Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 128 in total

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  1. Fulltext Diabetic retinopathy in the community
    Yang YF, Chong HH, Yang YK
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Mar;56(1):104-5.
    PMID: 11503288
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology*
  2. Fulltext Diabetic retinopathy: a comprehensive update on in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experimental models
    Sadikan MZ, Abdul Nasir NA, Lambuk L, Mohamud R, Reshidan NH, Low E, et al.
    BMC Ophthalmol, 2023 Oct 19;23(1):421.
    PMID: 37858128 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03155-1
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide, is one of the major microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). Globally, DR prevalence among DM patients is 25%, and 6% have vision-threatening problems among them. With the higher incidence of DM globally, more DR cases are expected to be seen in the future. In order to comprehend the pathophysiological mechanism of DR in humans and discover potential novel substances for the treatment of DR, investigations are typically conducted using various experimental models. Among the experimental models, in vivo models have contributed significantly to understanding DR pathogenesis. There are several types of in vivo models for DR research, which include chemical-induced, surgical-induced, diet-induced, and genetic models. Similarly, for the in vitro models, there are several cell types that are utilised in DR research, such as retinal endothelial cells, Müller cells, and glial cells. With the advancement of DR research, it is essential to have a comprehensive update on the various experimental models utilised to mimic DR environment. This review provides the update on the in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models used in DR research, focusing on their features, advantages, and limitations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  3. Chitosan modified 5-fluorouracil nanostructured lipid carriers for treatment of diabetic retinopathy in rats: A new dimension to an anticancer drug
    Sharma DS, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kumar B, Chitranshi N, Gupta VK, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jan 01;224:810-830.
    PMID: 36302483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.168
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the chronic complications of diabetes. It includes retinal blood vessels' damage. If untreated, it leads to loss of vision. The existing treatment strategies for DR are expensive, invasive, and need expertise during administration. Hence, there is a need to develop a non-invasive topical formulation that can penetrate deep to the posterior segment of retina and treat the damaged retinal vessels. In addition, it should also provide sustained release. In recent years, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) have been explored for treating DR and found successful. In this study, chitosan (CS) modified 5-Fluorouracil Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (CS-5-FU-NLCs) were prepared by modified melt emulsification-ultrasonication method and optimized by Box-Behnken Design. The size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of CS-5-FU-NLCs were 163.2 ± 2.3 nm, 0.28 ± 1.52, 21.4 ± 0.5 mV and 85.0 ± 0.2 %, respectively. The in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation study confirmed higher and sustained drug release in CS-5-FU-NLCs as compared to 5-FU solution. HET-CAM Model ensured the non-irritant nature of CS-5-FU-NLCs. In vivo ocular studies of CS-5-FU-NLCs confirmed antiangiogenic effect of 5-FU by CAM model and diabetic retinopathy induced rat model, indicating successful delivery of 5-FU to the retina.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  4. Fulltext Awareness of eye complications and prevalence of retinopathy in the first visit to eye clinic among type 2 diabetic patients
    Tajunisah I, Wong P, Tan L, Rokiah P, Reddy S
    Int J Ophthalmol, 2011;4(5):519-24.
    PMID: 22553714 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.05.12
    AIM: To assess the awareness of eye complications and the prevalence of retinopathy, in the first visit to eye clinic, among type 2 diabetic patients attending a tertiary medical centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    METHODS: An investigator-administered questionnaire was given to 137 patients with diabetes undergoing first time eye screening in the eye clinic. This was followed by a detailed fundus examination by a senior ophthalmologist to assess for presence of retinopathy.
    RESULTS: Almost 86% of respondents were aware of diabetic eye complications, especially in patients who had achieved tertiary educational level (96.3%). The majority of the patients (78.8%) were referred by their physicians and only 20.4% came on their own initiative. Many of the patients (43.8%) did not know how frequent they should go for an eye check-up and 72.3% did not know what treatments were available. Lack of understanding on diabetic eye diseases (68.6%) was the main barrier for most patients for not coming for eye screening earlier. Despite a high level of awareness, only 21.9% had recorded HbA1c level of <6.5% while 31.4% were under the erroneous assumption of having a good blood sugar control. A total of 29.2% had diabetic retinopathy in their first visit eye testing.
    CONCLUSION: In the present study, 29.2% of type 2 diabetic patients had retinopathy in their first time eye testing. Although the awareness of diabetic eye complications was high among first time eye screening patients, the appropriate eye care-seeking behavior was comparatively less and should be rectified to prevent the rise of this sight threatening eye disease.
    KEYWORDS: awa-reness; diabetic retinopathy; eye complications; eye screening
    Study site: Eye clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  5. Fulltext Pneumatic retinopexy for treatment of posterior pole detachment following vitreoretinal surgery for diabetic tractional retinal detachment threatening the fovea
    Bastion ML
    BMJ Case Rep, 2012;2012.
    PMID: 22878988 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006303
    To describe the usage of 100% perfluoropropane and subsequent laser retinopexy for the repair of posterior pole retinal detachment in a previously vitrectomised patient with diabetic tractional detachment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/complications; Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology; Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery*
  6. Fulltext Clinical Practice Guidelines: Screening of diabetic retinopathy
    Citation: Clinical Practice Guidelines: Screening of diabetic retinopathy. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2011

    Quick Reference: http://www.acadmed.org.my/view_file.cfm?fileid=489
    Training Module: http://www.acadmed.org.my/view_file.cfm?fileid=470

    Older version: Clinical Practice Guideline on diabetic retinopathy. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 1997. ISBN: 983-9417-07-X
    http://www.acadmed.org.my/view_file.cfm?fileid=229
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy
  7. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for diabetic cystoid macular oedema
    Sahoo S, Barua A, Myint KT, Haq A, Abas AB, Nair NS
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015.
    PMID: 25686158 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010009.pub2
    Diabetic cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is a condition which involves fluid accumulation in the inner portion of the retina. It often follows changes in retinal blood vessels which enhance the fluid to come out of vessels. Although it may be asymptomatic, symptoms are primarily painless loss of central vision, often with the complaint of seeing black spots in front of the eye.It is reported that CMO may resolve spontaneously, or fluctuate for months, before causing loss of vision. If left untreated or undiagnosed, progression of CMO may lead to permanent visual loss.It has been noted that patients with diabetic retinopathy have elevated inflammatory markers, and therefore it is likely that inflammation aids in the progression of vascular disease in these patients. Several topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ketorolac 0.5%, bromfenac 0.09%, and nepafenac 0.1%, have therefore also been used topically to treat chronic diabetic CMO. Hence this review was conducted to find out the effects of topical NSAIDs in diabetic CMO.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/complications; Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy*
  8. Determination of foveal avascular zone in diabetic retinopathy digital fundus images
    Ahmad Fadzil MH, Izhar LI, Nugroho HA
    Comput Biol Med, 2010 Jul;40(7):657-64.
    PMID: 20573343 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2010.05.004
    Monitoring FAZ area enlargement enables physicians to monitor progression of the DR. At present, it is difficult to discern the FAZ area and to measure its enlargement in an objective manner using digital fundus images. A semi-automated approach for determination of FAZ using color images has been developed. Here, a binary map of retinal blood vessels is computer generated from the digital fundus image to determine vessel ends and pathologies surrounding FAZ for area analysis. The proposed method is found to achieve accuracies from 66.67% to 98.69% compared to accuracies of 18.13-95.07% obtained by manual segmentation of FAZ regions from digital fundus images.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis*; Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
  9. A decision support system for automatic screening of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
    Reza AW, Eswaran C
    J Med Syst, 2011 Feb;35(1):17-24.
    PMID: 20703589 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-009-9337-y
    The increasing number of diabetic retinopathy (DR) cases world wide demands the development of an automated decision support system for quick and cost-effective screening of DR. We present an automatic screening system for detecting the early stage of DR, which is known as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). The proposed system involves processing of fundus images for extraction of abnormal signs, such as hard exudates, cotton wool spots, and large plaque of hard exudates. A rule based classifier is used for classifying the DR into two classes, namely, normal and abnormal. The abnormal NPDR is further classified into three levels, namely, mild, moderate, and severe. To evaluate the performance of the proposed decision support framework, the algorithms have been tested on the images of STARE database. The results obtained from this study show that the proposed system can detect the bright lesions with an average accuracy of about 97%. The study further shows promising results in classifying the bright lesions correctly according to NPDR severity levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/classification*; Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis
  10. Fulltext Automated microaneurysm detection in diabetic retinopathy using curvelet transform
    Ali Shah SA, Laude A, Faye I, Tang TB
    J Biomed Opt, 2016 Oct;21(10):101404.
    PMID: 26868326 DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.21.10.101404
    Microaneurysms (MAs) are known to be the early signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR). An automated MA detection system based on curvelet transform is proposed for color fundus image analysis. Candidates of MA were extracted in two parallel steps. In step one, blood vessels were removed from preprocessed green band image and preliminary MA candidates were selected by local thresholding technique. In step two, based on statistical features, the image background was estimated. The results from the two steps allowed us to identify preliminary MA candidates which were also present in the image foreground. A collection set of features was fed to a rule-based classifier to divide the candidates into MAs and non-MAs. The proposed system was tested with Retinopathy Online Challenge database. The automated system detected 162 MAs out of 336, thus achieved a sensitivity of 48.21% with 65 false positives per image. Counting MA is a means to measure the progression of DR. Hence, the proposed system may be deployed to monitor the progression of DR at early stage in population studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/complications*; Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
  11. Application of higher-order spectra for automated grading of diabetic maculopathy
    Mookiah MR, Acharya UR, Chandran V, Martis RJ, Tan JH, Koh JE, et al.
    Med Biol Eng Comput, 2015 Dec;53(12):1319-31.
    PMID: 25894464 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1278-7
    Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the most common causes of visual loss among diabetes mellitus patients. Early detection and successive treatment may improve the visual acuity. DME is mainly graded into non-clinically significant macular edema (NCSME) and clinically significant macular edema according to the location of hard exudates in the macula region. DME can be identified by manual examination of fundus images. It is laborious and resource intensive. Hence, in this work, automated grading of DME is proposed using higher-order spectra (HOS) of Radon transform projections of the fundus images. We have used third-order cumulants and bispectrum magnitude, in this work, as features, and compared their performance. They can capture subtle changes in the fundus image. Spectral regression discriminant analysis (SRDA) reduces feature dimension, and minimum redundancy maximum relevance method is used to rank the significant SRDA components. Ranked features are fed to various supervised classifiers, viz. Naive Bayes, AdaBoost and support vector machine, to discriminate No DME, NCSME and clinically significant macular edema classes. The performance of our system is evaluated using the publicly available MESSIDOR dataset (300 images) and also verified with a local dataset (300 images). Our results show that HOS cumulants and bispectrum magnitude obtained an average accuracy of 95.56 and 94.39% for MESSIDOR dataset and 95.93 and 93.33% for local dataset, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/classification*; Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis*
  12. Fulltext Ophthalmic problems among the elderly in Malaysia
    Singh P
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Sep;52(3):213-6.
    PMID: 10968087
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology; Diabetic Retinopathy/therapy
  13. Implantation and diabetes: analysis of 525 cases
    Lim AS, Ang BC, Heng LK, Hart PM, Ngui MS, Chew P, et al.
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1989 Mar;18(2):174-7.
    PMID: 2751233
    This is a retrospective study of 525 posterior chamber implants in diabetics performed by A S M Lim and B C Ang of Singapore. The patients were reviewed by visiting ophthalmologists--J E Kennedy (Sydney), M Ngui (East Malaysia) and P M Hart (Belfast). This study did not show any significant difference in the complication of post-operative visual acuity between diabetics and non-diabetics. 95% obtained 6/12 vision or better when pre-existing disease was excluded. It also showed that posterior chamber implants can be inserted in eyes with maculopathy or proliferative retinopathy if laser treatment was effectively done before or after surgery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/complications; Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
  14. New Evidence Showing yet another Link between Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: How Relevant is this to my General Practice?
    Chidambaram R
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2018 Nov;28(11):893.
    PMID: 30369389 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2018.11.893
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/complications*; Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology
  15. Total Protein Concentration and Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Tears of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
    Amil-Bangsa NH, Mohd-Ali B, Ishak B, Abdul-Aziz CNN, Ngah NF, Hashim H, et al.
    Optom Vis Sci, 2019 12;96(12):934-939.
    PMID: 31834153 DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001456
    SIGNIFICANCE: Total protein concentration (TPC) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) concentration in tears are correlated with severity of retinopathy. However, minimal data are available in the literature for investigating tear TPC and TNF-α concentrations in Asian individuals with different severity of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

    PURPOSE: This study evaluated differences of TPC and TNF-α concentrations in tears at different severity of NPDR among participants with diabetes in comparison with normal participants.

    METHODS: A total of 75 participants were categorized based on Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale, with 15 participants representing each group, namely, normal, diabetes without retinopathy, mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, and severe NPDR. All participants were screened using McMonnies questionnaire. Refraction was conducted subjectively. Visual acuity was measured using a LogMAR chart. Twenty-five microliters of basal tears was collected using glass capillary tubes. Total protein concentration and TNF-α concentrations were determined using Bradford assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

    RESULTS: Mean ± SD age of participants (n = 75) was 57.88 ± 4.71 years, and participants scored equally in McMonnies questionnaire (P = .90). Mean visual acuity was significantly different in severe NPDR (P = .003). Mean tear TPC was significantly lower, and mean tear TNF-α concentration was significantly higher in moderate and severe NPDR (P < .001). Mean ± SD tear TPC and TNF-α concentrations for normal were 7.10 ± 1.53 and 1.39 ± 0.24 pg/mL; for diabetes without retinopathy, 6.37 ± 1.65 and 1.53 ± 0.27 pg/mL; for mild NPDR, 6.32 ± 2.05 and 1.60 ± 0.21 pg/mL; for moderate NPDR, 3.88 ± 1.38 and 1.99 ± 0.05 pg/mL; and for severe NPDR, 3.64 ± 1.26 and 2.21 ± 0.04 pg/mL, respectively. Tear TPC and TNF-α concentrations were significantly correlated (r = -0.50, P < .0001). Visual acuity was significantly correlated with tear TPC (r = -0.236, P = .04) and TNF-α concentrations (r = 0.432, P < .0001).

    CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study identified differences in tear TPC and TNF-α concentrations with increasing severity of NPDR.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/classification; Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism*
  16. Fulltext Diabetic eye screening in Malaysia: findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006
    Goh PP, Omar MA, Yusoff AF
    Singapore Med J, 2010 Aug;51(8):631-4.
    PMID: 20848059
    INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the commonest complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), and is the leading cause of blindness among working adults. Modification of the associated risk factors as well as early detection and treatment of sight-threatening DR can prevent blindness. Clinical practice guidelines recommend annual eye screening for patients with DM. The proportion of patients in Malaysia who adhere to this recommendation was initially unknown.
    METHODS: The Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey is a population-based survey conducted once every decade on the various aspects of health, behaviour and diseases. The DM questionnaire on eye screening was administered as face-to-face interviews with 2,373 patients with known DM who were aged 18 years and older.
    RESULTS: In all, 55 percent of patients with known DM had never undergone an eye examination. Among patients who had undergone eye examinations, 32.8 percent had the last examination within the last one year, 49.8 percent within the last one to two years, and 17.4 percent more than two years ago. A significantly lower proportion of younger patients and patients who received treatment for DM from non-government facilities had previously undergone eye examinations.
    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DM observed among Malaysians aged 30 and above is 14.9 percent; thus, there is a significant number of people with potential blinding DR. Adherence to eye screening guidelines and the prompt referral of sight-threatening DR are essential in order to reduce the incidence of blindness among patients with DM.
    Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-2006)
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis; Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology*
  17. Fulltext Potential Effects of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia-A Systematic Review in Diabetic Retinopathy Context
    Naomi R, Bahari H, Yazid MD, Othman F, Zakaria ZA, Hussain MK
    Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Oct 06;22(19).
    PMID: 34639164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910816
    Hyperglycemia is a condition with high glucose levels that may result in dyslipidemia. In severe cases, this alteration may lead to diabetic retinopathy. Numerous drugs have been approved by officials to treat these conditions, but usage of any synthetic drugs in the long term will result in unavoidable side effects such as kidney failure. Therefore, more emphasis is being placed on natural ingredients due to their bioavailability and absence of side effects. In regards to this claim, promising results have been witnessed in the usage of Ipomoea batatas (I. batatas) in treating the hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic condition. Thus, the aim of this paper is to conduct an overview of the reported effects of I. batatas focusing on in vitro and in vivo trials in reducing high glucose levels and regulating the dyslipidemic condition. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Nature, and PubMed databases to identify the potential articles on particular topics. The search query was accomplished based on the Boolean operators involving keywords such as (1) Beneficial effect OR healing OR intervention AND (2) sweet potato OR Ipomoea batatas OR traditional herb AND (3) blood glucose OR LDL OR lipid OR cholesterol OR dyslipidemia. Only articles published from 2011 onwards were selected for further analysis. This review includes the (1) method of intervention and the outcome (2) signaling mechanism involved (3) underlying mechanism of action, and the possible side effects observed based on the phytoconstiuents isolated. The comprehensive literature search retrieved a total of 2491 articles using the appropriate keywords. However, on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 23 articles were chosen for further review. The results from these articles indicate that I. batatas has proven to be effective in treating the hyperglycemic condition and is able to regulate dyslipidemia. Therefore, this systematic review summarizes the signaling mechanism, mechanism of action, and phytoconstituents responsible for those activities of I. batatas in treating hyperglycemic based on the in vitro and in vivo study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology; Diabetic Retinopathy/prevention & control*
  18. Fulltext Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation as a primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema--a comparative pilot study
    Norlaili M, Bakiah S, Zunaina E
    BMC Ophthalmol, 2011;11:36.
    PMID: 22111945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-11-36
    BACKGROUND: Diabetic macular oedema is the leading causes of blindness. Laser photocoagulation reduces the risk of visual loss. However recurrences are common and despite laser treatment, patients with diabetic macular oedema experienced progressive loss of vision. Stabilization of the blood retinal barrier introduces a rationale for intravitreal triamcinolone treatment in diabetic macular oedema. This study is intended to compare the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the macular oedema index (MEI) at 3 month of primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema between intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and laser photocoagulation.
    METHODS: This comparative pilot study consists of 40 diabetic patients with diabetic macular oedema. The patients were randomized into two groups using envelope technique sampling procedure. Treatment for diabetic macular oedema was based on the printed envelope technique selected for every patient. Twenty patients were assigned for IVTA group (one injection of IVTA) and another 20 patients for LASER group (one laser session). Main outcome measures were mean BCVA and mean MEI at three months post treatment. The MEI was quantified using Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II.
    RESULTS: The mean difference for BCVA at baseline [IVTA: 0.935 (0.223), LASER: 0.795 (0.315)] and at three months post treatment [IVTA: 0.405 (0.224), LASER: 0.525 (0.289)] between IVTA and LASER group was not statistically significant (p = 0.113 and p = 0.151 respectively). The mean difference for MEI at baseline [IVTA: 2.539 (0.914), LASER: 2.139 (0.577)] and at three months post treatment [IVTA: 1.753 (0.614), LASER: 1.711 (0.472)] between IVTA and LASER group was also not statistically significant (p = 0.106 and p = 0.811 respectively).
    CONCLUSIONS: IVTA demonstrates good outcome comparable to laser photocoagulation as a primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema at three months post treatment.
    TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN05040192 (http://www.controlled-trial.com).
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy*; Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery*
  19. Fulltext Status of diabetic retinopathy among diabetics registered to the Diabetic Eye Registry, National Eye Database, 2007
    Goh PP, National Eye Database Study Group
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Sep;63 Suppl C:24-8.
    PMID: 19230243
    Diabetic Eye Registry, a web based registry hosted at the National Eye Database (www.acrm.org.my/end) collects data in a systematic and prospective nature on status of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among diabetics seen for the first time at Ministry of Health ophthalmology clinics. The 2007 report on 10,586 diabetics revealed that 63.3% of eyes examined had no DR, 36.8% had any form of DR, of which 7.1% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Up to 15.0% of eyes had vision threatening DR requiring laser or surgery at their first visit. Data on diabetic eye registry is useful in monitoring the quality of diabetic management, particularly in eye screening as reflected by the proportion of patients with severe DR needing intervention at the first visit to Ophthalmology clinics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis; Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology*
  20. Fulltext Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy--a study of 217 patients from University of Malaya Medical Centre
    Tajunisah I, Nabilah H, Reddy SC
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Oct;61(4):451-6.
    PMID: 17243523
    Two hundred and seventeen diabetic patients attending the eye clinic were examined to determine the prevalence of retinal changes, and the association between diabetic retinopathy and risk factors. A detailed fundus examination was done, after dilating the pupils, using 90 D lens and slitlamp biomicroscope. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 112 patients (51.6%). Background retinopathy was seen in 40 out of 217 (18.4%), pre-proliferative retinopathy in 11 (5.1%), proliferative retinopathy in 61 (28.1%) and maculopathy in 58 (26.7%) patients. Factors significantly associated with occurrence of retinopathy were duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension and presence of systemic complications (diabetic foot ulcer, lower limb amputation, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy).
    Study site: Eye clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology; Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology*
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