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  1. Fulltext Entropy-based financial asset pricing: Evidence from Pakistan
    Wang S, Khan SA, Munir M, Alhajj R, Khan YA
    PLoS One, 2022;17(12):e0278236.
    PMID: 36548250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278236
    Entropy is an alternative measure to calculate the risk, simplify the portfolios and equity risk premium. It has higher explanatory power than capital asset price model (CAPM) beta. The comparison of Entropy and CAPM beta provide in depth analysis about the explanatory power of the model that in turn help investor to make right investment decisions that minimizes risk. In this context, this study aims to compare Shannon and Rennyi Entropies with the CAPM beta for measuring the risk. Ordinary Least square approach has been utilized using a dataset of 67 enterprises registered in Pakistan Stock exchange. The comparative analysis of CAPM beta and entropy has been carried out with the R2 parameters. The result indicates that entropy has more explanatory power as compare to CAPM beta's explanatory power, and this turns out to be the best option to evaluate the risk performances. The result implies that an investor should make the best investment decision by choosing an enterprise that provide with good returns at minimum risk based on entropy technique.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  2. Ensuring Global Access to Cancer Medicines: A Generational Call to Action
    Dare AJ, Bayle A, Hatoqai A, Mungo C, Velilla DG, Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, et al.
    Cancer Discov, 2023 Feb 06;13(2):269-274.
    PMID: 36734325 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-22-1372
    Essential cancer treatments are not accessible, affordable, or available to patients who need them in many parts of the world. A new Access to Oncology Medicines (ATOM) Coalition, using public-private partnerships, aims to bring essential cancer medicines and diagnostics to patients in low- and lower middle-income countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  3. Affordability of newer antiseizure medications in Asian resource-limited countries
    Fong SL, Thuy Le MA, Lim KS, Khosama H, Ohnmar O, Savath S, et al.
    Epilepsia, 2023 Aug;64(8):2116-2125.
    PMID: 37243851 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17668
    OBJECTIVE: One of the objectives of the Intersectoral Global Action Plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders for 2022 to 2031 is to ensure at least 80% of people with epilepsy (PWE) will have access to appropriate, affordable, and safe antiseizure medications (ASMs) by 2031. However, ASM affordability is a significant issue in low- and middle-income countries, preventing PWE from accessing optimal treatment. This study aimed to determine the affordability of the newer (second and third generation) ASMs in resource-limited countries in Asia.

    METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey by contacting country representatives in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) in Asia, including Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, and the upper-middle-income country Malaysia, from March 2022 to April 2022. The affordability of each ASM was calculated by dividing the 30-day ASM cost by the daily wage of the lowest paid unskilled laborers. Treatment costing 1 day's wage or less for a 30-day supply of chronic disease is considered affordable.

    RESULTS: Eight LMICs and one upper-middle-income country were included in this study. Lao PDR had no newer ASM, and Vietnam had only three newer ASMs. The most frequently available ASMs were levetiracetam, topiramate, and lamotrigine, and the least frequently available was lacosamide. The majority of the newer ASMs were unaffordable, with the median number of days' wages for a 30-day supply ranging from 5.6 to 14.8 days.

    SIGNIFICANCE: All new generation ASMs, whether original or generic brands, were unaffordable in most Asian LMICs.

    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  4. Fulltext Design, Operation and Optimization of Constructed Wetland for Removal of Pollutant
    Rahman ME, Bin Halmi MIE, Bin Abd Samad MY, Uddin MK, Mahmud K, Abd Shukor MY, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 Nov 11;17(22).
    PMID: 33187288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228339
    Constructed wetlands (CWs) are affordable and reliable green technologies for the treatment of various types of wastewater. Compared to conventional treatment systems, CWs offer an environmentally friendly approach, are low cost, have fewer operational and maintenance requirements, and have a high potential for being applied in developing countries, particularly in small rural communities. However, the sustainable management and successful application of these systems remain a challenge. Therefore, after briefly providing basic information on wetlands and summarizing the classification and use of current CWs, this study aims to provide and inspire sustainable solutions for the performance and application of CWs by giving a comprehensive review of CWs' application and the recent development of their sustainable design, operation, and optimization for wastewater treatment. To accomplish this objective, thee design and management parameters of CWs, including macrophyte species, media types, water level, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR), are discussed. Besides these, future research on improving the stability and sustainability of CWs are highlighted. This article provides a tool for researchers and decision-makers for using CWs to treat wastewater in a particular area. This paper presents an aid for informed analysis, decision-making, and communication. The review indicates that major advances in the design, operation, and optimization of CWs have greatly increased contaminant removal efficiencies, and the sustainable application of this treatment system has also been improved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  5. Fulltext Budget impact analysis of biphasic insulin Aspart in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus In Malaysia: a public payer perspective. [Abstract]
    Tan SC, Matzen P, Yeo LN
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A743.
    PMID: 27202679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.151
    Objectives
    Budget impact analysis (BIA) is a useful tool for reimbursement decision-makers in health technology assessments by authorities across different countries. This study aimed to evaluate the financial impact from the Ministry of Health (MOH) perspective of different adoption rates of Biphasic Insulin Aspart (BIAsp) versus Biphasic Human Insulin (BHI) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Methods
    An Excel basfed 5-year budget impact model was built to estimate insulin treated patients by public providers using local prevalence data. The published demographic, efficacy and adverse event data for ASEAN subgroup analyses of A1chieve study was applied. Both insulin acquisition costs and other medical costs for complications e.g. major hypoglycaemia, myocardial infarction, stroke, end-stage renal disease, blindness and amputation were included at a discount rate of 3%. The incidence rates of these complications were derived from the established UKPDS equations. The adoption rates were assumed and projected from the 2013 utilisation volume data of BIAsp and BHI by public providers. Sensitivity analyses were conducted.
    Results
    The adoption rates of BIAsp were assumed to increase from 1.8% in 2013 to 4.5% or 6.9% in 2018 for base case and upside scenario, respectively. Compared to the base case, upside scenario of wider BIAsp adoption was associated with an increased insulin cost up to RM 8.2M which was offset by avoided complication costs resulting in an overall net budget saving of approximately RM 5.5M over 5 years, primarily driven by estimated reduction in major hypoglycaemia events for patients treated with BIAsp.
    Conclusions
    The higher and wider adoption of BIAsp would likely be associated with cost savings in Malaysia from the MOH perspective attributed to its superiority in H1Ac reduction and lower major hypoglycemia risk in comparison to BHI. More cost saving would be concluded if productivity loss is included from a societal perspective.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis*
  6. Fulltext Cost-effectiveness analysis of strontium ranelate verse alendronate for management of osteoporosis among post-menopausal women in Malaysia using a Markov modelling approach. [Abstract]
    Wu DB, Hussain S, Mak V, Lee KK
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A382.
    PMID: 27200852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2625
    OBJECTIVES. Osteoporotic fractures are common in older adults and are often associated with high morbidity and mortality. As the incidence increases with age, it is natural that osteoporotic fractures have become a major health problem worldwide. Increasing number of patients with osteoporotic fracture will have a serious economic impact on the patient themselves and the society. The objective of this study is to study the cost-effectiveness of strontium ranelate compared to alendronate for patients with post-menopausal osteoporotic fractures in Malaysia.
    METHODS. A Markov model was developed to project clinical and economic benefits of strontium in a hypothetical cohort of patients (N=1,000) over a 5-year time horizon. This study was conducted from a payer perspective. Model parameters including transition probabilities and costs of treating fracture at various sites were Malaysia-specific. Drug costs were obtained from a public teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur. Utilities were derived from previous literatures and efficacy data were derived from two pivotal trials, i. e. SOTI and TROPOS trials. Outcomes were presented as cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. A discount rate of 3% was applied. Both 1-way and multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken to evaluate robustness of results.
    RESULTS. Compared to alendronate, strontium could prevent 328 wrist, 192 hip, 7 vertebra and 115 multiple fractures respectively over 5 years, which was translated into 27.9 QALYs gained. Using strontium can lead to cost reduction of MYR1,416,595 (USD442,685), MYR478,257 (USD149,455), MYR22,784 (USD7,120) and MYR61,883 (USD113,088) due to reduced episodes of fractures at wrist/hip/vertebra/multiple sites respectively. The total reduction of direct medical costs of MYR2,279,519 (USD712,349) was larger than the extra drug cost, hence making strontium a cost-saving therapy.
    CONCLUSIONS. It was shown that strontium appeared to be more cost-effective compared to alendronate and hence should be recommended in the public sector in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis*
  7. Fulltext Chest x-ray as an essential part of routine medical examination: is it necessary?
    Izamin I, Rizal AM
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):606-9.
    PMID: 23770954 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Various studies in primary care and hospitalized patients have discouraged routine use of chest x-ray (CXR) in medical examination.
    PURPOSE: The study aims to determine the prevalence of abnormal routine CXR and cost of one CXR at a public health clinic and discuss the rationale of CXR in routine medical examination.
    METHODOLOGY: Data of patients who visited Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kota Bharu (KKBKB), a public health clinic, from 1 January until 31 December 2010 were examined. The study used cross-sectional design. All patients who came for medical examination and CXR at KKBKB were included. Cost analysis was performed from the perspective of provider.
    FINDINGS: About 63.1% of 8315 CXR films in KKBKB were produced as part of routine medical examination. Prevalence of abnormal CXR was 0.25%. The cost of producing one CXR ranges from RM15.87 to RM32.34.
    DISCUSSION: Low yield from CXR screening and high cost of CXR are the main concern. CXR screening would also lead to unnecessary radiation; and false-positive screening resulting in physical risk, unwarranted anxiety and more expenditure. CXR screening is appropriately reserved for high-risk patients and those with relevant clinical findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis*
  8. Fulltext A Low Cost and Portable Microwave Imaging System for Breast Tumor Detection Using UWB Directional Antenna array
    Islam MT, Mahmud MZ, Islam MT, Kibria S, Samsuzzaman M
    Sci Rep, 2019 10 29;9(1):15491.
    PMID: 31664056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51620-z
    Globally, breast cancer is a major reason for female mortality. Due to the limitations of current clinical imaging, the researchers are encouraged to explore alternative and complementary tools to available techniques to detect the breast tumor in an earlier stage. This article outlines a new, portable, and low-cost microwave imaging (MWI) system using an iterative enhancing technique for breast imaging. A compact side slotted tapered slot antenna is designed for microwave imaging. The radiating fins of tapered slot antenna are modified by etching nine rectangular side slots. The irregular slots on the radiating fins enhance the electrical length as well as produce strong directive radiation due to the suppression of induced surface currents that radiate vertically at the outer edges of the radiating arms with end-fire direction. It has remarkable effects on efficiency and gain. With the addition of slots, the side-lobe levels are reduced, the gain of the main-lobe is increased and corrects the squint effects simultaneously, thus improving the characteristics of the radiation. For experimental validation, a heterogeneous breast phantom was developed that contains dielectric properties identical to real breast tissues with the inclusion of tumors. An alternative PC controlled and microcontroller-based mechanical MWI system is designed and developed to collect the antenna scattering signal. The radiated backscattered signals from the targeted area of the human body are analyzed to reveal the changes in dielectric properties in tissues. The dielectric constants of tumorous cells are higher than that of normal tissues due to their higher water content. The remarkable deviation of the scattered field is processed by using newly proposed Iteratively Corrected Delay and Sum (IC-DAS) algorithm and the reconstruction of the image of the phantom interior is done. The developed UWB (Ultra-Wideband) antenna based MWI has been able to perform the detection of tumorous cells in breast phantom that can pave the way to saving lives.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis*
  9. Fulltext Follow-up data on patent expiry and atorvastatin price: experiences in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand
    Kemp-Casey A, Ceria-Perena J, Guerrero AM, Suchonwanich N, Salleh SM, Roughead EE
    WHO South East Asia J Public Health, 2019 09;8(2):115-117.
    PMID: 31441448 DOI: 10.4103/2224-3151.264857
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis/economics*
  10. Fulltext Green communication for cognitive radio networks based on game and utility-pricing theories
    Mukhlif F, Noordin KAB, Abdulghafoor OB, Izam TFTMN
    PLoS One, 2020;15(8):e0235953.
    PMID: 32841253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235953
    The most crucial challenge in the functioning of the wireless networks is the efficient utilization of radio resources. A significant element of resource handling is power regulation. With increasing requirement of wireless data transmission services, it is essential to devise energy harvesting techniques for mobile devices. In this research, a new methodology has been proposed for distributed power regulation in cognitive radio, networks of CR are grounded on non-cooperation game phenomenon and pricing technique. QoS (Quality of service) of the user of CR is anticipated as a beneficial activity through pricing as well as dissemination of energy generating as an unbeneficial game wherein the consumers increase their overall efficacy. The price is defined as an actual function of transmission power to upraise the pricing of the most distant consumers. The proposed mathematical model shows that the proposed game model has a Nash equilibrium and is also unique. Furthermore, in order to make the proposed algorithm valid for green communication within the wireless network, the best response technique was proposed. Finally, simulation results showed that the proposed energy harvesting technique, grounded on a unique function of the utilization, reduces the consumption of transmission power and greatly improves the convergence speed; which are suitable for the vision of the 5G networks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis/methods*
  11. Fulltext Budget impact analysis of wider adoption of biphasic insulin Aspart (Biasp) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a perspective of patients treated by public providers in Singapore. [Abstract]
    Tan SC, Matzen P, Khoo SP
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A743.
    PMID: 27202681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.153
    Objectives
    Economic evaluations of BIAsp have been published in the context of different countries. This study aimed to evaluate the financial impact from a perspective of patients treated by public providers of different adoption rates of Biphasic Insulin Aspart (BIAsp; NovoMix 30 FlexPen®) versus Biphasic Human Insulin (BHI; Mixtard Penfill®) in treating T2DM.
    Methods
    An Excel based 5-year budget impact model was built to estimate insulin treated patients by public providers using the local prevalence data. The published demographic, efficacy and adverse event data for ASEAN subgroup analyses of A1chieve study was applied. Both insulin acquisition costs and medical costs for major hypoglycaemia and other complications were applied with a 3% discount rate to the estimated corresponding incidence rates derived from the UKPDS equations. The projected adoption rates were based on the 2013 utilisation volume data. Other local specific considerations e.g. subsidized selling prices and co-payments were included in the analyses for an assumed size of eligible patients. Sensitivity analyses were conducted.
    Results
    The adoption rates of BIAsp were assumed to increase from 23.6% in 2013 to 30% or 36.5% in 2018 for base case and upside scenario, respectively. In comparison to base case scenario, increases in adoption rate of BIAsp were associated with a cumulative increase up to slightly greater than S$ 2.02M in insulin acquisition cost but a potential cumulative net saving up to approximately S$0.92M in overall total costs over 5 years, attributing to subsidized selling price of BIAsp assuming it is included standard drug list and its significantly lower major hypoglycaemia risk, respectively. Cost savings were predicted for other complications.
    Conclusions
    The wider adoption of BIAsp was predicted to result in net cost savings from patient perspective in Singapore. More cost saving would be estimated in analyses with reduced productivity loss from a societal perspective.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  12. Fulltext University-based smoking cessation program through pharmacist-physician initiative: an economic evaluation
    Ibrahim MI, Magzoub NA, Maarup N
    J Clin Diagn Res, 2016 Feb;10(2):LC11-5.
    PMID: 27042488 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/17641.7325
    INTRODUCTION: Annually, especially in poor resourced countries, significant amount of money is spent to treat chronic diseases. The money instead could be saved by spending on health promotion programs for preventing chronic diseases.
    AIM: To conduct cost-effectiveness analysis of various intervention modules in the "Smoking Cessation" program conducted in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational study design. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used to assess the costs and outcomes of the intervention. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records of all clients (n= 129) and then all the participants were followed-up for at least 6 months from the date of participation. Data were analysed descriptively using frequency (%) and mean (sd). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was carried out to test for normality. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used at alpha level of 0.05. All analyses were done using SPSS version 19.
    RESULTS: The findings of the study showed that the majority of participants were Malays (n= 108; 83.7%), males (n= 128; 99.2%), USM's staff (n= 71; 55.0%) and within an age group of 23 years or less (n= 38; 29.5%). Among those who successfully quit were male (n= 30; 100%), Malays (n= 29; 96.7%), staff (n= 19; 63.3%), moreover, their age ranged from 35 to 56-year-old (n= 15; 50.0%). Further analysis of data showed that there were significant associations between success rate and modules of intervention, occupation, motivation factors, and frequency of counselling. Total cost of the Smoking Cessation Program was MYR 38,634.66 (during a period of 34.5 months), with a success rate equal to 29.1%. The most cost-effective module of intervention was counselling alone (CE ratio equal to MYR360.00 per 1% of success rate). The study found counselling with patch was ineffective during the study period.
    CONCLUSION: Counselling alone module was the most cost-effective in Smoking Cessation program conducted in USM, Malaysia.
    KEYWORDS: Cost-effectiveness analysis; Health promotion; Nicotine replacement therapy (NRTs); Quit smoking clinic; Smoking cessation; University setting
    Study site: Quit Smoking Clinic at the University Medical Clinic (Wellness Center), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  13. Development of a semidefined growth medium for Pedobacter cryoconitis BG5 using statistical experimental design
    Ong M, Ongkudon CM, Wong CM
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2016 Oct 02;46(7):657-65.
    PMID: 26759918 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1135447
    Pedobacter cryoconitis BG5 are psychrophiles isolated from the cold environment and capable of proliferating and growing well at low temperature regime. Their cellular products have found a broad spectrum of applications, including in food, medicine, and bioremediation. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a high-cell density cultivation strategy coupled with optimized growth medium for P. cryoconitis BG5. To date, there has been no published report on the design and optimization of growth medium for P. cryoconitis, hence the objective of this research project. A preliminary screening of four commercially available media, namely tryptic soy broth, R2A, Luria Bertani broth, and nutrient broth, was conducted to formulate the basal medium. Based on the preliminary screening, tryptone, glucose, NaCl, and K2HPO4 along with three additional nutrients (yeast extract, MgSO4, and NH4Cl) were identified to form the basal medium which was further analyzed by Plackett-Burman experimental design. Central composite experimental design using response surface methodology was adopted to optimize tryptone, yeast extract, and NH4Cl concentrations in the formulated growth medium. Statistical data analysis showed a high regression factor of 0.84 with a predicted optimum optical (600 nm) cell density of 7.5 using 23.7 g/L of tryptone, 8.8 g/L of yeast extract, and 0.7 g/L of NH4Cl. The optimized medium for P. cryoconitis BG5 was tested, and the observed optical density was 7.8. The cost-effectiveness of the optimized medium was determined as 6.25 unit prices per gram of cell produced in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  14. Private medical education--the doctor's perspective
    Abdul Hamid AK
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Aug;55 Suppl B:23-7.
    PMID: 11125516
    The Government's decision to drastically and speedily increase the number of doctors in the country needs to be reviewed. The standard and quality of health care does not depend on the number of doctors, but on the improvement of the health care infrastructure. Increasing the number of government medical schools and increasing the intake of students should be done on a need-to basis, with the above perspective in mind. The selection criteria of candidates must not be compromised and the teaching staff must be adequate and experienced. The number of doctors should be gradually increased over the years in tandem with the development of the health care infrastructure and the deployment of doctors must be directed at providing equitable care to the people at all economic levels and geographic locations. The strength of academic staff in existing government medical schools must be upgraded to provide high level of teaching and research, perhaps reinforced with the recruitment of suitably qualified and experienced foreign teachers. The infrastructure of existing government medical schools must be upgraded to cater for the gradual increasing demand for more doctors as the country develops. The selection of candidates for the government medical schools must be based on merit and without undue emphasis on ethnic considerations, for it is only in the arena of fair competitiveness that excellence can be born. The considerations of merit in selection must include assessment of attitude, self-development, moral ethics and reasoning. If the above perspectives are fully appreciated, then there is really no requirement for private medical colleges in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  15. Private medical education: provider's perspective
    Riches DJ
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Aug;55 Suppl B:28-9.
    PMID: 11125517
    Issues related to the provision of private education are discussed in relation to the need, clinical teaching, professional standards and financial implications. The advantages and disadvantages are summarised.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  16. The dynamic value creation of profit-loss sharing arrangement in Islamic banking industry
    Ruhaini Muda, Abdul Ghafar Ismail, Shahida Shahimi, Saiful Hafizah Jamaan
    CREAM : Current Research in Malaysia (Penyelidikan Terkini di Malaysia), 2013;2(1):25-64.
    MyJurnal
    The adoption of Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement in Islamic banking models can create value for their shareholders. Previous studies discuss Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement in the context of financial intermediation theory, but fail to link the adoption of Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement with value creation and to produce empirical evidence. The aim of this study is to address optimal conditions of the Profit-Loss Sharing contracts in Islamic banking models to minimize the problems of asymmetric information and transaction costs. Three propositions are presented to achieve the optimal conditions of Profit-Loss Sharing contracts in Islamic banking models that can create positive values, given that: First, for mudharaba contract, Islamic banks as rabbul maal give incentives of (0* (RP') to entrepreneurs if the positive value of the Islamic bank's expected net profit is obtained. Next, if an Islamic bank, as mudharib is appointed as wakeel, the depositors of mudharaba investment account are imposed 6*(m) for cost of processing information. Third, for musyaraka contract, the Islamic bank is proposed to incur monitoring cost of c* (y). In addition, this study also produces empirical evidence to determine to what extent the adoption of Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement in Islamic banks creates value for their shareholders. This study utilizes the Malaysian Islamic banks panel data from 2005-2009 and employs Economic Value Added (EVA) as a technique of value creation measurement of Islamic banks. The empirical findings reveal that there is no indication that the adoption of Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement on the deposits structure (MDIA) significantly creates positive value to Islamic banks. This result is consistent for both measurement of value creation against shorter and longer terms opportunity costs of capital employed. This suggests that Islamic banks utilize a lower cost of capital, as Non-mudharaba deposits accounts constitute a large amount of current and saving accounts. On the other hand, for asset structure, this study finds that funds allocated in Financing (FPLS) based on Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement results in a reduction in the value of Islamic banks. However, funds allocated in Securities Investment (FIM) using Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement are significant and create positive value. Collectively, the findings reveal that theoretically, Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement can create value for the shareholders of Islamic banks, and it is evident that Islamic banks need to extensively utilize Profit-Loss Sharing arrangement in Islamic banking operation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  17. Fulltext Improving cost and time control in construction using Building Information Model (BIM): a review
    Tahir, M.M., Haron, N.A., Alias, A.H., Harun, A.N., Muhammad, I.B., Baba, D.L.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(1):21-36.
    MyJurnal
    The control of cost and time in construction projects is one of the most important issues in construction since the emergence of the construction industry. A successful project should meet not only quality output standards, but also time and budget objectives. The management and control of cost and time in construction is fundamental in every project. An effective cost and time management and control technique for construction projects is important in managing risk of cost overrun and delay in completion of projects. Construction projects are becoming more complex as they now involve many stakeholders from different disciplines. The emergence of Building Information Model (BIM), an alternative technology is believed to solve issues related to project cost and time control as it efficiently increases collaboration between stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to review and summarise the causes of delay and cost overrun in construction industries, which are the main causes of disputes and abandonment of projects in the industry. It was found that delays and cost overrun eat deep into the industry and leave the construction industry with a bad image for decades even with rapid advancement in technology. The review of the applications of BIM showed that most of the applications are geared towards minimising construction cost and time spent on projects. This means that the use of BIM in the management of construction projects has great impact on project cost and time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  18. Fulltext Using a dynamic adherence Markov model to assess the efficiency of Respiratory Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic (RMTAC) on asthma patients in Malaysia
    Yong YV, Shafie AA
    Cost Eff Resour Alloc, 2018;16:36.
    PMID: 30377414 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-018-0156-1
    Background: Respiratory Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic (RMTAC) is an initiative by the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia to improve patients' medication adherence, as an adjunct to the usual physician care (UC). This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of combined strategy of RMTAC and UC (RMTAC + UC) vs. UC alone in asthma patients, from the MOH Malaysia perspective.
    Methods: A lifetime horizon dynamic adherence Markov model with monthly cycle was developed, for quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained and hospitalization averted outcomes. Transition probabilities of composite asthma control and medication adherence, utilities, costs, and mortality rates due to all causes were measured from local data sources. Effectiveness, exacerbation rates, and asthma mortality rates were taken from non-local data sources. One-way sensitivity analysis (SA) was conducted for assessing parameter uncertainties, whereas probabilistic SA (PSA) was conducted on a different set of utilities and effectiveness data. Costs were adjusted to 2014 US dollars ($). Both costs and benefits were discounted at a 3% rate annually.
    Results: RMTAC + UC was found to be a dominant alternative compared to UC alone; $- 13,639.40 ($- 109,556.90 to $104,445.54) per QALY gained and $- 428.93 ($- 521.27 to ($- 328.69)) per hospitalization averted. These results were found to be robust against changes in all parameters except utilities in the one-way SA, and for both scenarios in PSA.
    Conclusions: RMTAC + UC is more effective and yet cheaper than UC alone, from the MOH perspective. For the benefit of both MOH and patients, RMTAC is thus recommended to be remained, and expanded to more healthcare settings where possible.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  19. Fulltext Reliability based redundancy assessment of a cogeneration plant
    Meseret Nasir, Wan Mansor Wan Muhamad, Raja Aziz Raja Maarof
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(1):225-246.
    MyJurnal
    Cogeneration systems are extensively used in Malaysia to produce power as a primary
    source. However, in the event of cogeneration system failure, the customer or the client are
    forced to use a redundancy to avoid power interruptions. There are two methods commonly
    used as a backup in the cogeneration systems which are Generator set and public utility. In
    order to choose the best redundancy for a particular cogeneration system, it is essential to
    evaluate the economic benefit analysis by considering several factors such as Maximum
    demand charge, installation cost and Discount interest. In the evaluation of economic
    benefit, this study identifies the number of failure and associated downtime using reliability
    and availability approach, and then present value method was applied. The result shows
    that the usage of public utility as redundancy is beneficial if the cogeneration system
    operates within five years period. However, if the cogeneration system operates more than
    five years, generator set option would be a better option to minimize the total cost. This
    research also addresses the effect of various factors such as installation cost, maximum
    demand charge, fuel cost, discount interest rate and production capacity. In general, the
    output of the research would be beneficial for the plant operator to select the appropriate
    redundancy option based on the economic advantages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  20. Fulltext Economic-statistical design of synthetic np chart with estimated process parameter
    Lee MH, Khoo MBC, Chew X, Then PHH
    PLoS One, 2020;15(4):e0230994.
    PMID: 32267874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230994
    The economic-statistical design of the synthetic np chart with estimated process parameter is presented in this study. The effect of process parameter estimation on the expected cost of the synthetic np chart is investigated with the imposed statistical constraints. The minimum number of preliminary subgroups is determined where an almost similar expected cost to the known process parameter case is desired for the given cost model parameters. However, the available number of preliminary subgroups in practice is usually limited, especially when the number of preliminary subgroups is large. Consequently, the optimal chart parameters of the synthetic np chart are computed by considering the practical number of preliminary subgroups in which the cost function is minimized. This leads to a lower expected cost compared to that of adopting the optimal chart parameter corresponding to the known process parameter case.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
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