Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 565 in total

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  1. Fulltext The Current Situation Regarding Long-Acting Insulin Analogues Including Biosimilars Among African, Asian, European, and South American Countries; Findings and Implications for the Future
    Godman B, Haque M, Leong T, Allocati E, Kumar S, Islam S, et al.
    Front Public Health, 2021;9:671961.
    PMID: 34249838 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.671961
    Background: Diabetes mellitus rates continue to rise, which coupled with increasing costs of associated complications has appreciably increased global expenditure in recent years. The risk of complications are enhanced by poor glycaemic control including hypoglycaemia. Long-acting insulin analogues were developed to reduce hypoglycaemia and improve adherence. Their considerably higher costs though have impacted their funding and use. Biosimilars can help reduce medicine costs. However, their introduction has been affected by a number of factors. These include the originator company dropping its price as well as promoting patented higher strength 300 IU/ml insulin glargine. There can also be concerns with different devices between the manufacturers. Objective: To assess current utilisation rates for insulins, especially long-acting insulin analogues, and the rationale for patterns seen, across multiple countries to inform strategies to enhance future utilisation of long-acting insulin analogue biosimilars to benefit all key stakeholders. Our approach: Multiple approaches including assessing the utilisation, expenditure and prices of insulins, including biosimilar insulin glargine, across multiple continents and countries. Results: There was considerable variation in the use of long-acting insulin analogues as a percentage of all insulins prescribed and dispensed across countries and continents. This ranged from limited use of long-acting insulin analogues among African countries compared to routine funding and use across Europe in view of their perceived benefits. Increasing use was also seen among Asian countries including Bangladesh and India for similar reasons. However, concerns with costs and value limited their use across Africa, Brazil and Pakistan. There was though limited use of biosimilar insulin glargine 100 IU/ml compared with other recent biosimilars especially among European countries and Korea. This was principally driven by small price differences in reality between the originator and biosimilars coupled with increasing use of the patented 300 IU/ml formulation. A number of activities were identified to enhance future biosimilar use. These included only reimbursing biosimilar long-acting insulin analogues, introducing prescribing targets and increasing competition among manufacturers including stimulating local production. Conclusions: There are concerns with the availability and use of insulin glargine biosimilars despite lower costs. This can be addressed by multiple activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  2. Fulltext The influence of pharmacist-led collaborative care on clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter randomized control trial
    Iqbal MZ, Alqahtani SS, Mubarak N, Shahid S, Mohammed R, Mustafa A, et al.
    Front Public Health, 2024;12:1323102.
    PMID: 38476498 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1323102
    BACKGROUND: Health care providers are mandated to deliver specialized care for the treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Malaysia, Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinics (DMTAC) in tertiary hospitals have designated pharmacists to administer these services.

    OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of pharmacist-led interventions within DMTAC on the outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in two distinct hospitals in Kedah, Malaysia.

    METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from the two hospitals included in this study. The study population was divided into two equal groups. The control group consisted of 200 patients receiving routine care from the hospitals. On the other hand, the intervention group included those patients with type 2 diabetes (200), who received separate counseling sessions from pharmacists in the DMTAC departments along with the usual treatment. The study lasted 1 year, during which both study groups participated in two distinct visits.

    RESULTS: Parametric data were analyzed by a paired t-test and one-way ANOVA, while non-parametric data were analyzed by a Chi-squared test using SPSS v24. A p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  3. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors & glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, efficacy & safety in diabetic kidney transplant recipients
    Mahmoud T, Yagan J, Hasan A, Gheith OA, Mostafa M, Rida S, et al.
    Clin Transplant, 2023 Dec;37(12):e15144.
    PMID: 37755118 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15144
    INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular and renal complications define the outcomes of diabetic kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The new diabetes medications have changed the management of diabetes. However, transplant physicians are still reluctant to use sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) post kidney transplantation due to fear of drug related complications and lack of established guidelines.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected 1-year follow-up data from records of 98 diabetic KTRs on SGLT2I, 41 on GLP- 1RA and 70 on standard-of-care medicines. Patients were more than 3 months post-transplant with a minimum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 ml/min/1.73 m2 . Demographic data were similar except for a slightly lower HbA1c in the control group and higher albuminuria in SGLT2i group.

    RESULTS: HbA1c dropped significantly by .4% in both SGLT2i and GLP-1RA compared to .05% in the control group. A significant decrease in BMI by .32 in SGLT2i and .34 in GLP-1RA was observed compared to an increase by .015 in control group. A tendency for better eGFR in study groups was observed but was non-significant except for the SGLT2i group with an eGFR above 90 (p = .0135). The usual dip in eGFR was observed in the SGLT2i group at 1-3 months. Albuminuria was significantly reduced in both study groups. Adverse events were minimal with comparable safety in all groups.

    CONCLUSION: The use of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA appears to be effective and safe in diabetic KTRs with good outcomes. Randomized control trials are required to confirm these findings and establish guidelines.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  4. Fulltext Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
    Alam F, Islam MA, Mohamed M, Ahmad I, Kamal MA, Donnelly R, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2019 Mar 29;9(1):5389.
    PMID: 30926892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41854-2
    Pioglitazone, the only thiazolidinedione drug in clinical practice is under scrutiny due to reported adverse effects, it's unique insulin sensitising action provides rationale to remain as a therapeutic option for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing pioglitazone monotherapy with monotherapies of other oral antidiabetic drugs for assessing its efficacy and safety in T2DM patients. Mean changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and mean changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, body weight (BW) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. Safety outcomes were changes in lipid parameters, blood pressure and incidences of adverse events. Metafor package of R software and RevMan software based on random-effects model were used for analyses. We included 16 randomised controlled trials. Pioglitazone monotherapy showed equivalent efficacy as comparators in reducing HbA1c by 0.05% (95% CI: -0.21 to 0.11) and greater efficacy in reducing FBS level by 0.24 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.48 to -0.01). Pioglitazone showed similar efficacy as comparators in reducing HOMA-IR (WMD: 0.05, 95% CI: -0.49 to 0.59) and increasing high-density lipoprotein level (WMD: 0.02 mmol/l, 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.10). Improved blood pressure (WMD: -1.05 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.29 to 2.19) and triglycerides level (WMD: -0.71 mmol/l, 95% CI: -1.70 to 0.28) were also observed with pioglitazone monotherapy. There was a significant association of pioglitazone with increased BW (WMD: 2.06 kg, 95% CI: 1.11 to 3.01) and risk of oedema (RR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.48 to 3.31), though the risk of hypoglycaemia was absolutely lower (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.80). Meta-analysis supported pioglitazone as an effective treatment option for T2DM patients to ameliorate hyperglycaemia, adverse lipid metabolism and blood pressure. Pioglitazone is suggested to prescribe following individual patient's needs. It can be a choice of drug for insulin resistant T2DM patients having dyslipidaemia, hypertension or history of cardiovascular disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  5. Proposed molecular mechanism of non-competitive inhibition using molecular dynamics simulations between α-glucosidase enzyme and mangostin compound as antidiabetic
    Maulana AF, Maksum IP, Sriwidodo S, Rukayadi Y
    J Mol Model, 2024 Apr 18;30(5):136.
    PMID: 38634946 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05934-z
    CONTEXT: Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms is necessary since it is important for designing new drugs. This study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the design of drugs that are inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. This research aims to gain further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying antidiabetic drug design. The molecular docking process yielded 4 compounds with the best affinity energy, including γ-Mangostin, 1,6-dimethyl-ester-3-isomangostin, 1,3,6-trimethyl-ester-α-mangostin, and 3,6,7-trimethyl-ester-γ-mangostin. Free energy calculation with molecular mechanics with generalized born and surface area solvation indicated that the 3,6,7-trimethyl-γ-mangostin had a better free energy value compared to acarbose and simulated maltose together with 3,6,7-trimethyl-γ-mangostin compound. Based on the analysis of electrostatic, van der Waals, and intermolecular hydrogen interactions, 3,6,7-trimethyl-γ-mangostin adopts a noncompetitive inhibition mechanism, whereas acarbose adopts a competitive inhibition mechanism. Consequently, 3,6,7-trimethyl-ester-γ-mangostin, which is a derivative of γ-mangostin, can provide better activity in silico with molecular docking approaches and molecular dynamics simulations.

    METHOD: This research commenced with retrieving protein structures from the RCSB database, generating the formation of ligands using the ChemDraw Professional software, conducting molecular docking with the Autodock Vina software, and performing molecular dynamics simulations using the Amber software, along with the evaluation of RMSD values and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Free energy, electrostatic interactions, and Van der Waals interaction were calculated using MM/GBSA. Acarbose, used as a positive control, and maltose are simulated together with test compound that has the best free energy. The forcefields used for molecular dynamics simulations are ff19SB, gaff2, and tip3p.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents*
  6. A potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from Myristica cinnamomea King
    Sivasothy Y, Loo KY, Leong KH, Litaudon M, Awang K
    Phytochemistry, 2016 Feb;122:265-269.
    PMID: 26712615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.12.007
    A dimeric acylphenol and a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, giganteone D (IC50 5.05μM), was isolated and characterized from the bark of Myristica cinnamomea King. The bark also yielded an acylphenol with an unprecedented skeleton for which the name cinnamomeone A (IC50 358.80μM) was proposed. Their structures were established by means of NMR and MS spectrometric analyses. The Lineweaver-Burk plot of giganteone D indicated that it was a mixed-type inhibitor. This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibiting potential of acylphenols.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification*; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
  7. Fulltext Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Brucea javanica seed
    Ablat A, Mohamad J, Awang K, Shilpi JA, Arya A
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:786130.
    PMID: 24688431 DOI: 10.1155/2014/786130
    The ethanol extract of B. javanica seed was fractionated with solvents of different polarities and tested for antioxidant activities by several assays including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelating activity (FCA), and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NORSA) along with their polyphenolic contents. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using a glycogen phosphorylase α (GPα) inhibition assay and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in nondiabetic rats. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), rich in tannin, exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities to DPPH, FRAP, and NORSA, except for FCA. The EAF also exerted a dose-depended inhibition of GPα (IC50 = 0.75 mg/ml). Further evaluation of hypoglycemic effect on OGGT indicated that rats treated with EAF (125 mg/kg bw) showed a 39.91% decrease (P < 0.05) in blood glucose levels at 30 min, and continuous fall (P < 0.05) of 28.89% and 20.29% was observed in the following hours (60 and 90 min) compared to the normal control during OGTT. The EAF was applied to polyamide column chromatography, and the resulting tannin-free fraction was tested for both GPα inhibition and antioxidant (DPPH only) activity. The GP α inhibitory activity was retained, while antioxidant activity was lost (4.6-fold) after tannin removal. These results concluded that the GPα inhibitory activity initially detected was primarily due to the compounds other than tannins, whereas antioxidant activity was mainly due to the tannins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology; Hypoglycemic Agents/toxicity; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry*
  8. Animal models and natural products to investigate in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity
    Hasan MM, Ahmed QU, Mat Soad SZ, Tunna TS
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 May;101:833-841.
    PMID: 29635892 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.137
    Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which has high prevalence. The deficiency in insulin production or impaired insulin function is the underlying cause of this disease. Utilization of plant sources as a cure of diabetes has rich evidence in the history. Recently, the traditional medicinal plants have been investigated scientifically to understand the underlying mechanism behind antidiabetic potential. In this regard, a substantial number of in vivo and in vitro models have been introduced for investigating the bottom-line mechanism of the antidiabetic effect. A good number of methods have been reported to be used successfully to determine antidiabetic effects of plant extracts or isolated compounds. This review encompasses all the possible methods with a list of medicinal plants which may contribute to discovering a novel drug to treat diabetes more efficaciously with the minimum or no side effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology; Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use*; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
  9. Fulltext Study Design Selection in Early Clinical Anti-Hyperglycemic Drug Development: A Simulation Study of Glucose Tolerance Tests
    Ibrahim MMA, Ghadzi SMS, Kjellsson MC, Karlsson MO
    CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol, 2018 07;7(7):432-441.
    PMID: 29732710 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12302
    In antidiabetic drug development, phase I studies usually involve short-term glucose provocations. Multiple designs are available for these provocations (e.g., meal tolerance tests (MTTs) and graded glucose infusions (GGIs)). With a highly nonlinear, complex system as the glucose homeostasis, the various provocations will contribute with different information offering a rich choice. Here, we investigate the most appropriate study design in phase I for several hypothetical mechanisms of action of a study drug. Five drug effects in diabetes therapeutic areas were investigated using six study designs. Power to detect drug effect was assessed using the likelihood ratio test, whereas precision and accuracy of the quantification of drug effect was assessed using stochastic simulation and estimations. An overall summary was developed to aid designing the studies of antihyperglycemic drug development using model-based analysis. This guidance is to be used when the integrated glucose insulin model is used, involving the investigated drug mechanisms of action.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents
  10. Fulltext Insulin therapy in patients with COVID-19
    Kow CS, Ramachandram DS, Hasan SS
    Acta Diabetol, 2022 Feb;59(2):285-286.
    PMID: 34648089 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01810-x
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents
  11. Fulltext Ramadan fasting in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) during the COVID-19 pandemic: The DaR global survey
    Hassanein M, Yousuf S, Ahmedani MY, Albashier A, Shaltout I, Yong A, et al.
    Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2023 Jul;17(7):102799.
    PMID: 37301008 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102799
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The DaR Global survey was conducted to observe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the intentions to fast and the outcomes of fasting in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

    METHODS: Muslim people with diabetes and CKD were surveyed in 13 countries shortly after the end of Ramadan 2020, using a simple Survey Monkey questionnaire.

    RESULTS: This survey recruited 6736 people with diabetes, of which 707 (10.49%) had CKD. There were 118 (16.69%) people with type1 diabetes (T1D), and 589 (83.31%) were with type2 diabetes (T2D). 62 (65.24%) people with T1D and 448 (76.06%) people with T2D had fasted with CKD. Episodes of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia were more frequent among people with T1D compared to T2D, 64.52% and 43.54% vs 25.22% and 22.32% respectively. Visits to the emergency department and hospitalization were more frequent among people with CKD, however no significant difference was found between people with T1D and T2D.

    CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic had only a minor effect on the intention to fast during Ramadan in people with diabetes and CKD. However, hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia were found to be more frequent, as well as emergency visits and hospital admissions among people with diabetic kidney disease. Prospective studies are needed in future to evaluate the risk indicators of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia among fasting people with CKD, especially in the context of different stages of kidney disease.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents
  12. Nutritional Value, Therapeutic Effects, Phytochemistry, and Toxicology of Lepisanthes fruticosa: A Review
    Siang LJ, Rajak H, Ravichandran V
    Curr Top Med Chem, 2024;24(15):1279-1290.
    PMID: 38639276 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266300963240408051156
    The multifaceted benefits of Lepisanthes fruticosa position it is not only as a promising agricultural commodity but also as a versatile resource with implications for health, biodiversity, and economic growth. Lepisanthes fruticosa has a rich history of traditional use for treating various ailments such as fever and diarrhea. Beyond its traditional uses, the plant's antioxidant properties suggest potential applications in combating oxidative stress-related conditions. Its antihyperglycemic properties indicate promise in managing elevated blood sugar levels, while its antibacterial and antiviral attributes hint at potential applications in infectious disease control. Furthermore, the plant's anticancer properties add to its appeal as a valuable resource in the realm of medical research. The plant also exhibits considerable potential in addressing a range of health concerns, including non-communicable diseases and infections, antidiarrheal, and antiviral properties. In essence, Lepisanthes fruticose emerges as more than just an agricultural asset. Its unique combination of nutritional richness, health benefits, and economic viability underscores its potential to become a valuable asset both locally and on the global stage. In this current review, we are discussed about the ethnopharmacology, nutritional value, therapeutic effects, phytochemistry, and toxicology of Lepisanthes fruticose.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
  13. Dapagliflozin: glucuretic action and beyond
    Balakumar P, Sundram K, Dhanaraj SA
    Pharmacol Res, 2014 Apr;82:34-9.
    PMID: 24705156 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.03.008
    Diabetes mellitus is a greatly challenging disease of the 21 century, and the mortality rate due to this insidious disease is increasing worldwide in spite of availability of effective oral hypoglycemic agents. Satisfactory management of glycemic control in patients afflicted with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a major clinical challenge. Identification of potential pharmacological target sites is therefore continuing as an integral part of the diabetic research. The sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) expressed in the renal proximal tubule plays an essential role in glucose reabsorption. Pharmacological blockade of SGLT2 prevents glucose reabsorption and subsequently induces the elimination of filtered glucose via urine, the process is known as 'glucuresis'. Dapagliflozin is a selective inhibitor of SGLT2. The US FDA approved dapagliflozin in January 2014 to improve glycemic control along with diet and exercise in adult patients afflicted with T2DM. It has a potential to decrease glycated hemoglobin and to promote weight loss. Although the mechanism of action of dapagliflozin is not directly linked with insulin or insulin sensitivity, reduction of plasma glucose by dapagliflozin via induction of glucosuria could improve muscle insulin sensitivity. Moreover, dapagliflozin could cause diuresis and subsequently fall in blood pressure. In addition to general discussion on the pharmacology of dapagliflozin, we propose in this review the possibilities of dual antidiabetic effect of dapagliflozin and its possible additional beneficial actions in hypertensive-obese-T2DM patients through its indirect blood pressure-lowering action and reduction of body calories and weight. Long-term clinical studies are however needed to clarify this contention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology*; Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  14. Polyphenols: Potential Future Arsenals in the Treatment of Diabetes
    Solayman M, Ali Y, Alam F, Islam MA, Alam N, Khalil MI, et al.
    Curr Pharm Des, 2016;22(5):549-65.
    PMID: 26601968
    Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorders. In addition to exercise and diet, oral anti-diabetic drugs have been used as a part of the management strategy worldwide. Unfortunately, none of the conventional anti-diabetic drugs are without side effects, and these drugs pose an economic burden. Therefore, the investigation of novel anti-diabetic regimens is a major challenge for researchers, in which nature has been the primary resource for the discovery of potential therapeutics. Many plants have been shown to act as anti-diabetic agents, in which the main active constituents are believed to be polyphenols. Natural products containing high polyphenol levels can control carbohydrate metabolism by various mechanisms, such as protecting and restoring beta-cell integrity, enhancing insulin releasing activity, and increasing cellular glucose uptake. Blackberries, red grapes, apricots, eggplant and popular drinks such as coffee, cocoa and green tea are all rich in polyphenols, which may dampen insulin resistance and be natural alternatives in the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to report on the available anti-diabetic polyphenols (medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables), their mechanisms in the various pathways of DM and their correlations with DM. Additionally, this review emphasizes the types of polyphenols that could be potential future resources in the treatment of DM via either novel regimens or as supplementary agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use*
  15. Fulltext Anti Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Activity of Bark of Ethanolic Extract of Ougeinia Oojeinensis (ROXB.)
    Velmurugan C, Sundaram T, Sampath Kumar R, Vivek B, Sheshadrishekar D, Ashok Kumar BS
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):22-6.
    PMID: 23765138
    The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Ethanolic extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis (200mg/kg) bark was evaluated with measurements including, Body weight, blood glucose level, urine glucose and biochemical parameters. The ethanolic extracts of the powdered bark was tested for its efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Animals were induced for diabetes with Alloxan (150 mg/kg of body weight- i.p.) and treated orally with Ethanolic extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis. The extracts were also evaluated for acute oral toxicity studies and its effect on different biochemical parameters. The extracts showed significant (p<0.01) antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity as compared to diabetic control. The extract shows beneficial effects on blood glucose and urine glucose level. It also reduces the elevated biochemical parameters such as triglycerides (TGL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), Total Cholesterol (TC) and increased the reduced level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and body weight, which might be due to presence of steroids, tannins, alkaloids and triterpenoids present in that extract. Thus ethanolic extract could serve as good oral hypoglycemic agents and seems to be promising for the development of phytomedicines for diabetes mellitus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  16. Fulltext Potential Bioactive Compounds from Seaweed for Diabetes Management
    Sharifuddin Y, Chin YX, Lim PE, Phang SM
    Mar Drugs, 2015 Aug;13(8):5447-91.
    PMID: 26308010 DOI: 10.3390/md13085447
    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders of the endocrine system characterised by hyperglycaemia. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) constitutes the majority of diabetes cases around the world and are due to unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, as well as rise of obesity in the population, which warrants the search for new preventive and treatment strategies. Improved comprehension of T2DM pathophysiology provided various new agents and approaches against T2DM including via nutritional and lifestyle interventions. Seaweeds are rich in dietary fibres, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenolic compounds. Many of these seaweed compositions have been reported to be beneficial to human health including in managing diabetes. In this review, we discussed the diversity of seaweed composition and bioactive compounds which are potentially useful in preventing or managing T2DM by targeting various pharmacologically relevant routes including inhibition of enzymes such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase, aldose reductase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Other mechanisms of action identified, such as anti-inflammatory, induction of hepatic antioxidant enzymes' activities, stimulation of glucose transport and incretin hormones release, as well as β-cell cytoprotection, were also discussed by taking into consideration numerous in vitro, in vivo, and human studies involving seaweed and seaweed-derived agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology*
  17. Fulltext An unusual case of metformin associated lactic acidosis
    Poulose V
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Jun;57(2):209-10.
    PMID: 24326653
    Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) is a rare, but serious complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment with a mortality rate of around 50%. It most commonly occurs in the setting of hepatic, cardiac or renal insufficiency. We report the case of an elderly female with MALA and concomitant starvation ketosis in the absence of any known risk factor, who went undiagnosed for a period of at least a month and made a complete recovery in the hospital.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  18. Fulltext Diabetes in Malaysia: problems and challenges
    Embong M
    Med J Malaysia, 1990 Mar;45(1):1-7.
    PMID: 2152062
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
  19. The effect of metformin on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
    Chen Y, Li H, Ye Z, Găman MA, Tan SC, Zhu F
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2020 Nov 05;886:173458.
    PMID: 32763300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173458
    Metformin administration has been reported to influence the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in humans. However, since previously conducted studies have yielded inconsistent results, the exact effect of metformin on CIMT remains unclear. Causes that could lead to inconsistency in reported research could be the duration and dose of the intervention, as well as the sample size. To address this inconsistency, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of metformin on CIMT in human subjects. We identified eligible studies by searching several electronic databases (EMBASE, PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar) up to December 12, 2019. Data were pooled using the random-effects model. Combining data from 1087 participants (9 studies), our meta-analysis revealed that the administration of metformin resulted in a significant reduction in CIMT (WMD = -0.049 mm; 95% CI: -0.095, -0.004). Stratified analyses showed that an intervention lasting ≥12 months (WMD: -0.084 mm, 95% CI: -0.145, -0.024) and an intake of metformin ≤1500 mg/day (WMD: -0.081 mm, 95% CI: -0.132, -0.029) resulted in a significantly greater reduction in CIMT. However, an intervention duration of less than 12 months and an intake of metformin ˃1500 mg/day yielded no significant effects on CIMT. The results of the current study confirm that metformin administration is associated with a significant reduction in CIMT. Taking into account that CIMT reflects the burden of atherosclerosis, the clinical utility of metformin might also be related to its anti-atherogenic effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology*
  20. Fulltext Bioactive Components of Salvia and Their Potential Antidiabetic Properties: A Review
    Abd Rashed A, Rathi DG
    Molecules, 2021 May 20;26(10).
    PMID: 34065175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103042
    The utilization of therapeutic plants is expanding around the globe, coupled with the tremendous expansion of alternative medicine and growing demand in health treatment. Plants are applied in pharmaceuticals to preserve and expand health-physically, mentally and as well as to treat particular health conditions and afflictions. There are more than 600 families of plants identified so far. Among the plants that are often studied for their health benefit include the genus of Salvia in the mint family, Lamiaceae. This review aims to determine the bioactive components of Salvia and their potential as antidiabetic agents. The search was conducted using three databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus), and all relevant articles that are freely available in the English language were extracted within 10 years (2011-2021). Salvia spp. comprises many biologically active components that can be divided into monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and phenolic components, but only a few of these have been studied in-depth for their health benefit claims. The most commonly studied bioactive component was salvianolic acids. Interestingly, S. miltiorrhiza is undoubtedly the most widely studied Salvia species in terms of its effectiveness as an antidiabetic agent. In conclusion, we hope that this review stimulates more studies on bioactive components from medicinal plants, not only on their potential as antidiabetic agents but also for other possible health benefits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use*
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