Cardiovascular Health: A Review on Current Evidence

Ibrahim N', Fairus S, Mohamed IN

Nutrients, 2020 Jul 10;12(7).
PMID: 32664390 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072055

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is globally known as the number one cause of death with hyperlipidemia as a strong risk factor for CVD. The initiation of drug treatment will be recommended if lifestyle modification fails. However, medicines currently used for improving cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-C) levels have been associated with various side effects. Thus, alternative treatment with fewer or no side effects needs to be explored. A potential agent, oil palm phenolics (OPP) recovered from the aqueous waste of oil palm milling process contains numerous water-soluble phenolic compounds. It has been postulated that OPP has shown cardioprotective effects via several mechanisms such as cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review aims to summarize the current evidence explicating the actions of OPP in cardiovascular health and the mechanisms that maybe involved for the cardioprotective effects.
Disruption of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus protein synthesis by tannins

Adnan SN, Ibrahim N, Yaacob WA

Germs, 2017 Dec;7(4):186-192.
PMID: 29264356 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2017.1125

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide public health threat, displaying multiple antibiotic resistance that causes morbidity and mortality. Management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSA infections is extremely difficult due to their inherent resistance to currently used antibiotics. New antibiotics are needed to combat the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Methods: The in vitro effect of tannins was studied against MRSA reference strain (ATCC 43300) and MRSA clinical strains utilizing antimicrobial assays in conjunction with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. To reveal the influence of tannins in MRSA protein synthesis disruption, we utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to provide further insight into the novel protein synthesis transcriptional response of MRSA exposed to these compounds.
Results: Tannins possessed both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.78 and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively, against all tested MRSA. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of MRSA treated with tannins showed decrease in cellular volume, indicating disruption of protein synthesis.
Conclusion: Analysis of a genome-wide transcriptional profile of the reference strain ATCC 43300 MRSA in response to tannins has led to the finding that tannins induced significant modulation in essential ribosome pathways, which caused a reduction in the translation processes that lead to inhibition of protein synthesis and obviation of bacterial growth. These findings highlight the potential of tannins as new promising anti-MRSA agents in clinical application such as body wash and topical cream or ointments.
The critical region for viral RNA encapsidation in leader promoter of Nipah virus

Pong LY, Rabu A, Ibrahim N

Mol Genet Genomics, 2020 Nov;295(6):1501-1516.
PMID: 32767127 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01716-3

Encapsidation by nucleocapsid (N) protein is crucial for viral RNA to serve as a functional template for virus replication. However, the potential region that is vital for RNA encapsidation of Nipah virus (NiV) is still unknown. Thus, this study was aimed to identify these regions using a NiV minireplicon system. A series of broad range internal deletion mutations was generated in the 5' non-translated region (NTR) of the N gene mRNA region of NiV leader promoter via site-directed overlapping PCR-mediated mutagenesis. The mutation effects on synthesis and encapsidation of antigenome RNA, transcription, and RNA binding affinity of N protein were evaluated. The deletions of nucleotides 73-108, 79-108, and 85-108 from NiV leader promoter inhibited the encapsidation of antigenome RNA, while the deletion of nucleotides 103-108 suppressed the synthesis and encapsidation of antigenome RNA, implying that these regions are required for genome replication. Surprisingly, none of the mutations had detrimental effect on viral transcription. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, the binding of NiV N protein to genome or antigenome RNA transcript lacking of nucleotides 73-108 was found to be suppressed. Additionally, in silico analysis on secondary structure of genome RNA further supported the plausible cause of inefficient encapsidation of antigenome RNA by the loss of encapsidation signal in genome template. In conclusion, this study suggests that the nucleotides 73-90 within 5' NTR of the N gene mRNA region in NiV leader promoter contain cis-acting RNA element that is important for efficient encapsidation of antigenome RNA.
Phytochemistry, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of Catharanthus roseus

Wahab NZA, Azizul A, Ibrahim N

Iran J Microbiol, 2020 Oct;12(5):460-465.
PMID: 33604002 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i5.4608

Background and Objectives: Catharanthus roseus is generally used to treat many diseases in folklore remedies. The present study is aimed at determining phytochemical constituents, cytotoxicity and antiviral activities for crude extract of the plant.
Materials and Methods: The whole plant of C. roseus was extracted using methanol extraction method. Phytochemical qualitative screening was carried out for C. roseus extract according to standard procedures used to test for the presence of alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid and steroid. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of C. roseus extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays.
Results: C. roseus extract contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, saponin and terpenoid but does not contain steroid. Cytotoxicity screening against Vero cells using MTT assay showed that the CC50 values for crude extract of C. roseus was 0.5 mg/mL. The extract prepared from C. roseus possesses phytochemical compound that was non-cytotoxic to the cell with potential antiviral activity. Plaque reduction assays against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) showed that the selective indices (SI = CC50 / EC50) of C. roseus extract in post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays were 36, 20 and 4.7 respectively. The results revealed that the extract prepared from C. roseus possesses phytochemical compound that was non-cytotoxic to the cell with potential antiviral activity.
Conclusion: This study showed that C. roseus extract has promising potential to be explored as anti-HSV-1 agent regardless of the mode of treatment.
Dental health care providers' views on child physical abuse in Malaysia

Hussein AS, Ahmad R, Ibrahim N, Yusoff A, Ahmad D

Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2016 Jul 15.
PMID: 27421713

To assess the knowledge, attitudes and experience of a group of Malaysian dental health care providers regarding child physical abuse (CPA) cases in terms of frequency of occurrence, diagnosis, risk factors and reporting.

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