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  1. Fulltext Impact of a spreading epidemic on medical students
    Loh LC, Ali AM, Ang TH, Chelliah A
    Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jul;13(2):30-6.
    PMID: 22589602 MyJurnal
    The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) had caused fear and anxiety of unprecedented proportion. To examine the impact of SARS on the medical students in a private medical university, a self-reporting questionnaire study was carried out to assess the factual knowledge, anxiety level and perception of the crisis, among the students. The two-week study (between 12 and 23 May, 2003) was carried out three weeks after the first reported SARS-related death in Malaysia. Ninety-one Phase I (junior) and 113 Phase II (senior) students completed the questionnaires. A large majority of students of Phase I and II were correct in their factual knowledge and were sensible in their perception of the future and the handling of the crisis by government(s). However, phase 1 students expressed significantly greater degree of anxiety compared to Phase II in relation to attendance and personal protection in hospital, and in meeting people coughing in public places. The lesser degree of anxiety expressed by phase II senior students may be due in part, to a more realistic assessment of SARS risk brought about by maturity, time spent in hospital and interaction with clinical lecturers and medical staff.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety
  2. Impact, distress and HRQoL among Malaysian men and women with a mobility impairment
    Misajon R, Manderson L, Pallant JF, Omar Z, Bennett E, Rahim RB
    Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2006;4:95.
    PMID: 17156494
    Although non-communicable and chronic disease now accounts for 47% of the global burden of disease, little is known of the everyday experiences and social aspects of disability and disablement in middle and low income countries. This article aims to address this gap by exploring the subjective experience of mobility impairment in Malaysia. Specifically, it examines health-related quality of life and the impact and distress related to impaired mobility, and investigates any gender differences in relation to the experience of disability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety
  3. Fulltext Prevalence and associated factors of stress in dental healthcare workers of a higher institution of learning in Kelantan
    Rusli, B.N., Edimansyah, B.A., Naing, L.
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2006;1(1):51-56.
    MyJurnal
    Several studies on job stress have been conducted among nurses, teachers, clerks, lecturers, laboratory technicians, petroleum and automotive workers and the calculated prevalences ranged from 20-35%; associated factors identified include high job demand, low job control and poor social support. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of stress in dental healthcare workers of an institution of higher learning in Kelantan. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and associated factors of stress in 54 dental healthcare workers of an institution of higher learning in Kelantan [response rate of 63.5 percent] was conducted in March 2006. The Malay version of the validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Karasek’s Job Content Questionnaire were used as research instruments in this study. Informed consents were obtained from all participants. The prevalence of stress was 22.2%. One (1.9%) staff member experienced severe stress whilst 20.4% experienced mild to moderate stress. After controlling for age, sex, marital status and duration of work, psychological job demand (adj. b 0.61, 95% CI 0.21, 1.00, p=0.003), toxic exposures (adj. b 1.41, 95% CI 0.47, 2.35, p=0.004) and overtime work (adj. b 5.67, 95% CI - 1.18, 10.16, p=0.015) were directly associated with reported stress in dental healthcare workers. High psychological job demand, increased toxic exposures at work and increased overtime work were significantly associated with stress in dental healthcare workers. These findings can be used to guide preventive measures to reduce stress in dental healthcare settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety
  4. Fulltext Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders
    Azhar, M.Z.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2006;14(1):1-2.
    MyJurnal
    Anxiety Disorders have been said to account for the majority of psychiatric cases treated in out patient clinics all over the world. However not much input Is being given to it in the teaching of futufe doctors mainly because although it is common it is not generally seen by students posted to psychiatry wards in Malaysia. The students have the advantage of visiting patients in the wards daily but may only spend about 20% of the entire psychiatry posting in the clinics. As such, emphasis in identifying and treating anxiety disorders becomes diminished. More time is spent on discussing management issues of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders when the likelihood of students treating anxiety disorders in primary care and family physician clinics are more after they graduate. This short editorial looks at the current trend in combining psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in anxiety pathology for the benefit of both practicing doctors and students.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  5. Fulltext The coexistence of anxiety and depressive personality traits in migraine
    Tan HJ, Suganthi C, Dhachayani S, Rizal AM, Raymond AA
    Singapore Med J, 2007 Apr;48(4):307-10.
    PMID: 17384877
    Migraine is associated with a variety of personality traits. The objective of this study was to reevaluate the personality traits using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) in migraine patients diagnosed by applying the new International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 criteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety/complications*
  6. Fulltext The factors, effects and management of stress among wardens and prisoners in Selangor
    Adlina, S., Narimah, A.H.H., Ahmad Fahmi, A.Z., Iskandar, M.A., Nur Amirah, S., Nurul Farahiyah, A., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2007;7(2):42-48.
    MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2007 on stress and stress self management among the prisoners and wardens of a prison in Selangor. This study was conducted as part of an elective posting for second year medical students and the topic was chosen to add on to the body of knowledge on stress among prisoners and wardens. A self administered questionnaire was distributed by random sampling and the respondents consisted of 100 prisoners and 97 wardens. Majority of the prisoners did not have stress with reference to interpersonal factors such as conflict with cellmates, conflict with wardens and conflict with inmates, For interpersonal factors, majority of the prisoners experienced stress because they felt bored (78%), thought they had no bright future (63%) and they also had no visitors (61%). Stress resulted in physical effects, whereby 67% admitted that they experienced health problems and 64% experienced sleep disturbance. Emotional effects of stress experienced by the prisoners were sadness (67%), anxiousness (63%) and confusion (56%). The major spiritual effect was regret (84%) followed by feeling closer to God (78%) and feeling high spirited (59%). The major social effects experienced by
    the prisoners were low self esteem (63%) and embarrassment (58%). Methods of stress self management were prayers and conduct of religious activities (87%), sharing problems with friends (78%), doing recreational activities (77%), sleeping (72%) , doing a hobby (68) and seeking help from doctors (57%). As for the wardens, with reference to interpersonal factors, high level of stress was experience with reference ta prisoners behavior (82.5%) and problems with higher authorities (83.5 %), For intrapersonal factors, sleep disturbances (64%), career problems (76.3%), financial problems (73.2%) and feeling bored (75.3%) highly contributed to stress. Wardens physical effects were 38.1% health problems and 29.9% sleep disturbances. For emotional effects, must of them were depressed (54.6%), anxious (67%), angry (63.9%), confused (64.9%), frustrated (59.8%), threatened (53.6%) and patriotic (51.5%). The spiritual effect were feeling closer to God (86.6%), feeling responsible for duties (82.5%), regret doing the job (74.2%), feeling high spirited (58.8%). For social effects, low self esteem is the highest effect experienced (68%). Wardens managed stress by praying and conducting religious activities (91.8%), recreational activities (88.7%), doing a hobby (85.6%), sleeping (74.2%), and sharing problems (68%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety
  7. Fulltext Translation, validation and psychometric properties of Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS)
    Ramli Musa, Mohd Ariff Fadzil, Zaini Zain
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2007;8(2):82-89.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Up to date, there are handful questionnaires that have been validated in Bahasa Malaysia (BM). This study aimed to translate the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) and measure its psychometric properties. Objectives: To determine the construct validity and acceptability of the DASS, BM. Methods: Two forward and backward translations were done in BM in accordance to guideline, and its validation was determined by using confirmatory factor analysis. A total of 263 subjects were selected by systematic random sampling to represent Malaysian population for reliability and validity purposes. Results: The BM DASS-21 had very good Cronbach’s alpha values of .84, .74 and .79, respectively, for depression, anxiety and stress. In addition, it had good factor loading values for most items (.39 to .73). Correlations among scales were between .54 and .68. Conclusions: BM DASS-21 is correctly and adequately translated to Bahasa Malaysia with high psychometric properties. Further studies are required to support these findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  8. Fulltext Depressive, anxiety and stress levels among mothers of ADHD children and their relationships to ADHD symptoms
    Musa R, Shafiee Z
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2007;8(1):20-28.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: To date, there are limited published literatures addressing behaviors of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) children and their parents’ psychological
    characteristics. It is also crucial to know the relationship between characteristics of ADHD
    behaviors on their parental psychological impacts. Objective: To determine the level of stress, anxiety and depressive among mothers of ADHD children compared to control group and also to determine the associations between domains of children’s behaviors (externalizing or internalizing) that gives most impact to these maternal psychological aspects. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. Seventy mothers of ADHD children who came to Child and Adolescent Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital completed self-rating questionnaires of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale (HADS). Seventy mothers of asthmatic children were recruited as a control group. Results: Mothers with ADHD children are more anxious, depressed and stressed (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  9. Fulltext Anxiety and Depression among Patients Before and After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) at National Heart Institute (NHI)
    Ho, Siew Eng, Syed Zulkifli Syed, Lexshimi RG, Raja, Hamidah Hassan, Letchmi, Santhna, Teoh, Koi Hong, et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2007;2(1):26-33.
    MyJurnal
    Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an invasive diagnostic investigation that may result in high level of anxiety and “fear of the unknown” among cardiac patients. An increment in anxiety among PCI patients will augment the level of stress and this extreme stress level will then aggravate depression. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of anxiety and depression before and after PCI. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. It measured two elements, namely, the anxiety and depression levels of patients before and after PCI. This study was conducted in the cardiology wards Anggerik and Dahlia, and Day Care of the National Heart Institute, from January to February 2006.  A sample of 61 patients before and after PCI who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited in this study. Of these, 40 and 38 patients before and after PCI respectively, had low anxiety levels; while, 47 and 46 patients before and after PCI respectively, had low depression levels. Anxiety and depression levels before and after PCI were not significantly correlated to socio demographic status. However, a significant correlation (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  10. Fulltext A study on anxiety and depression level among high risk inpatient pregnant women in an obstetric ward
    Raja Lexshimi RG, Ho SE, Hamidah H, Rohani M, Syed Zulkifli SZ
    Medicine & Health, 2007;2(1):34-41.
    MyJurnal
    Pregnancy is perceived by many pregnant mothers as a period of happiness in anticipation of motherhood. Not all pregnant mothers experience cheerfulness as some may experience a high anxiety and depression level for unknown reasons. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of anxiety and depression among high risk pregnant women and the factors that contribute to their level of anxiety and depression. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 38 high risk mothers whose stay in hospital exceeded more than three days in the obstetric ward of Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. A self assessment questionnaire “Hospital Anxiety Depression scale” was used to measure the level of anxiety and depression among high risk pregnant women. Of the 38 participants, 16 (42.1%) women experienced a mild level of anxiety and 22 (57.9%) experienced a severe level of anxiety. Seventeen (44.7%) women was classified as having mild depression and 21 (55.3%) severe depression. The factors contributing to the level of anxiety and depression, include those related with “lack of information on disease”, “family matters” and “finance”. High risk pregnant women in this study experienced a significant level of anxiety and depression during their stay in hospital. It is therefore important for nurses and doctors to be aware and sensitive to the influencing factors that cause anxiety and depression as to enable high risk pregnant mothers to enjoy their pregnancy and childbirth.
    Study site: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  11. Fulltext A survey of knowledge and perceptions of menopause among young to middle-aged women in Federal Territory, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Wong, L.P., Nur Liyana, A.H.
    JUMMEC, 2007;10(2):22-30.
    MyJurnal
    Prevalence and signs and symptoms of menopause have been extensively studied among Malaysian women but no one had investigated the level of knowledge and perception of menopause. This study aimed to examine the knowledge and perception of menopause among young to middle aged women (15 to 49 years old). A cross-sectional survey using 20-items questionnaire was conducted in three randomly chosen districts in Federal Territory, Kuala Lumpur. Women in this survey were aware of the meaning of the term menopause and its symptoms. However, the majority lacked comprehensive understanding about the health risks associated with menopause. Commonly cited sources of knowledge were magazines and family members. Lack of official sources for accurate information on menopause was reported. Communication with health care personnel regarding menopause was uncommon. An exploration into respondents' perceptions on menopause revealed that the majority displayed positive thinking towards menopause. Young respondents seemed to have better perception regarding menopause compared to middle aged women. Although the women had good knowledge about menopause, they expressed feelings of sadness and nervousness upon the approach of their own menopause. Our data provides insight on the knowledge and perception of menopause that will guide future public health initiatives for premenopausal women in order for them to cope better when approaching this stage of life cycle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety
  12. Fulltext Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the psychological disorder among premature ejaculation subjects
    Quek KF, Atiya AS, Heng NGC, Beng CC
    Int J Impot Res, 2007 May-Jun;19(3):321-5.
    PMID: 17136103 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901528
    Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual dysfunction among the general population. PE has often been associated with a psychological state of mind. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) can be used as an instrument to assess the emotional and psychological state. The present study was designed to assess the reliability and validity of the HADS in a Malaysian population. The validity and reliability were studied in subjects with and without PE. Test-retest methodology was used to assess the reliability whereas Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency. In the control and the PE groups, the internal consistency was good and a high degree of internal consistency was observed for all 14 items. In the control group, the Cronbach's alpha values at baseline were from 0.811 to 0.834, whereas for retest, the Cronbach's alpha values were from 0.821-0.838 items. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was high for the control (0.797-0.868: baseline and 0.805-0.872: retest) and PE group (0.822-0.906: baseline and 0.785-0.887: retest). The high value of ICC and the internal consistency was due to high reliability and consistency of the items at 2-week interval. A degree of significance between the baseline and week-2 scores was observed across all items in the PE group but not in the control group. The HADS is a suitable, reliable, valid and sensitive instrument to measure the clinical change for anxiety and depression in the Malaysian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety/diagnosis*
  13. Fulltext Reliability and construct validity of the malay version of the depression anxiety stress scales (dass) in automotive assembly workers in Malaysia
    Edimansyah, B.A., Rusli, B.N., Naing, L.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2007;7(1):25-30.
    MyJurnal
    To examine the reliability and construct validity of the Malay Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), a validation study was conducted in 184 automotive assembly workers. The internal consistency and construct validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient
    and exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for DASS-Depression, DASS-Anxiety and DASS-Stress were 0.91, 0.88 and j 0.89, respectively, indicating satisfactory internal consistency Exploratory factor analysis showed three meaningful common factors that could
    explain the three theoretical constructs of this instrument. These results suggested that the Malay version DASS is reliable and valid for assessing, the self perceived depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian automotive workers.
    Study site: Two automotive assembly plants, Pahang, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  14. Self-perceived depression, anxiety, stress and their relationships with psychosocial job factors in male automotive assembly workers
    Edimansyah BA, Rusli BN, Naing L, Mohamed Rusli BA, Winn T, Tengku Mohamed Ariff BR
    Ind Health, 2008 Jan;46(1):90-100.
    PMID: 18270454
    Depression, anxiety and stress have been recognized as important mental outcome measures in stressful working settings. The present study explores the prevalence of self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress; and their relationships with psychosocial job factors. A cross-sectional study involving 728 male automotive assembly workers was conducted in two major automotive assembly plants in Malaysia using the validated Malay versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Based on the DASS cut-off of > or =78 percentile scores, the prevalence of self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress was 35.4%, 47.2% and 31.1%, respectively. Four (0.5%), 29 (4.0%) and 2 (0.3%) workers, respectively, reported extremely severe self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress. Multiple linear regression analyses, controlling for age, education, salary, duration of work and marital status, revealed that psychological job demand, job insecurity and hazardous condition were positively associated with DASS-Depression, DASS-Anxiety and DASS-Stress; supervisor support was inversely associated with DASS-Depression and DASS-Stress. We suggest that reducing psychological job demand, job insecurity and hazardous condition factors may improve the self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress in male automotive assembly workers. Supervisor support is protective for self-perceived depression and stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety/epidemiology*
  15. Prevalence of sexual problems and its association with social, psychological and physical factors among men in a Malaysian population: a cross-sectional study
    Quek KF, Sallam AA, Ng CH, Chua CB
    J Sex Med, 2008 Jan;5(1):70-6.
    PMID: 17362280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00423.x
    INTRODUCTION: Sexual problems are common in the general population. Studies have shown that most of these sexual problems are related to their social lives, medical illnesses, and psychological status. Among the sexual problems in men, premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most frequent, yet it is the least well-understood of the sexual dysfunctions of men.
    AIM: To determine the prevalence of sexual problem particularly PE and erectile dysfunction (ED) among people living in urban areas and to investigate the characteristics associated with these sexual problems in a Malaysian population.
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The PE which is defined as an intravaginal ejaculation latency time less than 2 minutes was assessed in the ED and non-ED group.
    METHODS: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale is used as a measure of the psychological status [30]. The ED status was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported sexual problems for ED and PE were 41.6% and 22.3%, respectively. In those subjects with ED, 33.5% reported to have PE. Of the total of 430 subjects, anxiety was present in 8.1%, while depression was 5.3%. The prevalence of PE accounted for 25% anxiety and 14.6% for depression respectively in the population. EDs were associated with diabetes and hypertension (OR [95% CI]: 5.33 [2.33, 10.16], 3.40 [1.76, 6.57], P < 0.05), respectively, while factors associated with PE were anxiety and depression (OR [95% CI]: 1.29 [0.68, 2.45], 1.39 [0.69, 2.78]), respectively.
    CONCLUSION: Prevalence of ED is associated with medical symptoms such as diabetes and hypertension and a rise in the prevalence of age while psychological distress such as anxiety and depression also contribute to a higher PE rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety/diagnosis; Anxiety/epidemiology
  16. Fulltext Working conditions, self-perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: a structural equation modelling approach
    Rusli BN, Edimansyah BA, Naing L
    BMC Public Health, 2008 Feb 06;8:48.
    PMID: 18254966 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-48
    BACKGROUND: The relationships between working conditions [job demand, job control and social support]; stress, anxiety, and depression; and perceived quality of life factors [physical health, psychological wellbeing, social relationships and environmental conditions] were assessed using a sample of 698 male automotive assembly workers in Malaysia.

    METHODS: The validated Malay version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) were used. A structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was applied to test the structural relationships of the model using AMOS version 6.0, with the maximum likelihood ratio as the method of estimation.

    RESULTS: The results of the SEM supported the hypothesized structural model (chi2 = 22.801, df = 19, p = 0.246). The final model shows that social support (JCQ) was directly related to all 4 factors of the WHOQOL-BREF and inversely related to depression and stress (DASS). Job demand (JCQ) was directly related to stress (DASS) and inversely related to the environmental conditions (WHOQOL-BREF). Job control (JCQ) was directly related to social relationships (WHOQOL-BREF). Stress (DASS) was directly related to anxiety and depression (DASS) and inversely related to physical health, environment conditions and social relationships (WHOQOL-BREF). Anxiety (DASS) was directly related to depression (DASS) and inversely related to physical health (WHOQOL-BREF). Depression (DASS) was inversely related to the psychological wellbeing (WHOQOL-BREF). Finally, stress, anxiety and depression (DASS) mediate the relationships between job demand and social support (JCQ) to the 4 factors of WHOQOL-BREF.

    CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that higher social support increases the self-reported quality of life of these workers. Higher job control increases the social relationships, whilst higher job demand increases the self-perceived stress and decreases the self-perceived quality of life related to environmental factors. The mediating role of depression, anxiety and stress on the relationship between working conditions and perceived quality of life in automotive workers should be taken into account in managing stress amongst these workers.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety/epidemiology*
  17. Fulltext Test anxiety: state, trait and relationship with exam satisfaction
    Ping LT, Subramaniam K, Krishnaswamy S
    Malays J Med Sci, 2008 Apr;15(2):18-23.
    PMID: 22589620
    Test anxiety is defined as the reaction to stimuli that is associated with an individual's experience of testing or evaluating situations. This study aims to examine the fluctuation pattern of anxiety symptoms during a clinical examination and its relationship with underlying anxiety traits. Fourth year medical students of Penang Medical College undertaking the Ophthalmology clinical examination participated in this study. First phase of the survey, on anxiety symptoms was conducted immediately after the Ophthalmology clinical examination while the second phase, on pre-existing anxiety traits was conducted six weeks later with the aid of STAI instrument. Responses for both stages were combined and analyzed. Sixty-three of 122 students responded to both phases of the study, giving a response rate of 52%. All symptoms except trembling peaked 10 minutes before the exam begun showing a downward progression with no resurgence thereafter. Students with pre-existing anxiety traits had high anxiety scores 10 minutes into the examination and while with the examiners. Anticipatory anxiety is a source of concern and can effect performance and appropriate steps should be taken to help the students with this. A few other studies should be done to conclude.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders
  18. Fulltext Employing mirtazapine to aid benzodiazepine withdrawal
    Chandrasekaran PK
    Singapore Med J, 2008 Jun;49(6):e166-7.
    PMID: 18581012
    Insomnia and depression are frequently encountered in patients during withdrawal from substances. While there are no approved medications for treating them, off-label attempts to address these phenomena with mirtazapine have shown some promising results. This case describes the use of mirtazapine as an aid in benzodiazepine withdrawal and its potential benefits in alleviating insomnia and depression in a 32-year-old man. It was found to ameliorate sleep myoclonus that was thought to be associated with his withdrawal syndrome. It is hoped this report will generate interest and stimulate further research in this area of psychopharmacology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Anxiety Agents/adverse effects*
  19. Cervical cancer screening attitudes and beliefs of Malaysian women who have never had a pap smear: a qualitative study
    Wong LP, Wong YL, Low WY, Khoo EM, Shuib R
    Int J Behav Med, 2008;15(4):289-92.
    PMID: 19005928 DOI: 10.1080/10705500802365490
    Attitudes toward cervical cancer and participation in early detection and screening services are well known to be profoundly affected by cultural beliefs and norms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety/psychology
  20. Fulltext Psychological and physical impact of the haze amongst a Malaysian community
    Teoh, Hsien-Jin, Tan, Kai Ling
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2008;6(2):23-34.
    MyJurnal
    A total of 306 Malaysian university students and staff were surveyed to ascertain the physical and emotional effects of the polluted haze on them. All subjects completed self-reported questionnaires. Analysis of the results indicated that the majority of subjects reduced their outdoor activities and sports, and also reported an increase in emotional and physical health problems. The results indicated that there was a general increase in emotional problems such as feeling depressed, lacking in energy, not feeling like doing anything, feeling anxious and afraid, difficulty sleeping, feeling agitated and irritable, and having no appetite. There was also an increase in physical symptoms such as itchy or red eyes, itchy or running nose, dry throat/cough, headaches, nausea, and fever. This study indicated that emotional and behavioural problems are just as common during the haze, when compared with physical health problems. The study also suggests that there are a broad range of problems which health care and human resource departments need to be aware of and take precautions to minimize during a haze.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anxiety
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