Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 273 in total

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  1. Swietenia macrophylla King induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through p53 upregulation in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells
    Goh BH, Chan CK, Kamarudin MN, Abdul Kadir H
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2014 Apr 28;153(2):375-85.
    PMID: 24613274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.036
    Swietenia macrophylla King is a traditional herb used to treat various diseases including hypertension, diabetes and cancer. Previous study demonstrated its anti-tumor effect but the potential mechanisms have not been clearly defined. The current study was to further investigate the underlying mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of Swietenia macrophylla (SMEAF)-induced anti-proliferative effect and apoptosis in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cell.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation/drug effects; Up-Regulation/physiology
  2. Fulltext RNA sequencing analysis of human podocytes reveals glucocorticoid regulated gene networks targeting non-immune pathways
    Jiang L, Hindmarch CC, Rogers M, Campbell C, Waterfall C, Coghill J, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016 10 24;6:35671.
    PMID: 27774996 DOI: 10.1038/srep35671
    Glucocorticoids are steroids that reduce inflammation and are used as immunosuppressive drugs for many diseases. They are also the mainstay for the treatment of minimal change nephropathy (MCN), which is characterised by an absence of inflammation. Their mechanisms of action remain elusive. Evidence suggests that immunomodulatory drugs can directly act on glomerular epithelial cells or 'podocytes', the cell type which is the main target of injury in MCN. To understand the nature of glucocorticoid effects on non-immune cell functions, we generated RNA sequencing data from human podocyte cell lines and identified the genes that are significantly regulated in dexamethasone-treated podocytes compared to vehicle-treated cells. The upregulated genes are of functional relevance to cytoskeleton-related processes, whereas the downregulated genes mostly encode pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. We observed a tendency for dexamethasone-upregulated genes to be downregulated in MCN patients. Integrative analysis revealed gene networks composed of critical signaling pathways that are likely targeted by dexamethasone in podocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation/drug effects; Up-Regulation/genetics
  3. Fish chemokines 14, 20 and 25: A comparative statement on computational analysis and mRNA regulation upon pathogenic infection
    Arockiaraj J, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Dhayanithi NB, Arshad A, Harikrishnan R, et al.
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2015 Nov;47(1):221-30.
    PMID: 26363233 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.015
    In this study, we reported a molecular characterization of three CC chemokines namely, CsCC-Chem14, CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 which are were identified from the established cDNA library of striped murrel Channa striatus. Multiple sequence alignment of all the three chemokines revealed the presence of gene specific domains and motifs including small cytokine domain, IL8 like domain, receptor binding site and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding sites. Three dimensional structures of the chemokines under study showed an important facet on their anti-microbial property. Tissue specific mRNA expression showed that the CsCC-Chem14 is highly expressed in spleen, CsCC-Chem20 in liver and CsCC-Chem25 in trunk kidney. On challenge C. striatus with oomycete fungus Aphanomyces invadans, both CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 showed significant (P < 0.05) up-regulation compared to CsCC-Chem14. The increase in the expression levels of CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 due to infection showed that they are antimicrobial proteins. But considering the CsCC-Chem14 expression, it is found to be a constitutive chemokine and is involved in homeostatic function in spleen of C. striatus. C. striatus challenged with bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila also exhibited different up-regulation pattern in all the three chemokines at various time points. However, extensive studies are required to determine the functional activities of CsCC-Chem14, CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 in vitro and in vivo to gain more knowledge at the molecular and proteomic levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  4. Fulltext Novel piperazine core compound induces death in human liver cancer cells: possible pharmacological properties
    Samie N, Muniandy S, Kanthimathi MS, Haerian BS, Azudin RE
    Sci Rep, 2016 Apr 13;6:24172.
    PMID: 27072064 DOI: 10.1038/srep24172
    The current study evaluates the cytotoxic mechanism of a novel piperazine derivate designated as PCC against human liver cancer cells. In this context, human liver cancer cell lines, SNU-475 and 243, human monocyte/macrophage cell line, CRL-9855, and human B lymphocyte cell line, CCL-156, were used to determine the IC50 of PCC using the standard MTT assay. PCC displayed a strong suppressive effect on SNU-475 and SNU-423 cells with an IC50 value of 6.98 ± 0.11 μg/ml and 7.76 ± 0.45 μg/ml respectively, after 24 h of treatment. Significant dipping in the mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation in the released of cytochrome c from the mitochondria indicated the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by PCC. Activation of this pathway was further evidenced by significant activation of caspase 3/7 and 9. PCC was also shown to activate the extrinsic pathways of apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 which is linked to the suppression of NF-ƙB translocation to the nucleus. Cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was confirmed by flow cytometry and up-regulation of glutathione reductase expression was quantified by qPCR. This study suggests that PCC is a simultaneous inducer of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in liver cancer cell lines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  5. Fulltext Aberrant expression of the S1P regulating enzymes, SPHK1 and SGPL1, contributes to a migratory phenotype in OSCC mediated through S1PR2
    Patmanathan SN, Johnson SP, Lai SL, Panja Bernam S, Lopes V, Wei W, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016 05 10;6:25650.
    PMID: 27160553 DOI: 10.1038/srep25650
    Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a lethal disease with a 5-year mortality rate of around 50%. Molecular targeted therapies are not in routine use and novel therapeutic targets are required. Our previous microarray data indicated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) metabolism and signalling was deregulated in OSCC. In this study, we have investigated the contribution of S1P signalling to the pathogenesis of OSCC. We show that the expression of the two major enzymes that regulate S1P levels were altered in OSCC: SPHK1 was significantly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared to normal oral mucosa and low levels of SGPL1 mRNA correlated with a worse overall survival. In in vitro studies, S1P enhanced the migration/invasion of OSCC cells and attenuated cisplatin-induced death. We also demonstrate that S1P receptor expression is deregulated in primary OSCCs and that S1PR2 is over-expressed in a subset of tumours, which in part mediates S1P-induced migration of OSCC cells. Lastly, we demonstrate that FTY720 induced significantly more apoptosis in OSCC cells compared to non-malignant cells and that FTY720 acted synergistically with cisplatin to induce cell death. Taken together, our data show that S1P signalling promotes tumour aggressiveness in OSCC and identify S1P signalling as a potential therapeutic target.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  6. Fulltext Phytoestrogens by inhibiting the non-classical oestrogen receptor, overcome the adverse effect of bisphenol A on hFOB 1.19 cells
    Thent ZC, Froemming GRA, Ismail ABM, Fuad SBSA, Muid S
    Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2020 Sep;23(9):1155-1163.
    PMID: 32963737 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45296.10545
    Objectives: Since bisphenol A (BPA) induces bone loss and phytoestrogens enhance the osteoblastogenesis by binding to the non-classical and classical oestrogen receptors, respectively, the present study was aimed to observe the osteoprotective effect of phytoestrogens on BPA-induced osteoblasts in hFOB 1.19 cells.

    Materials and Methods: All groups of hFOB 1.19 cells were induced with 12.5 μg/ml of BPA except the control (Ctrl) group. Meanwhile, treated groups received phytoestrogens; Daidzein (Dz), Genistein (Gt), Equol (Eq) and 17β-oestradiol (Est) in different concentrations for 24 hr duration.

    Results: We found that the protein expression of non-classical oestrogen-related receptor (ERRG) was highly expressed in BPA group, whereas classical oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) were relatively increased with phytoestrogens treatment under BPA exposure. The dense actin cytoskeletal filaments were also observed. qRT-PCR showed up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) expressions; significant down-regulation of ERRG and up-regulation of ERα and ERβ were observed in phytoestrogens-treated cells, which was supported by the increased expressions of oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2).

    Conclusion: Phytoestrogens improved the deteriorative effect of BPA via down-regulation of ERRG in hFOB 1.19 cells. This study showed that the efficacy of consumption of phytoestrogens in rendering them as potential therapeutic strategy in combating the adverse bone effects of BPA.

    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  7. Fulltext An investigation on cytotoxicity effect of putrescine-sulphur analogues on breast cancer (MCF-7), human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and colorectal cancer (HCT-8) cell lines
    Norsuhana Halim, Radiah Abdul Ghani, Adzly Hairee Sahabudin, How, Fiona Ni Fong
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(11):6-6.
    MyJurnal
    Cancer is one of the global health problems that has a detrimental effect
    to a person's life. However, chemotherapeutic agents success are subject to the side
    effects due to lack of specificity in the drug delivery system to cancer cells and an
    increase risk of systemic toxicity to the normal cells. Polyamine transport system (PTS)
    is one of the potential pathways for transporting anticancer agent into specific cancer
    cells. This is due to the upregulation of PTS in cancer cells compared to normal cells for
    the proliferation activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity effect
    of putrescine-sulphur analogues type 1 (PSA-1) and type 2 (PSA-2) on human lung
    adenocarcinoma cells (A549), human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8) and
    human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7).
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  8. Major depressive disorder patients on antidepressant treatments display higher number of regulatory T cells
    Mohd Ashari NS, Mohamed Sanusi SNF, Mohd Yasin MA, Che Hussin CM, Wong KK, Shafei MN
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Aug;41(2):169-176.
    PMID: 31427552
    INTRODUCTION: Regulatory T cell (Treg) is a subtype of T lymphocyte that plays a crucial role in establishing immunologic self-tolerance and maintaining immune homeostasis. In this study, we set out to investigate the percentage and absolute count of Tregs in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and their correlation with disease severity.

    MATERIALS & METHODS: This is a case-control study consisting of 47 MDD patients and 47 healthy controls. MDD patients were treated with antidepressant drugs according to their physician's choice. The severity of MDD was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) at the time of recruitment. Healthy controls completed the Depression Anxiety Scoring System (DASS21) questionnaire to ensure they were in good mental health without history of MDD. The percentage and absolute count of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs were identified by multiparameter flow cytometry.

    RESULTS: The percentage and absolute count of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells were significantly higher in MDD patients than in healthy controls (P<0.001, in both cases). Likewise, the percentage and absolute count of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells were also significantly higher in MDD patients compared to healthy controls (P=0.003 and P=0.002, respectively). However, there was no significant correlation between the percentage and absolute count of CD4+ CD25+ Treg and CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells with BDI or MADRS score.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that antidepressant treatments contributed to an upregulation of Tregs in MDD patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  9. Proteomic analysis of stored core oil palm trunk (COPT) sap identifying proteins Related to stress, disease resistance and differential gene/protein expression
    Marhaini Mostapha, Noorhasmiera Abu Jahar, Sarani Zakaria, Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, Wan Mohd Aizat
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1259-1268.
    Oil palm is the major crop grown and cultivated in various Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand.
    The core of oil palm trunk (COPT) consists of high sugar content, hence suitable for synthesis of fine chemicals and
    biofuels. Increase of sugar content was reported previously during prolonged COPT storage. However, until now, there
    has been no report on protein profiles during storage. Therefore, in this study, protein expression of the COPT during the
    storage period of one to six weeks was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    (SDS-PAGE) coupled with optical density quantification and multivariate analyses for measuring differentially expressed
    proteins. Accordingly, protein bands were subjected to tryptic digestion followed by tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLCMS/MS)
    protein identification. The results from SDS-PAGE showed consistent protein bands appearing across the biological
    replicates ranging from 10.455 to 202.92 kDa molecular weight (MW) regions. The findings from the principal component
    analysis (PCA) plot illustrated the separation pattern of the proteins at weeks 4 and 5 of storage, which was influenced
    mainly by the molecular weights of 14.283, 25.543, 29.757, 30.549, 31.511, 34.585 and 84.395 kDa, respectively. The
    majority of these proteins are identified as those involved in stress- and defense-related, disease resistance, as well
    as gene/protein expression processes. Indeed, these proteins were mostly upregulated during the later storage period
    suggesting that long-term storage may influence the molecular regulation of COPT sap.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  10. Characterising granuloma regression and liver recovery in a murine model of schistosomiasis japonica
    Chuah C, Jones MK, McManus DP, Nawaratna SK, Burke ML, Owen HC, et al.
    Int J Parasitol, 2016 Apr;46(4):239-52.
    PMID: 26812024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.12.004
    For hepatic schistosomiasis the egg-induced granulomatous response and the development of extensive fibrosis are the main pathologies. We used a Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse model to characterise the multi-cellular pathways associated with the recovery from hepatic fibrosis following clearance of the infection with the anti-schistosomal drug, praziquantel. In the recovering liver splenomegaly, granuloma density and liver fibrosis were all reduced. Inflammatory cell infiltration into the liver was evident, and the numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages were significantly decreased. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the up-regulation of fatty acid metabolism genes and the identification of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha as the upstream regulator of liver recovery. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway which regulates xenobiotic metabolism was also differentially up-regulated. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with the regression of hepatic schistosomiasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  11. Fulltext Effects of xanthorrhizol on 3T3-L1 adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy [Abstract]
    Seok Fang Oon, Meenakshii Nallappan, Mohd Shazrul Fazry Sa’ariwijaya, Nur Kartinee Kassim, Shamarina Shohaimi, Thiam Tsui Tee, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):41-41.
    MyJurnal
    ABSTRACTS FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES CONFERENCE 2019 (IHMSC 2019). Accelerating Innovations in Translational and Precision Medicine. Held at Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. 8-9th March, 2019
    Introduction: According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015, 47.7% of the Malaysian population are either obese or overweight. The increased obesity prevalence has caused major health problems including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Although several anti-obesity drugs have been developed, they are limited due to adverse side effects. Previous studies demonstrated that xanthorrhizol (XNT) reduced the levels of serum free fatty acid and triglyceride in vivo, but the detailed anti-obesity activities and its related mechanisms are yet to be reported. Thus, this study aims to evaluate its abilities to inhibit adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy employing 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
    Methods: Statistical significance was established by one-way ANOVA, where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
    Results: In this study, the IC50 value of XNT (98.3% purity) from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was 35 ± 0.24 μg/mL. The loss of cell viability was due to 20.01 ± 2.77% of early apoptosis and 24.13 ± 2.03% of late apoptosis. XNT elicited apoptosis via up-regulation of caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 protein expression for 4.09-fold and 3.12-fold, respectively. Moreover, XNT decreased adipocyte differentiation for 36.13 ± 3.64% and reduced GPDH activity to 52.26 ± 4.36%. The underlying mechanism was due to impaired expression of PPARγ to 0.36-fold and FAS to 0.38-fold, respectively. On the other hand, XNT increased glycerol release by 45.37 ± 6.08% compared to control. During lipolysis, XNT up-regulated the leptin protein for 2.08-fold but down-regulated the protein level of insulin to 0.36-fold. These results indicated that XNT reduced the volume of adipocytes through modulation of leptin and insulin.
    Conclusion: To conclude, XNT exerted its anti-obesity mechanisms by suppression of adipocyte hyperplasia through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of adipogenesis whilst reduction of adipocyte hypertrophy through stimulation of lipolysis. Thus, XNT could be developed as a potential anti-obesity agent in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  12. Fulltext miRNAS as potential biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma diagnostics
    Cheah Yoke Kqueen, Yaghma Masood, Nurul Syakima Ab Mutalib, Sethu Thakachy Subha, Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):9-9.
    MyJurnal
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that involved in various normal and cancer-related cellular pro-cesses. Studies on expression profiling of miRNAs have been performed and the data showed that some miRNAs are up-regulated or down-regulated in cancer. miRNAs play a crucial role in HNSCC development, metastasis, prognosis and survival rate. Several studies have been conducted previously to investigate that use of miRNAs as the biomark-ers in disease diagnostic/prognostic and potential therapeutic targets management that may improve the outcomes of HNSCC. Our previous study revealed that upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs including hsa-miR-181a-2*, hsa-miR-29b-1*, hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-181b, hsa-miR-744, hsa-miR-1271 and hsa-miR-221* were able to distinguish HNSCC from normal samples. These miRNAs may contribute in a simple profiling strategy to identify individuals at higher risk of developing head and neck cancers, thus helping in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in head and neck cancer pathogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  13. Fulltext Growth Performance, Cytokine Expression, and Immune Responses of Broiler Chickens Fed a Dietary Palm Oil and Sunflower Oil Blend Supplemented With L-Arginine and Varying Concentrations of Vitamin E
    Khatun J, Loh TC, Foo HL, Akit H, Khan KI
    Front Vet Sci, 2020;7:619.
    PMID: 33195499 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00619
    This study set out to examine the combined effects of the supplementation of a dietary palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SO) blend, 0. 25% L-Arginine (L-Arg), and different levels of vitamin E (Vit E) on growth performance, fat deposition, cytokine expression, and immune response in broilers. A total of 216 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb500) were randomly distributed into six dietary groups as follows: Diet 1: 6% palm oil (negative control); Diet 2: PO and SO blend (4% palm oil and 2% sunflower oil) + 0.25% L-Arg (positive control); Diet 3: (PO and SO blend + 0.25% L-Arg) + 20 mg/kg Vit E; Diet 4: (PO and SO blend + 0.25% L-Arg) + 50 mg/kg Vit E; Diet 5: (PO and SO blend + 0.25% L-Arg) + 100 mg/kg Vit E; and Diet 6: (PO and SO blend + 0.25% L-Arg) + 150 mg/kg Vit E. Weight gain and serum IgG and IgM increased while feed conversion ratio, fat deposition, and plasma cholesterol decreased in broilers fed Vit E with the oil blend and L-Arg, compared to those fed the negative control (Diet 1). Expression of IFN and TNF-α were reduced, whereas TGF-ß1 was up-regulated as the level of Vit E increased in the broiler diets. In summary, the combination of oil blend, L-Arg, and Vit E at a level of 50 mg/kg increased the performance and altered the expression of cytokines that may positively influence immune function in broiler chickens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  14. Fulltext Plasma- and Saliva Exosome Profile Reveals a Distinct MicroRNA Signature in Chronic Periodontitis
    Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Awang RAR, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS
    Front Physiol, 2020;11:587381.
    PMID: 33329037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587381
    Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an oral cavity disease arising from chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues. Exosomes are lipid vesicles that are enriched in specific microRNAs (miRNAs), potentially providing a disease-specific diagnostic signature. To assess the value of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for CP, 8 plasma- and 8 salivary-exosomal miRNAs samples were profiled using Agilent platform (comparative study). From 2,549 probed miRNAs, 33 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in CP as compared to healthy plasma samples. Whereas, 1,995 miRNAs (1,985 down-regulated and 10 up-regulated) were differentially expressed in the CP as compared to healthy saliva samples. hsa-miR-let-7d [FC = -26.76; AUC = 1; r = -0.728 [p-value = 0.04]), hsa-miR-126-3p (FC = -24.02; AUC = 1; r = -0.723 [p-value = 0.043]) and hsa-miR-199a-3p (FC = -22.94; AUC = 1; r = -0.731 [p-value = 0.039]) are worth to be furthered studied for plasma-exosomal samples. Meanwhile, for salivary-exosomal samples, hsa-miR-125a-3p (FC = 2.03; AUC = 1; r = 0.91 [p-value = 0.02]) is worth to be furthered studied. These miRNAs are the reliable candidates for the development of periodontitis biomarker, as they were significantly expressed differently between CP and healthy samples, have a good discriminatory value and strongly correlate with the mean of PPD. These findings highlight the potential of exosomal miRNAs profiling in the diagnosis from both sourced as well as provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in CP.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  15. IL-17A induction of ADAMTS-5 in differentiated THP-1 cells is modulated by the ERK signaling pathway
    Thou EMH, Choo QC, Chew CH
    Eur. Cytokine Netw., 2020 Jun 01;31(2):59-67.
    PMID: 32933893 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2020.0446
    Atherosclerosis is initiated when lipoproteins are trapped by proteoglycans in the arterial intima. Macrophages play a vital role in this disease, especially in the formation of foam cells and the regulation of pro-inflammatory responses. They also participate in plaque stabilization through the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases. Studies have reported the role of ADAMTS proteases in osteoarthritis and atherosclerotic lesions.In the present study, we have studied the effect of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) on the expression of ADAMTS-5 in the macrophage cell line THP-1. The results show that the mRNA and protein expression levels of ADAMTS-5 were significantly upregulated when differentiated THP-1 cells were treated with 100 ng/mL of IL-17A for 24 h with maximum ADAMTS-5 mRNA expression levels obtained at 8 h of stimulation. Subsequent inhibition studies showed that IL-17A upregulation of ADAMTS-5 was mediated through ERK and JNK pathways in THP-1 cells. Phosphorylation studies revealed that the expression of ADAMTS-5 transcripts was upregulated by IL-17A through the activation of p-c-Raf (S338), p-MEK1/2 (Ser217/221), p-p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204), and p-Elk1 (Ser383). ERK1/2 siRNA transfection further confirmed that the ERK pathway is involved in the expression of ADAMTS-5 in IL-17A-stimulated THP-1 cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  16. Fulltext Transcriptional alterations in Caenorhabditis elegans following exposure to an anthelmintic fraction of the plant Picria fel-terrae Lour
    Kumarasingha R, Young ND, Yeo TC, Lim DSL, Tu CL, Palombo EA, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2019 Apr 25;12(1):181.
    PMID: 31023350 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3429-4
    BACKGROUND: Natural compounds from plants are known to provide a source of anthelmintic molecules. In previous studies, we have shown that plant extracts from the plant Picria fel-terrae Lour. and particular fractions thereof have activity against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, causing quite pronounced stress responses in this nematode. We have also shown that a fraction, designated Pf-fraction 5, derived from this plant has a substantial adverse effect on this worm; however, nothing is known about the molecular processes affected in the worm. In the present study, we explored this aspect.

    RESULTS: Key biological processes linked to upregulated genes (n = 214) included 'response to endoplasmic reticulum stress' and 'lipid metabolism', and processes representing downregulated genes (n = 357) included 'DNA-conformation change' and 'cellular lipid metabolism'.

    CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of C. elegans to Pf-fraction 5 induces significant changes in the transcriptome. Gene ontology analysis suggests that Pf-fraction 5 induces endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, and the changes in gene expression are either a direct or indirect consequence of this. Further work is required to assess specific responses to sub-fractions of Pf-fraction 5 in time-course experiments in C. elegans, to define the chemical(s) with potent anthelmintic properties, to attempt to unravel their mode(s) of action and to assess their selectivity against nematodes.

    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  17. Fulltext The expression of microrna-744 (Mir-744) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a preliminary study
    Noor Syamila Othman, Wan Ishlah Leman, Kahairi Abdullah, Siti Aesah @ Naznin Muhammad, Mohd Arifin Kaderi
    International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2018;2(1):191-203.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to investigate the level of miR-744 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumour tissue and to provide initial clue on its potential as biomarkers for early detection of NPC in a preliminary analysis. Total miRNAs was extracted from NPC tissue as well as normal nasopharynx tissue taken from Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Kuantan and converted into cDNA. The level of miR-744 expression in the cDNA was quantified using quantitative reverse transcription polymserase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. The expression level of SNORD48 was measured simultaneously for each sample, which served as endogenous control. The difference in the expression of miR-744 in NPC and normal nasopharynx tissue were analysed using relative quantification, 2-ΔΔCT. In this preliminary analysis, this study found that miR-744 was upregulated in NPC as compared to normal nasopharynx tissue by 2.5 fold changes, respectively suggesting it may involve in progression of tumour. However, the finding is not significant and may not accurately reflect the overall population, due to small sample size involved in the study. Findings from the current study suggest the potential of miR-744 to serve as useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in NPC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  18. Endophytic strains of Trichoderma increase plants' photosynthetic capability
    Harman GE, Doni F, Khadka RB, Uphoff N
    J Appl Microbiol, 2021 Feb;130(2):529-546.
    PMID: 31271695 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14368
    The world faces two enormous challenges that can be met, at least in part and at low cost, by making certain changes in agricultural practices. There is need to produce enough food and fibre for a growing population in the face of adverse climatic trends, and to remove greenhouse gases to avert the worst consequences of global climate change. Improving photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants can help meet both challenges. Fortuitously, when crop plants' roots are colonized by certain root endophytic fungi in the genus Trichoderma, this induces up-regulation of genes and pigments that improve the plants' photosynthesis. Plants under physiological or environmental stress suffer losses in their photosynthetic capability through damage to photosystems and other cellular processes caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). But certain Trichoderma strains activate biochemical pathways that reduce ROS to less harmful molecules. This and other mechanisms described here make plants more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. The net effect of these fungi's residence in plants is to induce greater shoot and root growth, increasing crop yields, which will raise future food production. Furthermore, if photosynthesis rates are increased, more CO2 will be extracted from the atmosphere, and enhanced plant root growth means that more sequestered C will be transferred to roots and stored in the soil. Reductions in global greenhouse gas levels can be accelerated by giving incentives for climate-friendly carbon farming and carbon cap-and-trade programmes that reward practices transferring carbon from the atmosphere into the soil, also enhancing soil fertility and agricultural production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  19. Fulltext The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
    Govender NT, Mahmood M, Seman IA, Wong MY
    Front Plant Sci, 2017;8:1395.
    PMID: 28861093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01395
    Basal stem rot, caused by the basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is an economically devastating disease in Malaysia. Our study investigated the changes in lignin content and composition along with activity and expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and genes in oil palm root tissues during G. boninense infection. We sampled control (non-inoculated) and infected (inoculated) seedlings at seven time points [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-inoculation (wpi)] in a randomized design. The expression profiles of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) genes were monitored at 1, 2, and 3 wpi using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seedlings at 4, 8, and 12 wpi were screened for lignin content, lignin composition, enzyme activities (PAL, CAD, and POD), growth (weight and height), and disease severity (DS). Gene expression analysis demonstrated up-regulation of PAL, CAD, and POD genes in the infected seedlings, relative to the control seedlings at 1, 2, and 3 wpi. At 2 and 3 wpi, CAD showed highest transcript levels compared to PAL and POD. DS increased progressively throughout sampling, with 5, 34, and 69% at 4, 8, and 12 wpi, respectively. Fresh weight and height of the infected seedlings were significantly lower compared to the control seedlings at 8 and 12 wpi. Lignin content of the infected seedlings at 4 wpi was significantly higher than the control seedlings, remained elicited with no change at 8 wpi, and then collapsed with a significant reduction at 12 wpi. The nitrobenzene oxidation products of oil palm root lignin yielded both syringyl and guaiacyl monomers. Accumulation of lignin in the infected seedlings was in parallel to increased syringyl monomers, at 4 and 8 wpi. The activities of PAL and CAD enzymes in the infected seedlings at DS = 5-34% were significantly higher than the control seedlings and thereafter collapsed at DS = 69%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
  20. Gene expression changes in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) after interaction with Cladosporium sphaerospermum
    Lo SG, Wong SF, Mak JW, Choo KK, Ng KP
    Med Mycol, 2020 Apr 01;58(3):333-340.
    PMID: 31309220 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz061
    Cladosporium is one of the most abundant spore. Fungi of this genus can cause respiratory allergy and intrabronchial lesion. We studied the differential expression of host genes after the interaction of Cladosporium sphaerospermum conidia with Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (BEAS-2B) and Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells (HPAEpiC). C. sphaerospermum conidia were harvested and co-cultured with BEAS-2B cells or HPAEpiC cells for 48 hours respectively. This culture duration was chosen as it was associated with high germination rate. RNA was extracted from two biological replicates per treatment. RNA of BEAS-2B cells was used to assess changes in gene expression using AffymetrixGeneChip® Human Transcriptome Array 2.0. After co-culture with Cladosporium spores, 68 individual genes were found differentially expressed (P ≤ 0.05) and up-regulated ≥ 1.5 folds while 75 genes were found differentially expressed at ≤ -1.5 folds compared with controls. Reverse transcription and qPCR were performed on the RNA collected from both BEAS-2B cells and HPAEpiC cells to validate the microarray results with 7 genes. Based on the findings, infected pulmonary epithelial cells exhibited an increase in cell death-related genes and genes associated with innate immunity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Up-Regulation
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