AIM: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of ethyl acetate extract of fungus comb (EAEFC) on the inflammatory reaction in the spleen of mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
METHODS: An experimental study was conducted using a post-test-only control group design with male BALB/C mice (n = 24). The mice were divided randomly into four groups, each comprising six mice, and administered substances via gavage. Groups I and III were administered a solution of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in distilled water, while Groups II and IV were given 500 mg/kg BW EAEFC dissolved in 5% DMSO. On the fifteenth day, Groups I and II received intraperitoneal injections of 5 ml/kg BW saline, while Groups III and IV were injected with 10 mg/kg BW LPS dissolved in saline. After three hours, the mice were euthanized and splenic immunohistology was examined under a light microscope. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while the group differences were assessed statistically.
RESULTS: The expression of interleukin (IL)-1, furin, and activated NK cell was significantly higher in the inflamed model after EAEFC supplementation, while the extract suppressed IL-10.
CONCLUSION: EAEFC was found to alter cytokine expression in the spleen in response to inflammation.
RESULTS: The present study reveals that both vitexin and donepezil are able to bind at the close proximity of LPS binding site located at the TLR4/MD-2 complex with the binding energy of - 4.35 and - 9.14 kcal/mol, respectively. During molecular dynamic simulations, both vitexin and donepezil formed stable complex with TLR4/MD-2 throughout the 100 ns time length with the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of 2.5 Å and 4.0 Å, respectively. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) reveals that both compounds are stable. Interestingly, the radius of gyration (rGyr) for donepezil shows notable fluctuations when compare with vitexin. The MM-GBSA results showed that vitexin has higher binding energy in comparison with donepezil.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the findings suggest that vitexin is able to bind at the binding site of TLR4/MD-2 complex with more stability than donepezil throughout the course of 100 ns simulation. Hence, vitexin has the potential to be an antagonist candidate for LPS.
METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of laser employed [Holmium:YAG (HL) or Thulium fiber laser (TFL)]. Residual fragments (RF) were defined as > 2 mm. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with RF and RF needing further intervention.
RESULTS: 4208 patients from 20 centers were included. In whole series, age, recurrent stones, stone size, lower pole stones (LPS), and multiple stones were predictors of RF at multivariable analysis and LPS and stone size with RF requiring further treatment. HU and TFL were associated with lesser RF and RF requiring an additional treatment. In HU
Methods: The cytotoxicity of FD extract was assessed by MTS solution. BV2 cells were divided into 5 experimental groups, intervened, respectively, by FD (4 mg/mL) and LPS + FD (0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL). Besides, a blank control group was set up without any intervention. TNF-α release was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of CD40 was examined by flow cytometry. Immunocytochemical staining was used to show the morphology of BV2 cells.
Results: FD extract of different concentrations (1, 2, and 4 mg/mL) had no significant toxic effects on the BV2 cells. FD suppressed the activation of microglia in morphology and reduced TNF-α production and expression of CD40 induced by LPS.
Conclusion: FD extract has a therapeutic potential against neuroinflammatory diseases.
METHOD: The NIH 3T3 and RAW 264.7 co-culture were induced with LPS and high glucose before it was treated with metformin in different concentration. After 24 hours of treatment, the media and the cells were collected for further examination. The collagen expression was measured using Sirius red dye in the media. The IL-6 and TGF β mRNA examination were done using real-time PCR.
RESULT: Our study showed that NIH 3T3 and RAW 264.7 coculture treated with metformin has higher collagen expression, but lower IL-6 mRNA expression compares to those on co-culture without treatment.
CONCLUSION: Metformin increases fibrosis markers in LPS and high glucose-induced NIH 3T3 and RAW 264.7 coculture despite its ability to improve IL-6 mRNA expression.