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A novel molecular and chromosomal lineage of the anthropophilic Simulium (Simulium) rufibasis subgroup (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Taiwan

Low VL, Takaoka H, Adler PH, Tan TK, Weng FC, Chen CY, et al.

Parasitol Res, 2018 Oct;117(10):3137-3143.
PMID: 30006809 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6011-7

The Simulium rufibasis subgroup is one of three subgroups of the Simulium (Simulium) tuberosum species-group; it is characterized by a pair of clustered stout hairs on the ventral surface of female abdominal segment 7. A member of the S. rufibasis subgroup in Taiwan was investigated morphologically and genetically using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene and polytene chromosomal banding pattern. The Taiwanese material is morphologically similar to S. rosliramlii Takaoka & Chen from Vietnam and represents the second species of the S. rufibasis subgroup known from Taiwan. It also represents a novel molecular lineage that is distinct from three other primary lineages identified as S. doipuiense, S. doipuiense/S. rufibasis, and S. weji previously reported from Thailand. The mitochondrial evidence for a distinct lineage in Taiwan is supported by chromosomal analysis, which revealed unique sex chromosomes. For nomenclatural stability, we associate the name S. arisanum Shiraki with the Taiwanese entity. Originally described from females from Taiwan, S. arisanum until now has remained an enigmatic species.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
A new species and a new record of the Simulium (Gomphostilbia) gombakense species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand

Takaoka H, Srisuka W, Low VL, Saeung A

Acta Trop, 2018 Sep;185:156-166.
PMID: 29772215 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.011

Larvae and adults reared from pupae of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) gombakense Takaoka & Davies from eight streams in five provinces of Thailand were genetically analyzed by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences. The material was composed of four lineages, of which lineages 2, 3 and 4 are genetically closely related to one another, but more distantly related to lineage 1, which is equivalent to typical S. (G.) gombakense from Peninsular Malaysia. Lineages 2, 3 and 4, which are morphologically indistinguishable, are designated as genoforms A, B and C within a species complex of S. (G.) paiense sp. nov., which is described based on specimens of lineage 2 (=genoform A). Simulium (G.) paiense sp. nov. is similar to S. (G.) gombakense from Peninsular Malaysia but appears to be barely distinguished by the relative length of the female fore basitarsus. Simulium (G.) thuathienense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun is newly recorded from Thailand and its male is described for the first time. The female of S. (G.) gombakense is briefly described based on females reared from pupae collected from Peninsular Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Key enablers in a production sharing contract operatorship transfer exercise

Ariffin Samsuri, Zainal Zakaria, Kamal Hafez Manaf, Issham Ismail

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2017;37(1):1-13.
MyJurnal

Production Sharing Contract (PSC) is one of the petroleum agreements mode that
are being utilized in many parts of the world in enabling exploration, development
and production of the petroleum resources at the respective locations. It was first
introduced in Indonesia in 1966, and followed by Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and
Brunei. One of interesting aspects of PSC management is the operatorship
transferhandling when a PSC is nearing its expiry. When the time come, the
current PSC contractor as operator has the option to relinquish it to the host
authority to be handed over to other operator, farm it out to the other PSC
contractor to reduce the risk exposure or continue operating under a new PSC
terms. The most challenging will be to relinquish the operatorship to another
operator whereby several complexities will need to be adequately addressed to
ensure benefit preservation to the host authority, incoming operator and
outgoing operator. Therefore there is a need to adhere to key factors or enablers
to administer the operatorship transfer exercise if it occurs in the near future. The
key enablers would be able to address the operatorship transfer exercise
effectively with the objective to alleviate complications to the host authority,
outgoing operator and incoming operator. With the emphasized in the PETRONAS
Procedure & Guideline for Upstream Activities together with three case studies,
this paper proposed several key enablers to be considered for a PSC successful
operatorship transfer which is human resources, data management, asset
reliability and integrity management, supply chain management and good
relationship between parties. With identified key factors, it is hoped that any PSC
operatorship transfer will be able to be managed smoothly and will ensure
benefits to all parties concerned.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Evaluation of heterozygous Hb E and its interaction with deletional alpha thalassaemia in Kelantan

Nur Hidayah Muhamad Yasin, Majdan Ramli, Ilunihayati Ibrahim, Rosnah Bahar, Noraesah Mahmud, Siti Shahrum Muhamed Said, et al.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(202):35-37.
MyJurnal

Haemoglobin E (Hb E) is a variant of structurally abnormal haemoglobin that can be found very commonly in the Asian countries particularly the Southeast Asian [1]. [H1] Alpha thalassaemia is a red cell disorder which is caused by deletion or mutation of one or more of the four alpha globin genes leading to absence or decrease in production of alpha globin peptides [2]. This disorder is far more common in South East Asian regions and in Malaysia itself, and the gene frequency is about 4.1% [2]. The interactions of Hb E and alpha thalassaemia are evident in Kelantan which is bordered by southern Thailand. Using capillary electrophoresis (CE), a reduction of Hb E level is noticed as compared to Hb E heterozygotes. DNA analysis should be done to determine the presence of concurrent alpha thalassaemia variant. This study was done to evaluate haematological parameters using automated blood counters, morphology of red cells, Hb separation and quantitation of Hb fractions using CE and molecular analysis for alpha thalassemia. The study also aimed to discover cut off point of Hb E level in heterozygous Hb E patients with concurrent deletional alpha thalassaemia by CE.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Current situation and future prospects for beef production in Thailand - A review

Bunmee T, Chaiwang N, Kaewkot C, Jaturasitha S

Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2018 Jul;31(7):968-975.
PMID: 29879818 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0201

Thailand is a country of native beef cattle resource farming. It has undergone rapid social and economic change in the past decade. Agricultural growth has been maintained by increasing the production of rice and cassava. Changing economic status also provides opportunities for beef cattle producers to meet increasing consumer demand for beef. Finishing beef cattle numbers in Thailand were about 1.0 M head in 2015. Beef produced in Thailand has exclusively been for domestic consumption. Only 1% of Thailand's beef cattle are for the premium market which is based on marbling score, 40% are sold into modern markets that consider muscling of cattle, and the remainder enter traditional markets. Cross-bred cattle for the premium market are raised within intensive systems. Most producers of premium beef are members of beef cooperatives, or have invested in their enterprises at high levels. Culled cow (native or cross-bred cattle) are mainly for small holder farm production. Malaysia, Indonesia, and other members of the Asian Economic Community (AEC) are set to become the largest beef market, which has been confirmed by 2015 through 2020 forecasts for consumption of beef that must increasingly be halal. These circumstances are likely to be challenging for beef producers in Thailand to gain a share of this market. Integration across all sectors involved in beef production in Thailand will be required.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Different ommochrome pigment mixtures enable sexually dimorphic Batesian mimicry in disjunct populations of the common palmfly butterfly, Elymnias hypermnestra

Panettieri S, Gjinaj E, John G, Lohman DJ

PLoS One, 2018;13(9):e0202465.
PMID: 30208047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202465

With varied, brightly patterned wings, butterflies have been the focus of much work on the evolution and development of phenotypic novelty. However, the chemical structures of wing pigments from few butterfly species have been identified. We characterized the orange wing pigments of female Elymnias hypermnestra butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from two Southeast Asian populations. This species is a sexually dimorphic Batesian mimic of several model species. Females are polymorphic: in some populations, females are dark, resemble conspecific males, and mimic Euploea spp. In other populations, females differ from males and mimic orange Danaus spp. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified nine ommochrome pigments: six from a population in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and five compounds from a population in Bali, Indonesia. Two ommochromes were found in both populations, and only two of the nine compounds have been previously reported. The sexually dimorphic Thai and Balinese populations are separated spatially by monomorphic populations in peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Sumatra, suggesting independent evolution of mimetic female wing pigments in these disjunct populations. These results indicate that other butterfly wing pigments remain to be discovered.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Current landscape of personalized medicine adoption and implementation in Southeast Asia

Chong HY, Allotey PA, Chaiyakunapruk N

BMC Med Genomics, 2018 Oct 26;11(1):94.
PMID: 30367635 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0420-4

BACKGROUND: The emergence of personalized medicine (PM) has raised some tensions in healthcare systems. PM is expensive and health budgets are constrained - efficient healthcare delivery is therefore critical. Notwithstanding the cost, many countries have started to adopt this novel technology, including resource-limited Southeast Asia (SEA) countries. This study aimed to describe the status of PM adoption in SEA, highlight the challenges and to propose strategies for future development.
METHODS: The study included scoping review and key stakeholder interviews in four focus countries - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The current landscape of PM adoption was evaluated based on an assessment framework of six key themes - healthcare system, governance, access, awareness, implementation, and data. Six PM programs were evaluated for their financing and implementation mechanisms.
RESULTS: The findings revealed SEA has progressed in adopting PM especially Singapore and Thailand. A regional pharmacogenomics research network has been established. However, PM policies and programs vary significantly. As most PM programs are champion-driven and the available funding is limited, the current PM distribution has the potential to widen existing health disparities. Low PM awareness in the society and the absence of political support with financial investment are fundamental barriers. There is a clear need to broaden opportunities for critical discourse about PM especially for policymakers. Multi-stakeholder, multi-country strategies need to be prioritized in order to leverage resources and expertise.
CONCLUSIONS: Adopting PM remains in its infancy in SEA. To achieve an effective PM adoption, it is imperative to balance equity issues across diverse populations while improving efficiency in healthcare.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Modelling the effect of 2-4, D on the growth kinetics of cell suspension cultures of Ficus deltoidea L

Ling, A.P.K., Halmi, M.I.E., Hussein, S., Ong S.L.

Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015;3(2):1-5.
MyJurnal

The mistletoe fig (Ficus deltoidea) is frequently found in several areas of the world, and primarily functions as houseplant or an ornamental shrub. The plant is discovered indigenous generally in Asia tropical region for example Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand. Scientific studies on the effect of plant growth regulators on cells production from this plant are vital as optimization of cells production may result in effective production of secondary products characterization and output. The growth of cell suspension cultures from this plant shows sigmoidal property. In this work, we model the effect of the plant growth regulator 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the growth kinetics of the cells from this plant according to the modified Gompertz model. The coefficient of determination showed good agreement between experimental and predicted data with values ranging from 0.97-0.98. The results showed that 2,4-D at 2 mg/L was optimal for achieving the highest cells growth rate. It is anticipated that the growth parameter constants extracted from the modelling exercise will be helpful in the future for additional secondary modelling on the effect of media conditions as well as other factors on cells growth.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
First Report of Pestalotiopsis Leaf Blotch on Mangosteen in Hawaii

Keith LM, Matsumoto TK

Plant Dis, 2013 Jan;97(1):146.
PMID: 30722309 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-12-0702-PDN

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces one of the most prized tropical fruits, commonly known as the "Queen of the Fruits.″ Mangosteen has the potential to occupy a rapidly expanding niche market in Hawaii. In October 2009, a disease was observed that produced brown leaf spots and blotches surrounded by bright yellow halos at a mangosteen orchard located in Hakalau, Hawaii (19° 53' 49″ N, 155° 7' 35″ W). Recently transplanted 10+ year old trees were 95 to 100% infected. Pieces of infected leaves and stems were surface-sterilized, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 24°C ± 1°C for 21 days. The fungus growing on PDA was pale buff with sparse aerial mycelium and acervuli containing black, slimy spore masses. Single spore isolates were used for the morphological characteristics and molecular analysis. Conidia were 5-celled. Apical and basal cells were hyaline; the three median cells were umber to olivaceous. Conidia (n = 50) were 24.3 ± 0.2 × 7.5 ± 0.1 μm, with apical appendages, typically three, averaging 24.3 ± 0.4 μm long, and a basal appendage averaging 6.7 ± 0.2 μm long. DNA sequences were obtained from the β-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S regions of the rDNA to confirm the identification. The morphological descriptions and measurements were similar to P. virgatula (Kleb.) Steyaert (1). Although sequence data of the ITS region (GenBank Accession No. JN542546) supports the identity of the fungus as P. virgatula, the taxonomy of this genus remains confused since there are only a few type cultures, so it is impossible to use sequences in GenBank to reliably clarify species names (2). To confirm pathogenicity, six leaves of two 3-year-old seedlings were inoculated. Seven-day-old cultures grown on 10% V8 agar at 24°C under continuous fluorescent lighting were used for inoculations. The inoculum consisted of spore suspensions in sterile distilled water adjusted to 6 × 105 conidia/ml. Using a fine haired paint brush, the inoculum was brushed onto the youngest leaves, while sterile distilled water was used as the control. The plants were incubated in a clear plastic bag placed on the laboratory bench at 24°C for 48 hours, then placed on a greenhouse bench and observed weekly for symptoms. After 14 days, leaf spots ranging in size from pinpoint to 5.4 mm in diameter with a distinctive yellow halo were present. Within 35 days, the leaf spots enlarged to leaf blotches ranging in size from 11.5 × 13.3 mm up to 28.3 × 34.6 mm with brown centers and a distinctive yellow halo identical to the field symptoms. A Pestalotiopsis sp. identical to that used to inoculate the seedlings was recovered from the leaf spots and blotches, confirming Koch's postulates. The experiment was repeated twice. Pestalotiopsis leaf blight has been reported in other countries growing mangosteen, including Thailand, Malaysia, and North Queensland, Australia (3). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a Pestalotiopsis sp. causing a disease on mangosteen in Hawaii. Although this disease is considered a minor problem in the literature (3), effective management practices should be established to avoid potential production losses. References: (1) E. F. Guba. Monograph of Pestalotia and Monochaetia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1961. (2) S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura et al. Fungal Div. 50:167, 2011. (3) R. C. Ploetz. Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, 2003.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Motives for using Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) among regular users in Malaysia

Singh D, Narayanan S, Müller CP, Swogger MT, Chear NJY, Dzulkapli EB, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2019 Apr 06;233:34-40.
PMID: 30594604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.038

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) or kratom have been traditionally used in Malaysia and Thailand mainly to enhance work productivity, as a folk remedy for treating common ailments, and as a mood enhancer.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This present study sought to investigate kratom use motives among regular kratom users in Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 116 regular kratom users were recruited for this cross-sectional survey. The Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) was administered to measure kratom use motives.
RESULTS: Our results indicate that heavy (>3 glasses daily, each glass contains 48.24-50.4 mg of mitragynine) kratom use was associated with coping (t87.09 =3.544, p 3 glasses daily) kratom consumption (p 3 glasses daily) kratom consumption among regular kratom users in traditional, rural settings.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Development and characterization of 33 microsatellite loci for the tiger frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann 1834) through transcriptome sequencing

Chen Z, Ding G, Wang Y, Xu J, Lin Z

J Genet, 2018 Nov 14;97(5):e147-e151.
PMID: 30574879

The tiger frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann 1834) is a large robust dicroglossid frog widely distributed in southern China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand. The escaped bred tiger frog introduced from Thailand hybridized with Chinese native population may have affected the genetic diversity of local Chinese tiger frogs. However, previous microsatellite loci of this species do not offer enough information to construct the genetic map. Here, we reported 33 new microsatellite loci from transcriptome sequencing for H. rugulosus. Alleles ranged between 1 and 10 per locus and only one locus (HRT001) was monomorphic. The polymorphic information content, observed and expected heterozygosity were 0-0.794, 0-0.969 and 0-0.831, respectively. None of the loci was observed in linkage disequilibrium and two loci (HRT023 and HRT068) deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. These transcriptome-derived microsatellite markers will be usedto study the genetic divergence and construct the genetic map in H. rugulosus.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Strategies for access to affordable hepatitis C testing and treatment in Asia

Khwairakpam G, Burry J

Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2019 01;14(1):1-6.
PMID: 30480583 DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000514

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With increasing availability of generic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and associated price reductions, various governments, multilateral institutions, and donors have started providing testing and treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. More data on the quality of these generic medicines and on cost-effectiveness of their use are becoming widely available. This review seeks to describe some of the treatment programs for HCV that are evolving in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand.
RECENT FINDINGS: The quality of multiple generic DAAs has been shown to be bioequivalent to innovator formulations, with generic versions achieving high cure rates in real-world settings. Although published materials are limited, there is expanding experience with local pilot and national treatment programs which are largely being funded by national governments and other institutions.
SUMMARY: Countries and other public health stakeholders are recognizing the need to scale up HCV diagnosis and treatment programs using generic DAAs. However, local pilot or national treatment programs need to be massively expanded to eliminate HCV in high-burden areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Chemical composition and the potential biological activities of piper betel – a review

Rabiatul Adawiyah Umar, Nurul 'Adani Sanusi, Mohd Nizam Zahary, Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin, Salwani Ismail

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018;3(1):1-8.
MyJurnal

Piper betel is a member of the family Piperaceae, commonly known as Sirih (Malaysia and
Indonesia), Paan (India and Bangladesh), Betel (English) and Phlu (Thailand). It is widely found and
grown in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, other Southeast Asian and East African
countries. Piper betel is widely used throughout the world even in modern days due to its known
medicinal properties. Betel plant contains various biologically active compounds, which are
responsible for its numerous pharmacological actions. The therapeutic profile reveals Piper betel to
have a high potential for treating many diseases and conditions such as chronic renal disease,
atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus. Further studies of betel plant are recommended to focus on
the variety of metabolic activities in human, thus, improving its usage medically that will be beneficial
to humanity.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Data showing the effects of vibratory disc milling time on the microstructural characteristics of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles (CS-NPs)

Ikumapayi OM, Akinlabi ET

Data Brief, 2019 Feb;22:537-545.
PMID: 30627604 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.067

Coconut Shell (CS) as agricultural lignocellulosic biomaterial and agro-waste is predominantly available in India, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. It has proven to have effective durability characteristic, good abstractive resistance, high toughness, and good adsorption properties, and is most suitable for long standing use in many applications such as reinforcement, source of energy, fillers as well as activated carbon and its performance, efficiency and effectiveness depend wholly on whether is in form of nano-, micro-, and macro- particles. In this data, effects of milling time on morphological characteristics was experimented using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses. The SEM images were taken at magnifications of 1.00kx, 2.00kx and 5.00kx which gives respective 50 µm, 20 µm and 10 µm in different milling time of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mins. Digital Vibratory Disc Milling Machine (VDMM) rated 380 V/50 Hz at 940 rpm was employed for the grinding and the morphology of the milled nanoparticles were characterised. It was revealed from the data collected that 0 min (i.e. 75 µm sieved) has the highest mean area value of 16.105 µm2 and area standard deviation of 200.738 µm2 with least value of a number of particle size distribution of 809 µm. In contrast, 60 mins milled has the lowest values for mean area and area standard deviation of 8.945 µm2 and 115.851 µm2 respectively with the highest number of particle size distribution of 2032 µm. It was observed that milling time increases the number of particle sizes distributions and reduces the area of particle size.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fulltext Tobacco Use in Southeast Asia: Key Evidences for Policy Development

Efroymson D, Velasco MG

Citation: Efroymson D, Velasco MG. Tobacco Use in Southeast Asia: Key Evidences for Policy Development. Bangkok, Thailand: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance; 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement 3
Introduction to SEATCA Research on Tobacco 4
Tobacco and Poverty: Lessons from Cambodia and Vietnam 6
Demand Analysis and Tobacco Taxes in Vietnam and Malaysia 9
ASEAN Free Trade Area and Tobacco: A Regional Summary 12
Health Costs of Tobacco 14
Socio-demographic and Psychological Trends of Youth Smoking 17
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice: Tobacco Use among Health Professionals, Medical Students and Monks 20
Analysis of Smoking Behavior in Cambodia 23
Women and Tobacco: Smoke_]free Homes in Cambodia, Malaysia and Vietnam 26
Women and Tobacco: Reasons for Use, and Prevention Strategies in Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand 29

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Fusarium nygamai Associated with Fusarium Foot Rot of Rice in Sardinia

Balmas V, Corda P, Marcello A, Bottalico A

Plant Dis, 2000 Jul;84(7):807.
PMID: 30832117 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.7.807B

Fusarium nygamai Burgess & Trimboli was first described in 1986 in Australia (1) and subsequently reported in Africa, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Puerto Rico, and the United States. F. nygamai has been reported on sorghum, millet, bean, cotton, and in soil where it exists as a colonizer of living plants or plant debris. F. nygamai was also reported as a pathogen of the witch-weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. To our knowledge, no reports are available on its pathogenicity on crops of economic importance. In a survey of species of Fusarium causing seedling blight and foot rot of rice (Oryza sativa L.) carried out in Sardinia (Oristano, S. Lucia), F. nygamai was isolated in association with other Fusarium species-F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. compactum, and F. equiseti. Infected seedlings exhibited a reddish brown cortical discoloration, which was more intense in older plants. The identification of F. nygamai was based on monoconidial cultures grown on carnation leaf-piece agar (CLA) (2). The shape of macroconidia, the formation of microconidia in short chains and false heads, and the presence of chlamydospores were used as the criteria for identification. Two pathogenicity tests comparing one isolate of F. nygamai with one isolate of F. moniliforme were conducted on rice cv. Arborio sown in artificially infested soil in a greenhouse at 22 to 25°C. The inoculum was prepared by growing both Fusarium species in cornmeal sand (1:30 wt/wt) at 25°C for 3 weeks. This inoculum was added to soil at 20 g per 500 ml of soil. Pre- and post-emergence damping-off was assessed. Both F. nygamai and F. moniliforme reduced the emergence of seedlings (33 to 59% and 25 to 50%, respectively, compared to uninoculated control). After 25 days, the seedlings in infested soil exhibited a browning of the basal leaf sheaths, which progressed to a leaf and stem necrosis. Foot rot symptoms caused by F. nygamai and F. moniliforme were similar, but seedlings infected by F. nygamai exhibited a more intense browning on the stem base and a significant reduction of plant height at the end of the experiment. Either F. nygamai or F. moniliforme were consistently isolated from symptomatic tissue from the respective treatments. References: (1) L. W. Burgess and D. Trimboli. Mycologia 78:223,1986. (2) N. L. Fisher et al. Phytopathology 72:151,1982.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
A confirmed bite by a Beautiful Pit Viper (Trimeresurus venustus) resulting in local symptoms

Fuchs J, Bessire K, Weiler S

Toxicon, 2019 Mar 20;163:44-47.
PMID: 30902684 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.019

This case report describes the effect of an envenomation by the Beautiful Pit Viper Trimeresurus venustus (or Cryptelytrops venustus), which is a green pit viper native to Thailand and Malaysia. A previously healthy 60-year-old snake breeder with no relevant medical history was bitten by his adult T. venustus in the third finger of his right hand while taking it out of the feeding box. The bite was painful and swelling progressed to include his whole hand within an hour after the bite. He was treated symptomatically with pre-emptive antibiotics and analgesics, never developed any hematological disorders such as coagulopathy and bleeding or disseminated intravascular coagulation and was discharged 26 hours after the bite. The clinical course in our patient matched two other well-documented cases reported to our Poisons Centre, and one further case presented as a conference-poster. All patients recovered with symptomatic therapy and never required antivenom. Therefore, bites by T. venustus seem to present with less severe symptoms compared to other Trimeresurus species.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Aquatic insect biodiversity and water quality parameters of streams in northern Thailand

Prommi T, Payakka A

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:707-717.

Biodiversity of aquatic insect and physicochemical water quality parameters in Mae Tao and Mae Ku watersheds were
assessed bi-monthly from February 2011 to February 2012. A total of 59 families representing 9 orders were recorded.
At order level, Trichoptera was found at the highest frequency in total abundance (45.75%) followed by Ephemeroptera
(18.06%), Hemiptera (13.45%), Odonata (9.62%), Diptera (8.17%), Coleoptera (4.6%), Megaloptera (0.17%),
Lepidoptera (0.11%) and Plecoptera (0.07%). The family Hydropsychidae was the most prominent and the most abundant
aquatic insect taxa followed by Chironomidae. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia-nitrogen were similar
at all sampling stations. Significant variations in pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen
and alkalinity were found at all sampling stations. Taxa richness and diversity index significantly correlated with dissolved
oxygen, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen (p<0.05, p<0.01). Physicochemical data and biological data
showed that mostly the surface water quality in Mae Tao and Mae Ku watersheds were within Type III of The Surface
Water Standard for Agriculture and Water Quality for Protection of Aquatic Resources in Thailand.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Incidence of escherichia coli O157:H7 in Thailand

Pharanai Sukhumungoon

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:261-267.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) especially serotype O157:H7 is one of the important food-borne pathogens because it is able to produce crucial toxins Shiga. However, the outbreak of this organism in Thailand has not been reported. Antibody to O157 antigen was detected in some Thai populations and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were detected in low numbers of clinical specimens. Interestingly, some E. coli that showed positive to O157 fimbriae probe and lack of virulence gene were isolated from certain patients and one isolate of E. coli O157:H7 which possessed stx1, stx2v was detected in a normal child. In addition, the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 strains were monitored by the samples from cattle and retail beef in Thailand although their inability to produce toxins or produce in a low concentration was demonstrated. This review discusses the incidences of E. coli O157 in clinical and environmental samples of Thailand including the transmission possibility of this bacterium across the Thai border through food trade.

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand
Expression and functional analysis of a transgenic cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in pueraria mirifica

Xu L, Kaopong R, Nualkaew S, Chullasara A, Phongdara A

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:1491-1498.

soflavonoids are the main compound in White Kwao Krua (Pueraria mirifica), which is an effective folk medicinal plant endemic to Thailand. It has been widely used for improving human physical and treating diseases. There are substances with estrogenic activities have been isolated from P. mirifica, such as puerarin, daidzein and genistein. Isoflavone synthase (IFS) is one of the key enzymes in Leguminous plants to convert liquiritigenin, liquiritigenin C-glucoside and naringenin chalcone to isoflavonoids. The aim of this research was to enhance the production of isoflavonoids by metabolic engineering. Transgenic plants were constructed by introducing P450 gene (EgP450) which is similar to IFS from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), into P. mirifica by a biolistic method. After the transgenic plants had proved successfully, isoflavonoids of each group plants were determined by HPLC. The contents of daidzein and genistein in transgenic plants were higher than the control plants

Matched MeSH terms: Thailand

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