Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 145 in total

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  1. A survey of Sybil attack countermeasures in IoT-based wireless sensor networks
    Arshad A, Mohd Hanapi Z, Subramaniam S, Latip R
    PeerJ Comput Sci, 2021;7:e673.
    PMID: 34712787 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.673
    Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been among the most prevalent wireless innovations over the years exciting new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT based WSN integrated with Internet Protocol IP allows any physical objects with sensors to be connected ubiquitously and send real-time data to the server connected to the Internet gate. Security in WSN remains an ongoing research trend that falls under the IoT paradigm. A WSN node deployed in a hostile environment is likely to open security attacks such as Sybil attack due to its distributed architecture and network contention implemented in the routing protocol. In a Sybil attack, an adversary illegally advertises several false identities or a single identity that may occur at several locations called Sybil nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we give a survey of the most up-to-date assured methods to defend from the Sybil attack. The Sybil attack countermeasures includes encryption, trust, received signal indicator (RSSI), encryption and artificial intelligence. Specifically, we survey different methods, along with their advantages and disadvantages, to mitigate the Sybil attack. We discussed the lesson learned and the future avenues of study and open issues in WSN security analysis.
  2. Fulltext Morphogenetic and physiological effects of LED spectra on the apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack
    Parab AR, Han KY, Chew BL, Subramaniam S
    Sci Rep, 2021 12 08;11(1):23628.
    PMID: 34880352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03056-7
    The use of artificial light sources such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has become a prerequisite in tissue culture studies to obtain morphogenetic enhancements on in vitro plants. This technology is essential for developmental enhancements in the growing plant cultures due to its light quality and intensity greatly influencing the in vitro growing explants at a cellular level. The current study investigates the effects of different light-emitting diode (LED) spectra on the growth of apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Ficus carica, commonly known as figs is rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals capable of treating microbial infections and gastric, inflammatory, and cardiac disorders. Apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack, presented morphogenetic changes when grown under six different LED spectra. The highest multiple shoots (1.80 per growing explant) and healthy growing cultures were observed under the blue + red LED spectrum. Wound-induced callus formation was observed on apical buds grown under green LED spectrum and discolouration of the growing shoots were observed on the cultures grown under far-red LED spectrum. Multiple shoots obtained from the blue + red LED treatment were rooted using 8 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised. Compared with the other monochromatic LEDs, blue + red proved to be significantly better for producing excellent plant morphogeny. It is apparent that blue and red LED is the most suitable spectra for the healthy development of plants. The findings have confirmed that the combination of blue + red LED can potentially be used for enhancing growth yields of medicinally and commercially important plants.
  3. Fulltext Improving the support for XML dynamic updates using a hybridization labeling scheme (ORD-GAP)
    Haw SC, Amin A, Wong CO, Subramaniam S
    F1000Res, 2021;10:907.
    PMID: 35106138 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.69108.1
    Background : As the standard for the exchange of data over the World Wide Web, it is important to ensure that the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) database is capable of supporting not only efficient query processing but also capable of enduring frequent data update operations over the dynamic changes of Web content. Most of the existing XML annotation is based on a labeling scheme to identify each hierarchical position of the XML nodes. This computation is costly as any updates will cause the whole XML tree to be re-labelled. This impact can be observed on large datasets. Therefore, a robust labeling scheme that avoids re-labeling is crucial. Method: Here, we present ORD-GAP (named after Order Gap), a robust and persistent XML labeling scheme that supports dynamic updates. ORD-GAP assigns unique identifiers with gaps in-between XML nodes, which could easily identify the level, Parent-Child (P-C), Ancestor-Descendant (A-D) and sibling relationship. ORD-GAP adopts the OrdPath labeling scheme for any future insertion. Results: We demonstrate that ORD-GAP is robust enough for dynamic updates, and have implemented it in three use cases: (i) left-most, (ii) in-between and (iii) right-most insertion. Experimental evaluations on DBLP dataset demonstrated that ORD-GAP outperformed existing approaches such as ORDPath and ME Labeling concerning database storage size, data loading time and query retrieval. On average, ORD-GAP has the best storing and query retrieval time. Conclusion: The main contributions of this paper are: (i) A robust labeling scheme named ORD-GAP that assigns certain gap between each node to support future insertion, and (ii) An efficient mapping scheme, which built upon ORD-GAP labeling scheme to transform XML into RDB effectively.
  4. Functional Properties of Partially Characterized Polysaccharide from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma neo-japonicum (Agaricomycetes)
    Subramaniam S, Raman J, Sabaratnam V, Heng CK, Kuppusamy UR
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2017;19(10):849-859.
    PMID: 29256840 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2017024355
    This study was conducted to evaluate the mycochemical composition and antiglycemic and antioxidant activities of Ganoderma neo-japonicum hot aqueous extracts, prepared at different boiling durations, and polysaccharides isolated from them. Ground basidiocarps of G. neo-japonicum were double-boiled at 100°C for 0.5, 3, or 4 hours, and the antiglycemic activity was assessed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays. The antioxidant capacity of the crude hot aqueous extracts (AE-1, AE-2, AE-3) was assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The total phenolics, protein, and sugar in the crude extracts were also determined. The hot aqueous extract (AE-3) containing a significant amount of total sugar and having enhanced antiglycemic and antioxidant activities was selected for polysaccharide isolation. The isolated crude polysaccharide was separated and purified using diethylaminoethyl-cellulose-52 and Sepharose 6B column chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of the purified polysaccharide fraction (PF) showed the presence of typical bands corresponding to polysaccharides. The estimated β-glucan concentration in the PF was 39.26%. In general, the PF exhibited significantly lower antioxidant activity than AE-3. Nevertheless, its potency in inhibiting carbohydratehydrolyzing enzymes may have potential in the management of diabetes mellitus.
  5. Fulltext An Efficient Framework Model for Optimizing Routing Performance in VANETs
    Al-Kharasani NM, Zulkarnain ZA, Subramaniam S, Hanapi ZM
    Sensors (Basel), 2018 Feb 15;18(2).
    PMID: 29462884 DOI: 10.3390/s18020597
    Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is a bit complicated because of the nature of the high dynamic mobility. The efficiency of routing protocol is influenced by a number of factors such as network density, bandwidth constraints, traffic load, and mobility patterns resulting in frequency changes in network topology. Therefore, Quality of Service (QoS) is strongly needed to enhance the capability of the routing protocol and improve the overall network performance. In this paper, we introduce a statistical framework model to address the problem of optimizing routing configuration parameters in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. Our framework solution is based on the utilization of the network resources to further reflect the current state of the network and to balance the trade-off between frequent changes in network topology and the QoS requirements. It consists of three stages: simulation network stage used to execute different urban scenarios, the function stage used as a competitive approach to aggregate the weighted cost of the factors in a single value, and optimization stage used to evaluate the communication cost and to obtain the optimal configuration based on the competitive cost. The simulation results show significant performance improvement in terms of the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Load (NRL), Packet loss (PL), and End-to-End Delay (E2ED).
  6. Fulltext Effect of aflatoxin B1 exposure on the progression of depressive-like behavior in rats
    Subramaniam S, Sabran MR, Stanslas J, Kirby BP
    Front Nutr, 2022;9:1032810.
    PMID: 36466381 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1032810
    While it is well documented that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); one of the most toxic food contaminants is linked to the development of depression. However, the mechanism on how it affects the gut and brain health leading to depressive-like behavior remains unclear. This study was conducted to determine the effect of AFB1 on the progression of depressive-like behavior. Thirty-two (n = 32) male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control, low-dose (5 μg AFB1/kg), high-dose (25 μg AFB1/kg) and positive control group; exposed on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). After 4 weeks of exposure, sucrose preference test (SPT) and force swim test (FST) were used to measure behavioral despair. Fecal samples were selectively cultured to profile the bacteria. Body weight and relative organs weights were compared among groups. AFB1 and CUMS caused reduction in body weight and food intake as well as increased relative weight of adrenal glands, liver, and brain. Rats in AFB1 and CUMS groups had suppressed sucrose preference and prolonged immobility time in FST, wherein this could indicate anhedonia. Besides, fecal count of Lactobacillus spp. was significantly low following AFB1 exposure, with increasing count of Bifidobacterium spp, in comparison to the control. Indeed, further biochemical analysis and metagenomic approach are warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms on the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysregulation of gut-brain axis due to AFB1 neurotoxicity on the progression of depressive-like behavior.
  7. Fulltext Management of Traumatic and Non-Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea-Experience from Three Southeast Asian Countries
    Zahedi FD, Subramaniam S, Kasemsiri P, Periasamy C, Abdullah B
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Oct 25;19(21).
    PMID: 36360727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113847
    BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea requires proper management to avoid disastrous consequences. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the patient characteristics, etiologies, sites of defect, skull base configurations, methods of investigation, and management outcomes of CSF rhinorrhea.

    METHODS: A retrospective study was performed over 4 years involving three surgeons from Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Hospital records were reviewed to determine the patients' characteristics, the causes and sites of leaks, methods of investigation, skull base configurations, choices of treatment, and outcomes.

    RESULTS: A total of 15 cases (7 traumatic and 8 non-traumatic) were included. Imaging was performed in all cases. The most common site of leakage was the cribriform plate (9/15 cases). The mean ± SD of the Keros heights were 4.43 ± 1.66 (right) and 4.21 ± 1.76 mm (left). Type II Keros was the most common (60%). The mean ± SD angles of the cribriform plate slope were 51.91 ± 13.43 degrees (right) and 63.54 ± 12.64 degrees (left). A class II Gera configuration was the most common (80%). All except two patients were treated with endonasal endoscopic surgical repair, with a success rate of 92.3%. A multilayered repair technique was used in all patients except one. The mean ± SD postoperative hospital stay was 9.07 ± 6.17 days.

    CONCLUSIONS: Non-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea outnumbered traumatic CSF rhinorrhea, with the most common site of leak at the cribriform plate. Imaging plays an important role in investigation, and Gera classification appears to be better than Keros classification for evaluating risk. Both conservative and surgical repairs are practiced with successful outcomes. Endonasal endoscopic CSF leak repair is the mainstay treatment.

  8. Fulltext Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain
    Tahir Yinka O, Haw SC, Yap TTV, Subramaniam S
    F1000Res, 2021;10:901.
    PMID: 34858590 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.72890.3
    Introduction: Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods: In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results: We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion: This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
  9. Fulltext OneHealth Approaches Contribute Towards Antimicrobial Resistance: Malaysian Perspective
    Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Mohamad NA, Subramaniam S, Vadivelu J
    Front Microbiol, 2021;12:718774.
    PMID: 34759896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.718774
    On a global scale, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a One Health challenge due to the continual and increased development and distribution of resistant microbes and genes among humans, animals, and the environment. These sectors contribute to the increase in AMR, as antibiotics are widely used in healthcare to treat or prevent bacterial infection; as growth enhancers, therapeutics and metaphylactics in animal husbandry; and transmitted in the environment through irrigation using wastewater or inappropriate disposal and treatment of human and agricultural waste. However, there is a major drawback in terms of the lack of research assessing the coexistence of AMR in these sectors. Extensive research highlighted food-animal manufacture structures that are likely to harbor reservoirs or promote transmission of AMR, in addition to increasing human colonization with AMR commensal bacteria. Numerous antibiotic stewardship policies have been designed and implemented in medical practices and animal husbandry in high- and middle-income countries. However, research concentrating on high-income settings, attitudes, emotions, and beliefs on the utilization of antimicrobials remain underexplored in lower- and middle-income countries such as Malaysia. Microbiological, epidemiological, and social science exploration are required at community and farming across the One Health range to fill huge gaps in information and knowledge of AMR. Manipulating human activities and character associated with antibiotics is a multifaceted progression that includes elements like knowledge, social behavior, attitudes, approaches, social standards, socioeconomic settings, peer pressure, experiences, and biophysical environment. Therefore, understanding these aspects in the utilization of antimicrobial drugs among the different sectors is essential to develop and implement policies to curb AMR development and transmission that overarch all sectors within the One Health consortium in Malaysia.
  10. Fulltext Letter to A rare cause of acute abdomen: Isolated necrosis of the cecum
    Hayati F, Dzulkarnaen Zakaria A, Azizan N, Kadir F, Subramaniam S
    Turk J Surg, 2021 Jun;37(2):195-196.
    PMID: 37275184 DOI: 10.47717/turkjsurg.2021.5115
  11. Fulltext A Spawn Mobile Agent Itinerary Planning Approach for Energy-Efficient Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks
    Qadori HQ, Zulkarnain ZA, Hanapi ZM, Subramaniam S
    Sensors (Basel), 2017 Jun 03;17(6).
    PMID: 28587187 DOI: 10.3390/s17061280
    Mobile agent (MA), a part of the mobile computing paradigm, was recently proposed for data gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The MA-based approach employs two algorithms: Single-agent Itinerary Planning (SIP) and Multi-mobile agent Itinerary Planning (MIP) for energy-efficient data gathering. The MIP was proposed to outperform the weakness of SIP by introducing distributed multi MAs to perform the data gathering task. Despite the advantages of MIP, finding the optimal number of distributed MAs and their itineraries are still regarded as critical issues. The existing MIP algorithms assume that the itinerary of the MA has to start and return back to the sink node. Moreover, each distributed MA has to carry the processing code (data aggregation code) to collect the sensory data and return back to the sink with the accumulated data. However, these assumptions have resulted in an increase in the number of MA's migration hops, which subsequently leads to an increase in energy and time consumption. In this paper, a spawn multi-mobile agent itinerary planning (SMIP) approach is proposed to mitigate the substantial increase in cost of energy and time used in the data gathering processes. The proposed approach is based on the agent spawning such that the main MA is able to spawn other MAs with different tasks assigned from the main MA. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted to test the performance of the proposed approach against some selected MIP algorithms. The results show that the proposed SMIP outperforms the counterpart algorithms in terms of energy consumption and task delay (time), and improves the integrated energy-delay performance.
  12. Case Report: Metastatic Neck Nodes of Unknown Origin with Concurrent Tuberculous Lymphadenitis. Is Fine Needle Aspiration and Cytology (FNAC) Adequate?
    Subramaniam SD, Tuang GJ, Zainal Abidin ZA, Abdullah S
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2022 Dec;74(Suppl 3):5888-5892.
    PMID: 36742794 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02497-w
    Presentation with cervical lymphadenopathy would usually have an aetiology of neoplasm, infection or reactive cause. Dual pathology of regional metastasis with simultaneous occurrence of tuberculous lymphadenopathy is rather rare. Herein the authors present a case of primary occult carcinoma and tuberculous lymphadenopathy in an unfortunate patient. The reliability of fine-needle aspiration cytology as a first-line investigation, with alternative methods in approaching cervical lymphadenopathy, was further dissected.
  13. Robotic approach to colonic resection: For some or for all patients?
    Subramaniam S, Piozzi GN, Kim SH, Khan JS
    Colorectal Dis, 2024 Jul;26(7):1447-1455.
    PMID: 38812078 DOI: 10.1111/codi.17046
    The robotic approach is rapidly gaining momentum in colorectal surgery. Its benefits in pelvic surgery have been extensively discussed and are well established amongst those who perform minimally invasive surgery. However, the same cannot be said for the robotic approach for colonic resection, where its role is still debated. Here we aim to provide an extensive debate between selective and absolute use of the robotic approach for colonic resection by combining the thoughts of experts in the field of robotic and minimally invasive colorectal surgery, dissecting all key aspects for a critical view on this exciting new paradigm in colorectal surgery.
  14. Fulltext A case of an upper anterior abdominal wall extra-skeletal Ewing sarcoma- soft tissue reconstruction with medial intercostal artery perforator flap and free anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous flap with arteriovenous loop graft
    Liu Y, Subramaniam S, Sasidaran R, Ruhana AAH, Jimeno ZKL
    Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2022 Jan;73:103171.
    PMID: 34984099 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103171
    INTRODUCTION: Extra-skeletal Ewing sarcoma - a rare clinical entity. After the tumour resection, a huge upper anterior abdominal wall defect poses a challenge in soft tissue reconstruction in a thin individual.

    CASE PRESENTATION: We report an anterior abdominal wall Ewing sarcoma in a 22-year-old gentleman, arising from the left rectus abdominis muscle. After wide local excision, the reconstruction was achieved with free anterolateral thigh(ALT) fasciocutaneous flap with arteriovenous(AV) loop graft, right medial intercostal artery perforator(MICAP) flap and split-thickness skin graft(SSG).

    DISCUSSION: The goals of anterior abdominal wall reconstruction are to restore the integrity of the abdominal wall, prevent visceral eventration, and provide functional support. In view of the size of the defect, a free ALT flap was harvested and anastomosed to the left deep inferior epigastric bundle with the AV loop graft. Although the current trend is skewed towards the use of biologic mesh, an on-lay prolene mesh was used due to its affordable cost and that the biologic mesh was not available in Malaysia. The options of further reconstruction after the patient developed marginal flap necrosis and surgical site infection were also discussed. Post-operation 3 months, there was denser hair growth on the ALT flap. This finding has never been reported before and warrants further studies.

    CONCLUSION: The use of combination of various technique, namely free ALT fasciocutaneous flap with AV loop graft, right MICAP flap and SSG in reconstruction ensures a satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome in the upper anterior abdominal wall reconstruction.

  15. Fulltext Presentation of retinoblastoma patients in Malaysia
    Subramaniam S, Rahmat J, Rahman NA, Ramasamy S, Bhoo-Pathy N, Pin GP, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014;15(18):7863-7.
    PMID: 25292078
    BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma is a rare type of cancer that usually develops in early childhood. If left untreated it can cause blindness and even death. The aim of this study is to determine sociodemographic and clinical features of retinoblastoma patients and also to determine the treatment pattern and outcome in Malaysia.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data for this study were retrieved from the Retinoblastoma Registry of the National Eye Database (NED) in Malaysia. Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Hospital Umum Kuching, Sarawak and Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Kota Kinabalu were the major source data providers for this study. Data collected in the registry cover demography, clinical presentation, modes of treatment, outcomes and complications.

    RESULTS: The study group consisted of 119 patients (162 eyes) diagnosed with retinoblastoma between 2004 and 2012. There were 68 male (57.1%) and 51 (42.9%) female. The median age at presentation was 22 months. A majority of patients were Malays (54.6%), followed by Chinese (18, 5%), Indians (8.4%), and indigenous races (15.9%). Seventy six (63.8%) patients had unilateral involvement whereas 43 patients had bilateral disease (36.1%). It was found that most children presented with leukocoria (110 patients), followed by strabismus (19), and protopsis (12). Among the 76 with unilateral involvement (76 eyes), enucleation was performed for a majority (79%). More than half of these patients had extraocular extension. Of the 40 who received chemotherapy, 95% were given drugs systemically. Furthermore, in 43 patients with bilateral involvement (86 eyes), 35 (41%) eyes were enucleated and 17 (49%) showed extraocular extension. Seventy-two percent of these patients received systemic chemotherapy. The patients were followed up 1 year after diagnosis, whereby 66 were found to be alive and 4 dead. Sixteen patients defaulted treatment and were lost to follow-up, whereas follow-up data were not available in 33 patients.

    CONCLUSIONS: Patients with retinoblastoma in this middle-income Asian setting are presenting at late stages. As a result, a high proportion of patients warrant aggressive management such as enucleation. We also showed that a high number of patients default follow-up. Therefore, reduction in refusal or delay to initial treatment, and follow-up should be emphasized in order to improve the survival rates of retinoblastoma in this part of the world.
  16. Microscopic analysis of a native Bacillus thuringiensis strain from Malaysia that produces exosporium-enclosed parasporal inclusion
    Chai PF, Rathinam X, Solayappan M, Ahmad Ghazali AH, Subramaniam S
    Microscopy (Oxf), 2014 Oct;63(5):371-5.
    PMID: 24943903 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu022
    The current study focused on the microscopic studies of a native Bacillus thuringiensis strain isolated from Malaysia, Bt-S84-13a, that produced an unusual crystal type. Primary detection of parasporal inclusions using a phase contrast microscope presented one to two small crystal proteins in the sporulating cells of Bt-S84-13a. Compound light microscopic examination of autolysed Bt-S84-13a cells stained with 0.133% Coomassie Brilliant Blue showed two types of crystal morphology: small crystals independent of spores and spore-associated crystals. Surface structure analysis with a scanning electron microscope revealed spherical-like, coarse and wrinkled-looking crystal in Bt-S84-13a. A close-up observation of the crystal morphology using a transmission electron microscope also demonstrated two parasporal inclusions in Bt-S84-13a. One inclusion was deposited against the forespore and was in a shape of incomplete rectangular. Another smaller inclusion was developed within the exosporium and was rectangular in shape. However, the latter inclusion was found lack in another bacterial cell which was still in the early stages of sporulation. This unique crystal morphology may imply some biological potential in Bt-S84-13a.
  17. Cryopreservation of Brassidium Shooting Star orchid using the PVS3 method supported with preliminary histological analysis
    Mubbarakh SA, Rahmah S, Rahman ZA, Sah NN, Subramaniam S
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2014 Jan;172(2):1131-45.
    PMID: 24146369 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0597-0
    Cryopreservation is an alternative, safe, and cost-effective method for long-term plant genetic resource conservation. This study was conducted to optimize the conditions for cryopreserving the protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Brassidium Shooting Star orchid with the PVS3 vitrification method. Five parameters were assessed in this study: PLB size, sucrose concentration, preculture duration, PVS3 duration, and unloading duration. The viability of the cryopreserved PLBs was determined using the triphenytetrazolium chloride assay and growth recovery assessments. The optimum condition for the cryopreservation of the PLBs of Brassidium Shooting Star orchid is based on the size range between 3 and 4 mm precultured with half-strength semi-solid MS media supplemented with 0.25 M sucrose for 24 h, followed by treatment with loading solution mixture of 2 M glycerol and 0.4 M sucrose supplemented with half-strength liquid MS media at 25 °C for 20 min. The PLBs were then dehydrated with PVS3 at 0 °C for 20 min prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen; finally, the PLBs were immersed with half-strength liquid MS media supplemented with 1.2 M sucrose for 30 min. Histological analyses displayed denser cytoplasm and voluminous nucleus in the cryopreserved PLBs of Brassidium Shooting Star orchid.
  18. Fulltext Toxicity of buprofezin on the survival of embryo and larvae of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Bloch)
    Marimuthu K, Muthu N, Xavier R, Arockiaraj J, Rahman MA, Subramaniam S
    PLoS One, 2013;8(10):e75545.
    PMID: 24098390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075545
    Buprofezin is an insect growth regulator and widely used insecticide in Malaysia. The present study evaluated the toxic effects of buprofezin on the embryo and larvae of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as a model organism. The embryos and larvae were exposed to 7 different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L) of buprofezin. Each concentration was assessed in five replicates. Eggs were artificially fertilized and 200 eggs and larvae were subjected to a static bath treatment for all the concentrations. The mortality of embryos was significantly increased with increasing buprofezin concentrations from 5 to 100 mg/L (p< 0.05). However, the mortality was not significantly different (p<0.05) among the following concentrations: 0 (control), 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/L. Data obtained from the buprofezin acute toxicity tests were evaluated using probit analysis. The 24 h LC50 value (with 95% confidence limits) of buprofezin for embryos was estimated to be 6.725 (3.167-15.017) mg/L. The hatching of fish embryos was recorded as 68.8, 68.9, 66.9, 66.4, 26.9, 25.1 and 0.12% in response to 7 different concentrations of buprofezin, respectively. The mortality rate of larvae significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing buprofezin concentrations exposed to 24-48 h. The 24 and 48 h LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of buprofezin for the larvae was estimated to be 5.702 (3.198-8.898) and 4.642 (3.264-6.287) mg/L respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the LC50 values obtained at 24 and 48 h exposure times. Malformations were observed when the embryos and larvae exposed to more than 5 mg/L. The results emerged from the study suggest that even the low concentration (5 mg/L) of buprofezin in the aquatic environment may have adverse effect on the early embryonic and larval development of African catfish.
  19. Fulltext Low-dose cyclophosphamide-induced acute hepatotoxicity
    Subramaniam SR, Cader RA, Mohd R, Yen KW, Ghafor HA
    Am J Case Rep, 2013;14:345-9.
    PMID: 24023976 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.889401
    Male, 48 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Low dose cyclophosphamide-induced acute hepatotoxicity Symptoms: Epigastric pain Medication: Withdrawal of cyclophosphamide Clinical Procedure: - Specialty: Nephrology • Hepatology • Gastroenterology • Toxicology.
  20. Fulltext Isolation and identification of salmonella from curry samples and its sensitivity to commercial antibiotics and aqueous extracts of Camelia sinensis (L.) and Trachyspermum ammi (L.)
    Gunasegaran T, Rathinam X, Kasi M, Sathasivam K, Sreenivasan S, Subramaniam S
    Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2011 Aug;1(4):266-9.
    PMID: 23569772 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60040-3
    To isolate Salmonella from curry samples and to evaluate the drug sensitivity of the food-borne Salmonella and its susceptibility to specific plant extracts.
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